نقش درمان فارماکولوژیک برای اختلال نقص توجه و بیشفعالی (ADHD) در کودکان مبتلا به اختلالات همزمان تیک
Appendices
Appendix 1. Search strategies from 2009 onwards
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)
CENTRAL (2017, Issue 8), searched 20 September 2017 (21 records)
CENTRAL (2016, Issue 6), searched 6 July 2016 (47 records)
#1[mh ^"attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders"]
#2[mh " attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity"]
#3[mh "conduct disorder"]
#4(ADHD or ADDH or ADHS or "AD/HD" or HKD or TDAH)
#5((attention* or behav*) near/3 (defic* or dysfunc* or disorder*))
#6((disrupt* near/3 disorder*) or (disrupt* near/3 behav*) or (defian* near/3 disorder*) or (defian* near/3 behav*))
#7(impulsiv* or inattentiv* or inattention*)
#8[mh hyperkinesis]
#9(hyperkin* or hyper next kin*)
#10(minimal* near/3 brain near/3 (disorder* or dysfunct* or damage*))
#11(hyperactiv* or hyper next activ*)
#12{or #1‐#11}
#13[mh Tics]
#14[mh "tic disorders"]
#15[mh "tourette syndrome"]
#16(tic or tics)
#17Tourette*
#18(habit* near/3 (spasm* or chorea*))
#19{or #13‐#18}
#20#12 and #19
#21[mh infant]
#22[mh child]
#23[mh adolescent]
#24(child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or preschool* or schoolchild*)
#25{or #21‐#24}
#26#20 and #25 Publication Year from 2009 to 2016, in Trials
#27#20 and #25 Publication Year from 2016 to 2017, in Trials
MEDLINE Ovid
MEDLINE (1946 to September week 1 2017) (43 records)
MEDLINE (1946 to June week 4 2016) (10 records)
1 "attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders"/
2 attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity/
3 conduct disorder/
4 ADHD.tw,kw.
5 ADDH.tw,kw.
6 ADHS.tw,kw.
7 ("AD/HD" or HKD).tw,kw.
8 TDAH.tw,kw.
9 ((attention$ or behav$) adj3 (defic$ or dysfunc$ or disorder$)).tw,kw.
10 ((disrupt$ adj3 disorder$) or (disrupt$ adj3 behav$) or (defian$ adj3 disorder$) or (defian$ adj3 behav$)).tw,kw.
11 (impulsiv$ or inattentiv$ or inattention$).tw,kw.
12 hyperkinesis/
13 (hyperkin$ or hyper‐kin$).tw,kw.
14 (minimal adj3 brain adj3 (disorder$ or dysfunct$ or damage$)).tw,kw.
15 (hyperactiv$ or hyper‐activ$).tw,kw.
16 or/1‐15
17 tics/
18 tic disorders/
19 tourette syndrome/
20 (tic or tics).tw,kw.
21 Tourette$.tw,kw.
22 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw,kw.
23 or/17‐22
24 infant/
25 exp child/
26 adolescent/
27 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or preschool$ or schoolchild$).tw,kw.
28 or/24‐27
29 exp Antidepressive Agents/
30 antidepress$.tw,kw.
31 Clonidine/
32 desipramine/
33 exp Dextroamphetamine/
34 Guanfacine/
35 exp Methylphenidate/
36 atomoxetine.mp.
37 catapres$.mp.
38 clonidine.mp.
39 concerta.mp.
40 desipramine.mp.
41 dexamfetamine.mp.
42 dexedrine.mp.
43 dextroamphetamine.mp.
44 dixarit.mp.
45 equasym.mp.
46 guanfacine.mp.
47 medikinet.mp.
48 methylphenidat$.mp.
49 ritalin$.mp.
50 strattera.mp.
51 or/29‐50
52 16 and 23 and 28 and 51
53 limit 52 to yr="2009 ‐Current"
54 limit 52 to ed="20160623 ‐ 20170918"
MEDLINE In‐Process and Other Non‐Indexed Citations Ovid
MEDLINE In‐Process and Other Non‐Indexed Citations (19 September 2017) (18 records)
MEDLINE In‐Process and Other Non‐Indexed Citations (1 July 2016) (14 records)
1 ADHD.tw,kw.
2 ADDH.tw,kw.
3 ADHS.tw,kw.
4 ("AD/HD" or HKD).tw,kw.
5 TDAH.tw,kw.
6 ((attention$ or behav$) adj3 (defic$ or dysfunc$ or disorder$)).tw,kw.
7 ((disrupt$ adj3 disorder$) or (disrupt$ adj3 behav$) or (defian$ adj3 disorder$) or (defian$ adj3 behav$)).tw,kw.
8 (impulsiv$ or inattentiv$ or inattention$).tw,kw.
9 (hyperkin$ or hyper‐kin$).tw,kw.
10 (minimal adj3 brain adj3 (disorder$ or dysfunct$ or damage$)).tw,kw.
11 (hyperactiv$ or hyper‐activ$).tw,kw.
12 (tic or tics).tw,kw.
13 Tourette$.tw,kw.
14 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw,kw.
15 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or preschool$ or schoolchild$).tw,kw.
16 (antidepress$ or anti‐depress$).tw,kw.
17 atomoxetine.tw,kw.
18 catapres$.tw,kw
19 clonidine.tw,kw.
20 concerta.tw,kw.
21 desipramine.tw,kw.
22 dexamfetamine.tw,kw.
23 dexedrine.tw,kw.
24 dextroamphetamine.tw,kw.
25 dixarit.tw,kw.
26 equasym.tw,kw.
27 guanfacine.tw,kw.
28 medikinet.tw,kw.
29 methylphenidat$.tw,kw.
30 ritalin$.tw,kw.
31 strattera.tw,kw.
32 or/1‐11
33 or/12‐14
34 32 and 33
35 15 and 32 and 33
36 or/17‐31
37 35 and 36
MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print Ovid
MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print (19 September 2017) (1 record)
MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print (1 July 2016) (4 records)
1 ADHD.tw,kw.
2 ADDH.tw,kw.
3 ADHS.tw,kw.
4 ("AD/HD" or HKD).tw,kw.
5 TDAH.tw,kw.
6 ((attention$ or behav$) adj3 (defic$ or dysfunc$ or disorder$)).tw,kw.
7 ((disrupt$ adj3 disorder$) or (disrupt$ adj3 behav$) or (defian$ adj3 disorder$) or (defian$ adj3 behav$)).tw,kw.
8 (impulsiv$ or inattentiv$ or inattention$).tw,kw.
9 (hyperkin$ or hyper‐kin$).tw,kw.
10 (minimal adj3 brain adj3 (disorder$ or dysfunct$ or damage$)).tw,kw.
11 (hyperactiv$ or hyper‐activ$).tw,kw.
12 (tic or tics).tw,kw.
13 Tourette$.tw,kw.
14 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw,kw.
15 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or preschool$ or schoolchild$).tw,kw.
16 (antidepress$ or anti‐depress$).tw,kw.
17 atomoxetine.tw,kw.
18 catapres$.tw,kw
19 clonidine.tw,kw.
20 concerta.tw,kw.
21 desipramine.tw,kw.
22 dexamfetamine.tw,kw.
23 dexedrine.tw,kw.
24 dextroamphetamine.tw,kw.
25 dixarit.tw,kw.
26 equasym.tw,kw.
27 guanfacine.tw,kw.
28 medikinet.tw,kw.
29 methylphenidat$.tw,kw.
30 ritalin$.tw,kw.
31 strattera.tw,kw.
32 or/1‐11
33 or/12‐14
34 32 and 33
35 15 and 32 and 33
36 or/17‐31
37 35 and 3
Embase Ovid
Embase (1974 to 19 September 2017) (21 records)
Embase (1974 to 2016 week 27) (142 records)
1 attention deficit disorder/
2 hyperactivity/
3 conduct disorder/
4 ADHD.tw.
5 ADDH.tw.
6 ADHS.tw.
7 "AD/HD".tw.
8 "add".tw.
9 (attention$ adj3 (defic$ or dysfunc$ or disorder$)).tw.
10 (behav$ adj3 (dysfunc$ or disorder$)).tw.
11 disruptiv$.tw.
12 (minimal adj3 brain adj3 (disorder$ or dysfunct$ or damage$)).tw.
13 (impulsiv$ or inattentiv$ or inattention$).tw.
14 disruptiv$.tw.
15 (overactiv$ or over‐activ$).tw.
16 hyperkinesis/
17 (hyperactiv$ or hyper‐activ$).tw.
18 (hyperkin$ or hyper‐kin$ or hkd).tw.
19 or/1‐18
20 tic/
21 gilles de la tourette syndrome/
22 (tic or tics)tw,kw.
23 Tourette$.tw,kw.
24 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw,kw.
25 or/20‐24
26 19 and 25
27 exp child/
28 adolescence/
29 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or preschool$ or schoolchild$).tw,kw.
30 or/27‐29
31 26 and 30
32 exp antidepressant agent/
33 (antidepress$ or anti‐depress$).tw,kw.
34 atomoxetine/
35 clonidine/
36 desipramine/
37 dexamphetamine/
38 methylphenidate/
39 atomoxetine.mp.
40 catapres$.mp.
41 clonidine.mp.
42 concerta.mp.
43 desipramine.mp.
44 dexamfetamine.mp.
45 dexedrine.mp.
46 dextroamphetamine.mp.
47 dixarit.mp.
48 equasym.mp.
49 medikinet.mp.
50 methylphenidat$.mp.
51 ritalin$.mp.
52 strattera.mp.
53 or/32‐52
54 31 and 53
55 Randomized controlled trial/
56 controlled clinical trial/
57 Single blind procedure/
58 Double blind procedure/
59 triple blind procedure/
60 Crossover procedure/
61 (crossover or cross‐over).tw.
62 ((singl$ or doubl$ or tripl$ or trebl$) adj1 (blind$ or mask$)).tw.
63 Placebo/
64 placebo.tw.
65 prospective.tw.
66 factorial$.tw.
67 random$.tw.
68 assign$.ab.
69 allocat$.tw.
70 volunteer$.ab.
71 or/55‐70
72 54 and 71
73 limit 72 to yr="2009 ‐Current"
74 limit 72 to yr="2016 ‐Current"
CINAHL EbscoHOST
CINAHL (searched 20 September 2017) 13 records
CINAHL (searched 5 July 2016) 64 records
S1 (MH "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder")
S2 ADHD
S3 ADDH
S4 ADDH
S5 ADHS
S6 "AD/HD"
S7 ((attention* or behav*) n3 (defic* or dysfunc* or disorder*))
S8 ((disrupt* N3 disorder*) or (disrupt* N3 behav*) or (defian* N3 disorder*) or (defian* N3 behav*))
S9 (impulsiv* or inattentiv* or inattention*)
S10 (MH "Hyperkinesis")
S11 hyperkine*
S12 (minimal N3 brain N3 (disorder* or dysfunct* or damage*))
S13 hyperactiv*
S14 S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5 OR S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13
S15 (MH "Tic")
S16 (MH "Tourette Syndrome")
S17 (tic or tics)
S18 Tourette*
S19 (habit* N3 (spasm* or chorea*))
S20 S15 OR S16 OR S17 OR S18 OR S19
S21 S14 AND S20
S22 (MH "Child+")
S23 (MH "Adolescence") OR (MH "Young Adult")
S24 (child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or preschool* or schoolchild*)
S25 S22 OR S23 OR S24
S26 (MH "Clinical Trials+")
S27 MH random assignment
S28 (MH "Meta Analysis")
S29 (MH "Crossover Design")
S30 (MH "Quantitative Studies")
S31 PT randomized controlled trial
S32 PT Clinical trial
S33 trial*
S34 ("follow‐up study" or "follow‐up research")
S35 (prospectiv* study or prospectiv* research)
S36 placebo*
S37 (MH "Program Evaluation")
S38 (MH "Treatment Outcomes")
S39 TI(single N2 mask* or single N2 blind*) OR AB(single N2 mask* or single N2 blind*)
S40 TI((doubl* N2 mask*) or (doubl* N2 blind*)) OR AB((doubl* N2 mask*) or (doubl* N2 blind*))
S41 TI ((tripl* N2 mask*) or (tripl* N2 blind*)) or ((trebl* N2 mask*) or (trebl* N2 blind*)) OR AB((tripl* N2 mask*) or (tripl* N2 blind*)) or ((trebl* N2 mask*) or (trebl* N2 blind*)
S42 random*
S43 S26 OR S27 OR S28 OR S29 OR S30 OR S31 OR S32 OR S33 OR S34 OR S35 OR S36 OR S37 OR S38 OR S39 OR S40 OR S41 OR S42
S44 S21 AND S43
S45 EM 2009‐
S46 S44 AND S45
S47 EM 20160701‐
S48 S44 AND S47
PsycINFO Ovid
PsycINFO (1806 to September Week 2 2017) 9 records
PsycINFO (1806 to June Week 5 2016) 63 records
1 exp attention deficit disorder/
2 exp Behavior Problems/
3 Impulsiveness/
4 hyperkinesis/
5 adhd.tw.
6 addh.tw.
7 adhs.tw.
8 "ad/hd".tw.
9 TDAH.tw.
10 hyperactiv$.tw.
11 hyper‐activ$.tw.
12 overactiv$.tw.
13 over‐activ$.tw.
14 hyperkin$.tw.
15 hyper‐kin$.tw.
16 hkd.tw.
17 (minimal adj3 brain$ adj3 (damag$ or disorder$ or dysfunc$)).tw.
18 (attention$ adj3 (deficit$ or disorder$ or dysfunc$)).tw.
19 (behav$ adj3 (dysfunc$ or disorder$)).tw.
20 disruptiv$.tw.
21 (impulsiv$ or inattentiv$ or inattentiv$).tw.
22 or/1‐21
23 tics/
24 Tourette Syndrome/
25 (tic or tics).tw.
26 tourette$.tw.
27 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw.
28 or/24‐27
29 22 and 28
30 exp antidepressant drugs/
31 (antidepress$ or anti‐depress$).tw.
32 ATOMOXETINE/
33 clonidine/
34 desipramine/
35 dextroamphetamine/
36 methylphenidate/
37 atomoxetine.mp.
38 catapres$.mp.
39 clonidine.mp.
40 concerta.mp.
41 desipramine.mp.
42 dexamfetamine.mp.
43 dexedrine.mp.
44 dextroamphetamine.mp.
45 dixarit.mp.
46 equasym.mp.
47 Guanfacine.mp.
48 medikinet.mp.
49 methylphenidat$.mp.
50 ritalin$.mp.
51 strattera.mp.
52 or/30‐51
53 29 and 52
54 limit 53 to yr="2009 ‐Current"
55 limit 53 to yr="2016 ‐Current"
Science Citation Index ‐ Expanded (SCI‐EXPANDED) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) (Web of Science)
SCI and SSCI (1970 to 19 September 2017) (10 records)
SCI and SSCI (1970 to 5 July 2016) (225 records)
19#17 AND #16 AND #15 AND #12
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=2016‐2017
# 18#17 AND #16 AND #15 AND #12
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 17TS=(child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or preschool* or schoolchild*)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 16TS=(random* or trial* or control* or blind* or allocat* or assign* or group* or prospective or placebo* )
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 15#14 OR #13
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 14TS=(antidepress* OR anti‐depress*)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 13TS=(atomoxetine OR clonidine OR concerta OR desipramine OR dexamfetamine OR dexedrine OR dextroamphetamine OR dixarit OR equasym OR guanfacine OR medikinet OR methylphenidat* OR ritalin OR strattera )
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 12#11 AND #8
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 11#10 OR #9
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 10TS=(habit* near/3 (spasm* or chorea*))
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 9TS=(tic OR tics OR Tourette*)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 8#7 OR #6 OR #5 OR #4 OR #3 OR #2 OR #1Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 7TS=(hyperactiv* or hyper‐activ*)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 6TS=(minimal* near/3 brain near/3 (disorder* or dysfunct* or damage*))
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 5TS=(hyperkin* or hyper‐kin*)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 4TS=(impulsiv* or inattentiv* or inattention*)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 3TS=((disrupt* near/3 disorder*) or (disrupt* near/3 behav*) or (defian* near/3 disorder*) or (defian* near/3 behav*))
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 2TS=((attention* or behav*) near/3 (defic* or dysfunc* or disorder*))
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
# 1TS= (ADHD or ADDH or ADHS or "AD/HD" or HKD or TDAH)
Indexes=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI Timespan=All years
Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐ Science (CPCI‐S) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐ Social Science & Humanities (CPCI‐SSH) Web of Science
CPCI‐S and CPCI‐SSH (1990 to 19 September 2017) (0 records)
CPCI‐S and CPCI‐SSH (1990 to 5 July 2016) (16 records)
19(#17 AND #16 AND #15 AND #12)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=2016‐2017 [Final search line September 2017 ]
# 18#17 AND #16 AND #15 AND #12 [Final search line July 2016]
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 17TS=(child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or preschool* or schoolchild*)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 16TS=(random* or trial* or control* or blind* or allocat* or assign* or group* or prospective or placebo* )
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 15#14 OR #13
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 14TS=(antidepress* OR anti‐depress*)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 13TS=(atomoxetine OR clonidine OR concerta OR desipramine OR dexamfetamine OR dexedrine OR dextroamphetamine OR dixarit OR equasym OR guanfacine OR medikinet OR methylphenidate OR ritalin OR strattera )
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 12#11 AND #8
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 11#10 OR #9
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 10TS=(habit* near/3 (spasm* or chorea*))
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 9TS=(tic OR tics OR Tourette*)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 8#7 OR #6 OR #5 OR #4 OR #3 OR #2 OR #1
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 7TS=(hyperactiv* or hyper‐activ*)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 6TS=(minimal* near/3 brain near/3 (disorder* or dysfunct* or damage*))
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 5TS=(hyperkin* or hyper‐kin*)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 4TS=(impulsiv* or inattentiv* or inattention*)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 3TS=((disrupt* near/3 disorder*) or (disrupt* near/3 behav*) or (defian* near/3 disorder*) or (defian* near/3 behav*))
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
# 2TS=((attention* or behav*) near/3 (defic* or dysfunc* or disorder*))
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
#1 TS= (ADHD or ADDH or ADHS or "AD/HD" or HKD or TDAH)
Indexes=CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH Timespan=All years
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) part of the Cochrane Library
CDSR (2017, Issue 9), searched 20 September 2017 (0 records)
CDSR (2016, Issue 7), searched 6 July 2016 (2 records)
#1[mh ^"attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders"]
#2[mh " attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity"]
#3[mh "conduct disorder"]
#4(ADHD or ADDH or ADHS or "AD/HD" or HKD or TDAH):ti,ab,kw
#5((attention* or behav*) near/3 (defic* or dysfunc* or disorder*)):ti,ab,kw
#6((disrupt* near/3 disorder*) or (disrupt* near/3 behav*) or (defian* near/3 disorder*) or (defian* near/3 behav*)):ti,ab,kw
#7(impulsiv* or inattentiv* or inattention*):ti,ab,kw
#8[mh hyperkinesis]
#9(hyperkin* or hyper next kin*):ti,ab,kw
#10(minimal* near/3 brain near/3 (disorder* or dysfunct* or damage*)):ti,ab,kw
#11(hyperactiv* or hyper next activ*):ti,ab,kw
#12{or #1‐#11}
#13[mh Tics]
#14[mh "tic disorders"]
#15[mh "tourette syndrome"]
#16(tic or tics):ti,ab,kw
#17Tourette*:ti,ab,kw
#18(habit* near/3 (spasm* or chorea*)):ti,ab,kw
#19{or #13‐#18}
#20#12 and #19
#21[mh infant]
#22[mh child]
#23[mh adolescent]
#24(child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or preschool* or schoolchild*):ti,ab,kw
#25{or #21‐#24}
#26#20 and #25 Publication Year from 2009 to 2016, in Cochrane Reviews (Reviews and Protocols)
#27#20 and #25 Online Publication Date from Jun 2016 to Sep 2017, in Cochrane Reviews (Reviews and Protocols)
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect (DARE) part of the Cochrane Library
DARE (2015, Issue 2), searched 6 July 2016 (1 record). This was the final issue of DARE, and so was not searched in 2017.
#1[mh ^"attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders"]
#2[mh " attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity"]
#3[mh "conduct disorder"]
#4(ADHD or ADDH or ADHS or "AD/HD" or HKD or TDAH):ti,ab,kw
#5((attention* or behav*) near/3 (defic* or dysfunc* or disorder*)):ti,ab,kw
#6((disrupt* near/3 disorder*) or (disrupt* near/3 behav*) or (defian* near/3 disorder*) or (defian* near/3 behav*)):ti,ab,kw
#7(impulsiv* or inattentiv* or inattention*):ti,ab,kw
#8[mh hyperkinesis]
#9(hyperkin* or hyper next kin*):ti,ab,kw
#10(minimal* near/3 brain near/3 (disorder* or dysfunct* or damage*)):ti,ab,kw
#11(hyperactiv* or hyper next activ*):ti,ab,kw
#12{or #1‐#11}
#13[mh Tics]
#14[mh "tic disorders"]
#15[mh "tourette syndrome"]
#16(tic or tics):ti,ab,kw
#17Tourette*:ti,ab,kw
#18(habit* near/3 (spasm* or chorea*)):ti,ab,kw
#19{or #13‐#18}
#20#12 and #19
#21[mh infant]
#22[mh child]
#23[mh adolescent]
#24(child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or preschool* or schoolchild*):ti,ab,kw
#25{or #21‐#24}
#26#20 and #25, in Other Reviews
Epistemonikos
Searched 20 September 2017. Limited to systematic reviews added to database between 6 July 2016 and 20 September 2017 (0 records)
Searched 6 July 2016. Limited to systematic reviews (14 records)
(title:(adhd OR hyperactiv* OR attention deficit) OR abstract:(adhd OR hyperactiv* OR attention deficit)) AND (title:(tic* OR Tourette*) OR abstract:(tic* OR Tourette*))
WorldCat
Searched 20 September 2017 (0 records)
Searched 6 July 2016 (1 record)
kw:(adhd OR hyperactiv* OR attention deficit*) AND kw:(TIC* OR tourette*) AND kw:(atomoxetine OR clonidine OR concerta OR desipramine OR dexamfetamine OR dexedrine OR dextroamphetamine OR dixarit OR equasym OR guanfacine OR medikinet OR methylphenidate OR ritalin OR strattera )
ClinicalTrials.gov
Searched 20 September 2017. Limited to records first received from 1 July 2016 to 20 September 2017 (3 records)
Searched 6 July 2016 (31 records)
(adhd AND tic) OR (adhd AND tourette) OR (attention deficit AND tic) OR (attention deficit AND tourette) | Interventional Studies
WHO ICTRP
www.who.int/trialsearch/default.aspx
Searched 20 September 2017. Limited to records first received from 1 July 2016 to 20 September 2017 (2 records)
Searched 6 July 2016 (9 records)
Basic search: adhd AND tic OR adhd AND tourette OR attention deficit AND tic OR attention deficit AND tourette
Appendix 2. Search strategies up to 2009
The Cochrane Library
2009, Issue 4.
#1MeSH descriptor Tic Disorders explode all trees
#2MeSH descriptor Tics explode all trees
#3(tic or tics)
#4(tourette*)
#5(habit* near/3 spasm*) or (habit* near/3 chorea*)
#6(#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)
#7MeSH descriptor Adolescent explode all trees
#8(child* or adolescen* or boy* or girl* or infant* or toddler* or pre‐school* or pre school* or schoolchild*)
#9MeSH descriptor Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, this term only
#10(adhd)
#11(addh)
#12adhs
#13(hyperactiv*)
#14hyperkin*
#15(attention deficit*)
#16(brain dysfunction)
#17(#9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16)
#18(#7 OR #8)
#19MeSH descriptor Methylphenidate, this term only
#20(methylphenidate or ritalin* or concerta or equasym or medikinet)
#21MeSH descriptor Dextroamphetamine, this term only
#22(dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine or dexedrine or atomoxetine or strattera)
#23MeSH descriptor Clonidine, this term only
#24(clonidine or dixarit or catapres* or guanfacine)
#25MeSH descriptor Guanfacine, this term only
#26(#19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25)
#27(#6 AND #17 AND #18 AND #26)
MEDLINE
1950 to July 2009.
1 tic disorders/ or tourette syndrome/
2 Tics/
3 (tic or tics).tw.
4 tourette$.tw.
5 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw.
6 or/1‐5
7 adolescent/ or child/ or child, preschool/ or infant/
8 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or pre school$ or schoolchild$).tw.
9 or/7‐8
10 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/
11 adhd.tw.
12 addh.tw.
13 adhs.tw.
14 hyperactiv$.tw.
15 hyperkin$.tw.
16 attention deficit$.tw.
17 brain dysfunction.tw.
18 or/10‐17
19 Methylphenidate/
20 methylphenidate.tw.
21 ritalin$.tw.
22 concerta.tw.
23 equasym.tw.
24 medikinet.tw.
25 Dextroamphetamine/
26 dexamfetamine.tw.
27 dextroamphetamine.tw.
28 dexedrine.tw.
29 atomoxetine.tw.
30 strattera.tw.
31 Clonidine/
32 clonidine.tw.
33 dixarit.tw.
34 catapres$.tw.
35 desipramine/
36 exp Antidepressive Agents/
37 antidepress$.tw.
38 or/19‐37
39 6 and 9 and 18 and 38
Embase
1980 to July 2009
1 tic disorders/ or tourette syndrome/
2 Tics/
3 (tic or tics).tw.
4 tourette$.tw.
5 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw.
6 or/1‐5
7 adolescent/ or child/ or child, preschool/ or infant/
8 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or pre school$ or schoolchild$).tw.
9 or/7‐8
10 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/
11 adhd.tw.
12 addh.tw.
13 adhs.tw.
14 hyperactiv$.tw.
15 hyperkin$.tw.
16 attention deficit$.tw.
17 brain dysfunction.tw.
18 or/10‐17
19 Methylphenidate/
20 methylphenidate.tw.
21 ritalin$.tw.
22 concerta.tw.
23 equasym.tw.
24 medikinet.tw.
25 Dextroamphetamine/
26 dexamfetamine.tw.
27 dextroamphetamine.tw.
28 dexedrine.tw.
29 atomoxetine.tw.
30 strattera.tw.
31 Clonidine/
32 clonidine.tw.
33 dixarit.tw.
34 catapres$.tw.
35 guanfacine.tw.
36 Guanfacine/
37 or/19‐36
38 random$.tw.
39 factorial$.tw.
40 crossover$.tw.
41 cross over$.tw.
42 cross‐over$.tw.
43 placebo$.tw.
44 (doubl$ adj blind$).tw.
45 (singl$ adj blind$).tw.
46 assign$.tw.
47 allocat$.tw.
48 volunteer$.tw.
49 Crossover Procedure/
50 Double Blind Procedure/
51 Randomized Controlled Trial/
52 Single Blind Procedure/
53 or/38‐52
54 6 and 53 and 18 and 37 and 9
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)
1982 to July 2009.
S29 (S28 and S27 and S12 and S6)
S28 S16 or S15 or S14 or S13
S27 S26 or S25 or S24 or S23 or S22 or S21 or S20 or S19 or S18 or S17
S26 clonidine or dixarit or catapres* or guanfacine
S25 (MH "Clonidine")
S24 atomoxetine or strattera
S23 dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine or dexedrine
S22 (MH "Dextroamphetamine")
S21 medikinet
S20 equasym
S19 concerta
S18 methylphenidate or ritalin
S17 (MH "Methylphenidate")
S16 attention deficit* or brain dysfunction
S15 hyperactiv* or hyperkin*
S14 adhd or addh or adhs
S13 (MH "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder")
S12 S11 or S10 or S9 or S8 or S7
S11 child* or boy* or girl* or infant* or baby or babies or teen* or adolescen* or toddler* or pre‐school* or pre school* or schoolchild*
S10 (MH "Child, Preschool")
S9 (MH "Infant")
S8 (MH "Child")
S7 (MH "Adolescence")
S6 S5 or S4 or S3 or S2 or S1
S5 habit* n3 chorea*
S4 habit* n3 spasm*
S3 tourette*
S2 tic or tics
S1 (MH "Tic+")
PsycINFO
1806 to July week 4 2009.
1 randomi$.tw.
2 singl$.tw.
3 doubl$.tw.
4 trebl$.tw.
5 tripl$.tw.
6 blind$.tw.
7 mask$.tw.
8 (or/2‐5) adj3 (or/6‐7)
9 clin$.tw.
10 trial$.tw.
11 (clin$ adj3 trial$).tw.
12 placebo$.tw.
13 exp PLACEBO/
14 crossover.tw.
15 exp Treatment Effectiveness Evaluation/
16 exp Mental Health Program Evaluation/
17 random$.tw.
18 assign$.tw.
19 allocate$.tw.
20 (random$ adj3 (assign$ or allocate$)).tw.
21 20 or 16 or 15 or 14 or 13 or 12 or 11 or 8 or 1
22 tourette syndrome/
23 Tics/
24 (tic or tics).tw.
25 tourette$.tw.
26 (habit$ adj3 (spasm$ or chorea$)).tw.
27 or/22‐26
28 (child$ or boy$ or girl$ or infant$ or baby or babies or teen$ or adolescen$ or toddler$ or pre‐school$ or pre school$ or schoolchild$).tw.
29 Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/
30 adhd.tw.
31 addh.tw.
32 adhs.tw.
33 hyperactiv$.tw.
34 hyperkin$.tw.
35 attention deficit$.tw.
36 brain dysfunction.tw.
37 or/29‐36
38 Methylphenidate/
39 methylphenidate.tw.
40 ritalin$.tw.
41 concerta.tw.
42 equasym.tw.
43 medikinet.tw.
44 Dextroamphetamine/
45 dexamfetamine.tw.
46 dextroamphetamine.tw.
47 dexedrine.tw.
48 atomoxetine.tw.
49 strattera.tw.
50 Clonidine/
51 clonidine.tw.
52 dixarit.tw.
53 catapres$.tw.
54 guanfacine.tw.
55 Guanfacine/
56 or/38‐55
57 56 and 27 and 28 and 37
58 21 and 57
Dissertation Abstracts
methylphenidate AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
ritalin AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
concerta AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
equasym AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
medikinet AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
dexamfetamine AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
dextroamphetamine AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
dexedrine AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
atomoxetine AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
strattera AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
clonidine AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
dixarit AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
catapres AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
guanfacine AND tic OR tics OR tourettes
Appendix 3. Criteria for assigning 'Risk of bias' judgements
Sequence generation
Description: the method used to generate the allocation sequence was described in detail so as to assess whether it should have produced comparable groups.
Review authors' judgment: was the allocation concealment sequence adequately generated?
Allocation concealment
Description: the method used to conceal allocation sequence was described in sufficient detail to assess whether intervention schedules could have been foreseen in advance of, or during, recruitment.
Review authors' judgment: was allocation adequately concealed?
Blinding of participants and personnel
Description: the method used to blind participants and personnel from knowledge of which intervention a participant received was described.
Review authors' judgment: was knowledge of the allocated intervention adequately prevented during the study?
Blinding of outcome assessment
Description: the method used to blind outcome assessors from knowledge of which intervention a participant received was described.
Review authors' judgment: was knowledge of the allocated intervention adequately prevented during the study?
Incomplete outcome data
Description: if studies did not report intention‐to‐treat analyses, we attempted to obtain missing data by contacting the study authors. We extracted and reported data on exclusions, as well the numbers involved (compared with total randomized) and the reasons for exclusion, when reported or obtained from study investigators.
Review authors' judgment: were incomplete data dealt with adequately by the reviewers?
Selective outcome reporting
Description: attempts were made to assess the possibility of selective outcome reporting by investigators. This was done by checking study protocols when available through trial registries and comparing the outcomes listed in the protocol with the published report. We made comparisons between outcomes listed in the Methods section of the manuscript and those listed in the Results section.
Review authors' judgment: are reports of the study free of suggestion of selective outcome reporting?
Other sources of bias
Description: other concerns about bias not addressed in the domains above, including:
-
design‐specific risk of bias (i.e. washout adequacy in cross‐over trials);
-
early stopping;
-
baseline imbalance;
-
inappropriate administration of a cointervention; and
-
used an insensitive instrument to measure outcomes.
Review authors' judgement: was the study apparently free of other problems that could put it at a high risk of bias?
Appendix 4. Methods described in protocol for meta‐analysis
Measures of treatment effect
Binary outcome data
We will use risk ratio (RR) estimations with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for binary outcomes.
Continuous outcome data
We will analyze data on continuous outcomes using either mean differences (MDs), or standardized mean differences (SMDs) if continuous outcomes are measured with similar but not identical instruments across studies. All analyses will include all participants in the treatment groups to which they were allocated, if data permit.
Unit of analysis issues
Cluster‐randomized trials
We do not anticipate finding any cluster‐randomized trials.
Cross‐over trials
When conducting a meta‐analysis combining the results of cross‐over trials, we will use the inverse variance methods recommended by Elbourne 2002. Where data presented from a cross‐over trial are restricted (and more information is not available from the original investigators), we will use the presented data within the first phase only, up to the point of cross‐over.
Dealing with missing data
We will attempt to obtain missing information from study authors directly. If we are unable to obtain the missing information, we will impute the missing data with replacement values, and treat these as if they were observed.
Assessment of heterogeneity
We will assess statistical heterogeneity by examining the I2 statistic, a quantity which describes approximately the proportion of variation in point estimates that is due to heterogeneity rather than sampling error. In addition, we will use a Chi2 test of homogeneity, to determine the strength of evidence that heterogeneity is genuine.
Assessment of reporting biases
We will draw funnel plots (effect size versus standard error) to assess publication bias if we find sufficient studies. Asymmetry of the plots may indicate publication bias, although they may also represent a true relationship between trial size and effect size. If such a relationship is identified, we will further examine the clinical diversity of the studies as a possible explanation (Egger 1997).
Data synthesis
We will synthesize results using a meta‐analysis by treatment type if there is no important clinical heterogeneity. For example, if studies have a very different study design or methodology, or if trial participants are very different between studies, a meta‐analysis may not be appropriate. We will use both the random‐effects and fixed‐effect models. When we report the results of the random‐effects model, we will also report tau2.
Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity
We will analyze trials in subgroups based on treatment type, for example, methylphenidate, atomoxetine.
Sensitivity analysis
We will conduct sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of risk of bias on our results.
Study flow diagram illustrating the process for inclusion of studies.
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
| Methylphenidate compared with placebo for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders | ||||
| Patient or population: children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Intervention: methylphenidate Comparison: placebo | ||||
| Outcomes | Effect of treatment | Number of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments |
| ADHD symptom‐related behavior Measured by standardized rating scales: Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale, IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping, Continuous Performance Task, Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Continuous Performance Task | Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002 showed a significant treatment effect using the Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale (3.3 points, 98.3% CI −0.2 to 6.8; P = 0.02). | 229 (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | – |
| Gadow 2007 showed that all doses (0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg) of methylphenidate were superior to placebo on all rating scales (Conners' Abbreviated Teacher/Parent Rating Scale, IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping, Continuous Performance Test), with a dose‐dependent effect (F = 24.7; P = 0.001) | ||||
| Castellanos 1997 showed significantly decreased hyperactivity at all doses (15 mg, 25 mg, 45 mg). | ||||
| Tic severity Measured by standardized rating scales: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression Scale, Global Tic Rating Scale, 2‐Minute Tic and Habit Count, Tic Symptom Self‐Report | Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002 found a significant treatment effect using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (11.0 points, 98.3% CI 2.1 to 19.8; P = 0.003). | 229 (3 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | – |
| Gadow 2007 found no difference on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale but found an improvement in tic severity at all doses (0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg) on the Global Tic Rating Scale completed by teachers (F = 5.33; P = 0.002) | ||||
| Castellanos 1997 found no effect of drug on tic severity for second and third cohorts. Tic severity was significantly greater during week 2 in the first cohort (P < 0.01) | ||||
| ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI: confidence interval. | ||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||
| aDowngraded two levels due to limitations in study design and implementation, and imprecision of results. | ||||
| Clonidine compared with placebo for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders | ||||
| Patient or population: children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Intervention: clonidine Comparison: placebo | ||||
| Outcomes | Effect of treatment | Number of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments |
| ADHD symptom‐related behavior Measured by standardized rating scales: Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale, IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, Conners' Continuous Performance Task, Child Behaviour Checklist, Gordon Diagnostic System, Clinical Evaluation of Language Function, Matching Familial Figures Test, Porteus Maze Test, Restricted Academic Test | Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002 found a significant treatment effect using the Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale (3.3 points, 98.3% CI −0.2 to 6.8; P = 0.02). | 170 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | – |
| Singer 1995 found no significant difference on any ADHD outcome measures, except the nervous/overactive subscale of the Child Behaviour Checklist (boys aged 6‐11 years). | ||||
| Tic severity Measured by standardized rating scales: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Global Tic Rating Scale, Tic Symptom Self‐Report, Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale | Tourette's Syndrome Study Group 2002 showed a significant treatment effect using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (10.9 points, 98.3% CI 2.1 to 19.7; P = 0.003). | 170 (2 studies) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | – |
| Singer 1995 found no significant difference on measures of tic severity. | ||||
| ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CI: confidence interval. | ||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||
| aDowngraded two levels due to limitations in study design and implementation, and imprecision of results. | ||||
| Desipramine compared with placebo for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders | ||||
| Patient or population: children with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders Intervention: desipramine Comparison: placebo | ||||
| Outcomes | Effect of treatment | Number of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments |
| ADHD symptom‐related behavior Measured by standardized rating scales: Child Behaviour Checklist, Gordon Diagnostic System, Clinical Evaluation of Language Function, Matching Familial Figures Test, Porteus Maze Test, Restricted Academic Test, ADHD Rating Scale IV ‐ Parent Version; ADHD Parent Linear Analogue Scale | Spencer 2002 showed a decrease in scores on the ADHD Rating Scale IV ‐ Parent Version (week 0 = 46 (SD 5.9) points; week 6 = 24 (SD 12) points; P < 0.001). | 75 (2 studies) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | – |
| Singer 1995 showed that desipramine was superior to placebo on the Parent Linear Analogue Scale for Hyperactivity (desipramine: 32.8 (SD 1.3) points; placebo: 64.4 (SD 0.6) points; P < 0.05). Hyperactivity subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist showed drug effects for males aged 6 to 11 years (desipramine: 68.6 (SD 1.4) points; placebo: 75.8 (SD 1.0) points; P < 0.05). | ||||
| Tic severity Measured by standardized rating scales: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale; ADHD Parent Linear Analogue Scale | Spencer 2002 showed a decrease in scores on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (week 0 = 63 (SD 18) points; week 6: 43 (SD 23) points; P < 0.001). | 75 (2 studies) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | – |
| Singer 1995 showed that desipramine was superior to placebo on the Parent Linear Analogue Scale of tic severity (desipramine: 30.0 (SD 0.7) points; placebo: 47.4 SD 1.8 points; P < 0.05). There were no differences on the other measures of tic severity (Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale, Hopkins Motor/vocal scale, Yale Global Tic Severity Scale). | ||||
| ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; SD: standard deviation. | ||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: we are very confidence that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. | ||||
| aDowngraded two levels due to limitations in study design and implementation, and imprecision of results. | ||||
| Comparisons | Trial(s) |
| Methylphenidate versus placebo | |
| Clonidine versus placebo | |
| Methylphenidate plus clonidine versus placebo | |
| Dextroamphetamine versus placebo | |
| Guanfacine versus placebo | |
| Atomoxetine versus placebo | |
| Desipramine versus placebo | |
| Deprenyl versus placebo | |
| Desipramine versus clonidine |
| Scale/measure | ||||||||
| Conners Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | Yes |
| Conners Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | Yes |
| IOWA Conners Teacher Rating Scale | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | Yes |
| Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | – |
| Continuous Performance Task | – | – | – | Yes | Yes | – | – | – |
| ADHD Rating Scale‐IV: Parent Version | Yes | – | – | – | Yes | – | Yes | – |
| Clinical Global Impression Scale – Overall – Severity | Yes | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – |
| Clinical Global Impression Scale – ADHD/Psychiatric Symptoms | Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ADHD Teacher 39‐Item Conners Rating Scale | – | Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| DuPaul ADHD Scale | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | – | – |
| Parent Conners Questionnaire Hyperactivity Index | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – |
| Child Behaviour Checklist | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Gordon Diagnostic System | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Clinical Evaluation of Language Function | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Matching Familial Figures Test | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Porteus Maze Test | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Restricted Academic Test | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Conners Continuous Performance Task | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; IOWA: inattention/overactivity with aggression. | ||||||||
| Scale/measure | ||||||||
| Yale Global Tic Severity Scale | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale | – | – | – | Yes | – | Yes | – | – |
| Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Improvement | Yes | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | – |
| Global Tic Rating Scale | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | Yes |
| 2‐Minute Tic and Habit Count | – | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | – |
| Tic Symptom Self‐Report | Yes | – | – | – | – | – | – | Yes |
| Goetz Tic Severity Scale | – | – | Yes | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale | – | – | – | – | – | Yes | – | – |
| Scale/measure | Number of items | Scoring |
| Conners' Abbreviated Symptoms Questionnaire for Teachers (ASQ) | 10 items pertaining to the child's behavior | Rated on a 4‐point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (pretty much) to 3 (very much true), with a possible total score ranging from 0 to 30. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) | 5 items on the number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference from motor tics, and 5 items on the number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference from vocal tics, and 1 item on overall impairment | The Total Motor Tic Score is derived by adding the 5 motor tics items (each item ranges from 0 to 5, total motor tic score ranges from 0 to 25). The Total Vocal Tic Score is derived by adding the 5 phonic tics items (each item ranges from 0 to 5, total vocal tic ranges from 0 to 25). The Total Tic Score is a summation of the Total Motor Tic and Total Vocal Tic Scores. The Overall Impairment Rating is rated on a 51‐point scale anchored by 0 (no impairment) and 50 (severe impairment). Finally, the Global Severity Score is a summation of the Total Motor Tic Score, Total Vocal Tic Score, and Overall Impairment Rating (range 0 to 100). Higher scores indicate worse symptoms. |
| Global Tic Rating Scale | 9 items, with the first 5 referring to the frequency of motor (3 items) and phonic tics (2 items) according to body region, which are summed to produce motor and phonic tic frequency subscores, respectively | All items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| ADHD Rating Scale IV ‐ Parent Version | 18‐item questionnaire. 9 questions each on inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity, where the odd‐numbered items represent the inattention subscale, and the even‐numbered items represent the hyperactive/impulsive subscale | Items coded on 4‐point Likert scale using scores 1 (never or rarely), 2 (sometimes), 3 (often), or 4 (very often). Total score ranges from 18 to 52. Raw scores are converted to percentiles. |
| ADHD Parent Linear Analogue Scale | 10‐cm line on which both the parent and physician separately rank symptoms | The ends of each line represent 0 (no symptoms) and 10 (most severe) |
| Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) | 113 items across 8 subscales assessing maladaptive behavioral and emotional problems:
| Items are coded from 0 to 2, scored 0 (not at all), 1 (somewhat true), or 2 (very true). CBCL profile for each category, with scores below the 95th percentile in the normal range, and above the 98th percentile in the clinical range. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms. |
| Conners' Abbreviated Parent Rating Scale | 48 items across 6 subscales:
| All items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 144. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| IOWA Conners' Teacher Rating Scale | 10 items. Consists of 5‐item subscales designed to assess inattention/overactivity and aggression Inattention/overactivity:
Aggression:
| Scored 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (pretty much), or 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 30. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| Mothers' Objective Method for Subgrouping | Contains 10 (hyperactivity or ADHD, or both) symptoms arranged in a checklist format. Generates a hyperactivity scale score and an aggression scale score | 1 indicates checked and 0 unchecked. Total score ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| Continuous Performance Task (CPT) | Computer‐administered and scored measure of sustained visual attention and motor response inhibition. The test takes about 15 minutes to administer and yields measures of omissions, commissions, and reaction time. | Omission errors measure inattention, commission errors measure impulsivity |
| Conners' Teacher Rating Scale | 39 items clustered into 5 factors, including conduct problems, daydreaming, inattention, anxious‐fearful, and hyperactive behavior ADHD Teacher 39‐Item | All items are rated on a scale from 0 (never) to 3 (very much). Total score ranges from 0 to 137. Raw scores for each scale are converted to T scores, incorporating normative adjustments for age and sex, with scores of at least 70 considered clinically elevated |
| Conners' Continuous Performance Task (CPT) | Visual‐motor task. Respondents must rapidly and accurately hit the space bar after every letter presented except the letter 'X'. Several variables may be derived from the Conners' CPT, including errors of omission and commission, mean hit reaction time (RT), mean hit RT standard error. | Omission errors measure inattention, commission errors measure impulsivity |
| Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale | 5‐item scale
| Higher scores indicates worse symptoms |
| Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale | Observer‐rated scale that measures illness severity (CGI‐S), or global improvement (CGI‐I) | 7‐point scale, with the severity of illness scale (CGI‐S) using a range of responses from 1 (normal) to 7 (among the most severely ill people). CGI‐I scores range from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse) |
| 2‐Minute Tic and Habit Count | The physician counts separately the number of brief, jerky (i.e. tics) and rhythmic (i.e. stereotypic, habit) movements and vocalizations during quiet conversation in an office setting. | Higher scores indicates worse symptoms |
| Tic Symptom Self‐Report | 40‐item checklist containing 20 motor tic items and 20 phonic tic items | 0–3 scale corresponding with absent (score of 0) to very frequent and forceful (score of 3). Total score ranges from 0 to 120. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| Goetz Tic Severity Scale | Videotape protocol involving a 10‐minute film of people placed in front of a video camera in a quiet room. 2 body views are recorded, full frontal body (far) and head and shoulders only (near), under 2 conditions: relaxed with the examiner in the room, and relaxed with the patient alone in the room 5 domains are rated:
| 0–4 scoring format. For all domains, 0 represents normal function without evidence of tic disability. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| Hopkins Motor/Vocal Scale | Consists of a series of linear analog scales (10 cm) on which both the parent and physician separately rank each tic (motor and vocal) symptom, taking into consideration its frequency, intensity, degree of interference, and impairment | The ends of each line represent 0 (no tics) and 10 (most severe). The line can be subdivided roughly into 4 ranges: mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe |
| Du Paul ADHD Rating Scale | 14 items, assessing separate factors of inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity | Rated on a 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) scale, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 42. Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| Parent Conners' Questionnaire Hyperactivity Index | 10‐item rating scale identifying hyperactive children | Each item is rated from 0 to 3 (range 0–30). Higher scores indicate worse symptoms |
| ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. | ||
