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Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 1

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
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Figure 2

Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.1 At least 50% pain reduction over baseline.
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Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.1 At least 50% pain reduction over baseline.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.2 Very much improved.
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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.2 Very much improved.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.3 Much or very much improved.
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Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.3 Much or very much improved.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.4 IMMPACT outcome of substantial improvement.
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Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.4 IMMPACT outcome of substantial improvement.

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Percentage of participants achieving outcomes equivalent to IMMPACT at least moderate improvement, all doses, all conditions
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Figure 7

Percentage of participants achieving outcomes equivalent to IMMPACT at least moderate improvement, all doses, all conditions

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Painful diabetic neuropathy: Percentage of participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over baseline with gabapentin 1200‐3600 mg daily, or placebo
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Figure 8

Painful diabetic neuropathy: Percentage of participants achieving at least 50% pain relief over baseline with gabapentin 1200‐3600 mg daily, or placebo

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Percentage of participants achieving outcomes equivalent to IMMPACT substantial improvement, all doses, all conditions
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Figure 9

Percentage of participants achieving outcomes equivalent to IMMPACT substantial improvement, all doses, all conditions

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.5 IMMPACT outcome of at least moderate improvement.
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Figure 10

Forest plot of comparison: 1 All placebo‐controlled studies, outcome: 1.5 IMMPACT outcome of at least moderate improvement.

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Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 1 At least 50% pain reduction over baseline.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 1 At least 50% pain reduction over baseline.

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Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 2 Very much improved.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 2 Very much improved.

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Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 3 Much or very much improved.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 3 Much or very much improved.

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Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 4 IMMPACT outcome of substantial improvement.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 4 IMMPACT outcome of substantial improvement.

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Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 5 IMMPACT outcome of at least moderate improvement.
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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 5 IMMPACT outcome of at least moderate improvement.

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Comparison 2 Withdrawals ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 1 Adverse event withdrawal.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Withdrawals ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 1 Adverse event withdrawal.

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Comparison 2 Withdrawals ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 2 All‐cause withdrawal.
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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Withdrawals ‐ placebo‐controlled studies, Outcome 2 All‐cause withdrawal.

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Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 1 At least one adverse event.
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 1 At least one adverse event.

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Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events.
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Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events.

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Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 3 Somnolence.
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Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 3 Somnolence.

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Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 4 Dizziness.
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Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 4 Dizziness.

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Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 5 Peripheral oedema.
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Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 5 Peripheral oedema.

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Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 6 Ataxia or gait disturbance.
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Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Adverse events, Outcome 6 Ataxia or gait disturbance.

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Comparison 1. Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 At least 50% pain reduction over baseline Show forest plot

10

2258

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.70 [1.46, 1.99]

1.1 Postherpetic neuralgia

3

892

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.67 [1.29, 2.16]

1.2 Painful diabetic neuropathy

4

829

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.78 [1.43, 2.21]

1.3 Mixed neuropathic pain

1

305

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.45 [0.88, 2.37]

1.4 Nerve injury pain

1

196

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.44 [0.65, 3.22]

1.5 Small fibre sensory neuropathy

1

36

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.0 [0.65, 38.65]

2 Very much improved Show forest plot

8

1600

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.41 [1.80, 3.23]

2.1 Postherpetic neuralgia

2

563

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.70 [1.51, 4.82]

2.2 Painful diabetic neuropathy

2

408

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.94 [1.26, 2.99]

2.3 Mixed neuropathic pain

1

305

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.99 [0.92, 4.28]

2.4 Complex regional pain syndrome I

1

92

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [0.90, 17.83]

2.5 Nerve injury pain

1

196

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.6 [1.39, 9.31]

2.6 Small fibre sensory neuropathy

1

36

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.0 [0.65, 38.65]

3 Much or very much improved Show forest plot

11

2203

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.64 [1.43, 1.87]

3.1 Postherpetic neuralgia

4

1118

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.51 [1.25, 1.83]

3.2 Painful diabetic neuropathy

4

548

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.61 [1.28, 2.02]

3.3 Mixed neuropathic pain

1

305

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.17 [1.38, 3.41]

3.4 Nerve injury pain

1

196

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.21 [1.26, 3.90]

3.5 Small fibre sensory neuropathy

1

36

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.5 [0.67, 3.34]

4 IMMPACT outcome of substantial improvement Show forest plot

13

2627

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.80 [1.55, 2.08]

4.1 Postherpetic neuralgia

4

1121

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.81 [1.41, 2.31]

4.2 Painful diabetic neuropathy

4

829

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.78 [1.43, 2.21]

4.3 Mixed neuropathic pain

1

305

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.45 [0.88, 2.37]

4.4 Complex regional pain syndrome I

1

92

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [0.90, 17.83]

4.5 Nerve injury pain

1

196

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.44 [0.65, 3.22]

4.6 Phantom pain

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.6 [1.10, 6.16]

4.7 Small fibre sensory neuropathy

1

36

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.0 [0.65, 38.65]

5 IMMPACT outcome of at least moderate improvement Show forest plot

14

2831

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.68 [1.51, 1.88]

5.1 Postherpetic neuralgia

4

1121

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.84 [1.50, 2.26]

5.2 Painful diabetic neuropathy

5

937

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.50 [1.28, 1.75]

5.3 Mixed neuropathic pain

2

391

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.10 [1.49, 2.95]

5.4 Fibromyalgia

1

150

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.61 [1.07, 2.42]

5.5 Nerve injury pain

1

196

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.53 [0.92, 2.53]

5.6 Small fibre sensory neuropathy

1

36

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.25 [0.84, 5.99]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Efficacy ‐ placebo‐controlled studies
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Comparison 2. Withdrawals ‐ placebo‐controlled studies

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Adverse event withdrawal Show forest plot

17

3022

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [1.09, 1.71]

2 All‐cause withdrawal Show forest plot

17

3063

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.05 [0.91, 1.21]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Withdrawals ‐ placebo‐controlled studies
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Comparison 3. Adverse events

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 At least one adverse event Show forest plot

11

2356

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.28 [1.20, 1.37]

2 Serious adverse events Show forest plot

14

2702

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.31 [0.88, 1.95]

3 Somnolence Show forest plot

16

2800

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.21 [2.48, 4.16]

4 Dizziness Show forest plot

16

3150

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [2.62, 4.06]

5 Peripheral oedema Show forest plot

9

2042

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.40 [2.18, 5.32]

6 Ataxia or gait disturbance Show forest plot

5

544

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.47 [1.85, 10.82]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Adverse events
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