Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Penggunaan pesanan ringkas telefon bimbit sebagai peringatan untuk menghadiri temujanji kesihatan

Appendices

Appendix 1. MEDLINE (Ovid) search strategy

  1. cellular phone/

  2. ((cell* or mobile or wireless) adj (phone* or telephon*)).tw.

  3. (cellphone* or mobiles or mhealth or m‐health).tw.

  4. ((mobile or handheld or hand‐held) adj2 (device* or technolog* or app* or health*)).tw.

  5. (smart phone* or smartphone* or blackberry or iphone* or android phone* or google android or ipod touch or personal digital assistant* or pda or pdas).tw.

  6. or/1‐5

  7. (text* or messag* or multimedia or multi‐media or imag* or mms or data or input* or application* or app?).tw.

  8. 6 and 7

  9. text messaging/

  10. ((text or short or multimedia or multi‐media) adj1 messag*).tw.

  11. sms.tw.

  12. (texting* or texted or texter*).tw.

  13. (mms and (multimedia or multi‐media or messag*)).mp.

  14. or/8‐13

  15. randomized controlled trial.pt.

  16. controlled clinical trial.pt.

  17. randomized.ab.

  18. placebo.ab.

  19. drug therapy.fs.

  20. randomly.ab.

  21. trial.ab.

  22. groups.ab.

  23. or/15‐22

  24. exp animals/ not humans.sh.

  25. 23 not 24

  26. 14 and 25

  27. limit 26 to yr="1993 ‐ 2012"

Appendix 2. EMBASE (Ovid) search strategy

  1. mobile phone/

  2. ((cell* or mobile or wireless) adj (phone* or telephon*)).ti,ab,kw

  3. (cellphone* or mobiles or mhealth or m‐health).ti,ab,kw

  4. ((mobile or handheld or hand‐held) adj2 (device* or technolog* or app* or health*)).ti,ab,kw

  5. personal digital assistant/

  6. (smart phone* or smartphone* or blackberry or iphone* or android phone* or google android or ipod touch or personal digital assistant* or pda or pdas).ti,ab,kw.

  7. or/1‐6

  8. (text* or messag* or multimedia or multi‐media or imag* or mms or data or input* or application* or app?).ti,ab,kw.

  9. 7 and 8

  10. text messaging/

  11. ((text or short or multimedia or multi‐media) adj1 messag*).ti,ab,kw.

  12. sms.ti,ab,kw.

  13. (texting* or texted or texter*).ti,ab,kw.

  14. (mms and (multimedia or multi‐media or messag*)).mp.

  15. or/9‐14

  16. randomized controlled trial/

  17. controlled clinical trial/

  18. single blind procedure/ or double blind procedure/

  19. crossover procedure/

  20. random*.tw.

  21. placebo*.tw.

  22. ((singl* or doubl*) adj (blind* or mask*)).tw.

  23. (crossover or cross over or factorial* or latin square).tw.

  24. (assign* or allocat* or volunteer*).tw.

  25. or/16‐24

  26. 15 and 25

  27. limit 26 to yr="1993 ‐ 2012"

Appendix 3. PsycINFO (Ovid) search strategy

  1. cellular phones/

  2. ((cell* or mobile or wireless) adj (phone* or telephon*)).ti,ab,id.

  3. (cellphone* or mobiles or mhealth or m‐health).ti,ab,hw,id.

  4. ((mobile or handheld or hand‐held) adj2 (device* or technolog* or app* or health*)).ti,ab,hw,id.

  5. mobile devices/

  6. (smart phone* or smartphone* or blackberry or iphone* or android phone* or google android or ipod touch or personal digital assistant* or pda or pdas).ti,ab,hw,id.

  7. or/1‐6

  8. (text* or messag* or multimedia or multi‐media or imag* or mms or data or input* or application* or app?).ti,ab,hw,id.

  9. 7 and 8

  10. ((text or short or multimedia or multi‐media) adj1 messag*).ti,ab,id.

  11. sms.ti,ab,id.

  12. (texting* or texted or texter*).ti,ab,id.

  13. (mms and (multimedia or multi‐media or messag*)).ti,ab,hw,id.

  14. or/9‐13

  15. random*.ti,ab,hw,id.

  16. trial*.ti,ab,hw,id.

  17. controlled stud*.ti,ab,hw,id.

  18. placebo*.ti,ab,hw,id.

  19. ((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) and (blind* or mask*)).ti,ab,hw,id.

  20. (cross over or crossover or factorial* or latin square).ti,ab,hw,id.

  21. (assign* or allocat* or volunteer*).ti,ab,hw,id.

  22. treatment effectiveness evaluation/

  23. mental health program evaluation/

  24. exp experimental design/

  25. "2000".md.

  26. or/15‐25

  27. 14 and 26

  28. limit 27 to yr="1993 ‐ 2012"

Appendix 4. CENTRAL search strategy

#1 ((cell* or mobile or wireless) next (phone* or telephon* or communication)):ti,ab,kw

#2 ((mobile or handheld or hand‐held) near/2 (device or technology or app or apps or health*)):ti,ab,kw

#3 (cellphone or mhealth or m‐health or smart‐phone or smartphone or blackberry or iphone or android‐phone or google‐android or ipod‐touch or personal‐digital‐assistant or pda or pdas):ti,ab,kw

#4 ((text or short or multimedia or multi‐media) next messag*):ti,ab,kw

#5 (texting* or texted or texter or sms or mms):ti,ab,kw

#6 (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5)

Appendix 5. CINAHL (EBSCO) search strategy

S19

S17 and S18

S18

EM 199301‐

S17

S6 and S16

S16

S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13 or S14 or S15

S15

TI (singl* or doubl* or tripl* or trebl*) and TI (blind* or mask*)

S14

AB (singl* or doubl* or tripl* or trebl*) and AB (blind* or mask*)

S13

AB (random* or trial or placebo*) or TI (random* or trial or placebo*)

S12

MH Quantitative Studies

S11

MH Placebos

S10

MH Random Assignment

S9

MH Clinical Trials+

S8

PT Clinical Trial

S7

PT randomized controlled trial

S6

S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5

S5

((text or short or multimedia or "multi‐media") N1 messag*) or texting* or texted or texter* or sms or mms

S4

cellphone* or mobiles or mhealth or "m‐health" or "smart phone*" or smartphone* or blackberry or iphone* or "android phone*" or "google android" or "ipod touch" or "personal digital assistant*" or pda or pdas

S3

(mobile or handheld or "hand‐held") N1 (device* or technolog* or app or apps or health*)

S2

(cell* or mobile or wireless) N1 (phone* or telephon*)

S1

MH Wireless Communications

Appendix 6. Search Strategy for Trial portals

“cellular phone” OR “mobile phone” OR cellular telephone* OR mobile telephone* OR text messag* OR texting OR texted OR short messag* OR multimedia messag* OR sms OR mms

Study flow diagram. (Note: search strategy and screening selection is common for this review and for de Jongh in preparation until the final allocation stage).
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram. (Note: search strategy and screening selection is common for this review and for de Jongh in preparation until the final allocation stage).

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders, outcome: 1.1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders, outcome: 1.1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders, outcome: 2.1 attendance rate of scheduled healthcare appointments.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders, outcome: 2.1 attendance rate of scheduled healthcare appointments.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Forest plot of comparison: 3 Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders, outcome: 3.1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 3 Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders, outcome: 3.1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 1 Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 1 Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 2 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments (sensitivity analysis).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders, Outcome 2 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments (sensitivity analysis).

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 2 Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders, Outcome 1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders, Outcome 1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva

Comparison 3 Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders, Outcome 1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders, Outcome 1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments.

Ir a la figura de la revisiónAbrir en una pestaña nueva
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Mobile phone text message reminders compared to no reminders for patients with scheduled healthcare appointments

Patient or population: Patients with healthcare appointments
Settings: All settings (primary, hospital, community, outpatient)
Intervention: Mobile phone text message reminders
Comparison: No reminders

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of Participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

No reminders

Mobile phone text message reminders

Attendance rate at healthcare appointments

678 per 1000

773 per 1000
(698 to 854)

RR 1.14

(1.03 to 1.26)

5841
(7 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderatea,b

Other outcomes

None of the included studies reported on health outcomes, costs, user evaluation of the intervention, user perception of safety, potential harms or adverse effects of the intervention.

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio;

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

a Unclear risk of bias for several categories in the included studies.
b In one study the unit of analysis was appointment rather than the individual participant which may have resulted in clustering of data.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Mobile phone text message reminders compared to no reminders for patients with scheduled healthcare appointments
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Summary of findings 2. Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders compared to postal reminders alone for patients with scheduled healthcare appointments

Patient or population: Patients with healthcare appointments
Settings: All settings (primary, hospital, community, outpatient)
Intervention: Mobile phone message text plus postal reminders
Comparison: Postal reminders

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of Participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Postal reminders

Mobile phone message text plus postal reminders

Attendance rate at healthcare appointments

858 per 1000

944 per 1000
(875 to 1000)

RR 1.10
(1.02 to 1.19)

291
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
lowa

Other outcomes

The included study did not report on health outcomes, costs, user evaluation of the intervention, user perception of safety, potential harms or adverse effects of the intervention.

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio;

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

aOnly one study included, with small number or participants. No information provided about the method of randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding and selective outcome reporting (unclear risk of bias). Low risk only for attrition bias.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders compared to postal reminders alone for patients with scheduled healthcare appointments
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Summary of findings 3. Mobile phone message reminders compared to phone call reminders for patients with scheduled healthcare appointments

Mobile phone message reminders compared to phone call reminders for patients with healthcare appointments

Patient or population: patients with healthcare appointments
Settings: all settings (primary, hospital, community, outpatient)
Intervention: Mobile phone message reminders
Comparison: phone call reminders

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of Participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Phone call reminders

Mobile phone message reminders

Attendance rate at healthcare appointments

803 per 1000

795 per 1000
(763 to 819)

RR 0.99
(0.95 to 1.02)

2509
(3 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderatea,b

Costs

While the attendance rates after text messages versus phone reminders were similar, the costs per text message per attendance were 55% and 65% lower than costs per phone call reminder in two included studies.

Adverse outcomes

One study reported that there were no adverse events during the study period. Two studies did not report on adverse events.

Other outcomes

None of the included studies reported on health outcomes, user evaluation of the intervention or user perception of safety.

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio;

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

a Unclear risk of bias for several categories in the included studies.
b In one study the unit of analysis was appointment rather than the individual participant which may have resulted in clustering of data.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 3. Mobile phone message reminders compared to phone call reminders for patients with scheduled healthcare appointments
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 1. Characteristics of communication modes

Face‐to‐face

Postal Letter

Call to Landline

Call to Mobile

Web Based (Electronic Health Record)

Email

SMS / MMS

Immediacy

Slow: Requires a visit to the provider

Slow: around 2 days

Immediate, if person is at home. Return call may be necessary.

Immediate, if person answers (more likely than landline).
Return call may be necessary.

Immediate

Immediate
or stored

Immediate
or stored

Privacy and Confidentiality

High:
Personal communication

High:
Personally addressed

Low: Confidentiality prevents message being left as others may answer or retrieve it.

High:
Personal device enables possibility of message being left.

Moderate:
dependent on whether device is personal or public.

Moderate:
dependent on whether device is personal or public.

High, if
personal device.

Likelihood of misinterpretation

Low

Moderate

Low, as patient can request immediate clarification

Low, as patient can request immediate clarification

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Delivery confirmation possible

Not applicable

Yes, but only at significant expense

Unnecessary if call is answered. No, if message was left.

Unnecessary if call is answered. No, if message was left.

Not applicable

Yes

Yes

Cost

High

Moderate

Low

Moderate

Low

Low

Low
Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Characteristics of communication modes
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 2. Secondary outcomes data

Study

Costs and cost effectiveness

(monetary unit as specified in the study)

Participant evaluation of the intervention

(as reported in the study)

Potential harms or adverse effects of the intervention

(as reported in the study)

Chen 2008

Cost per attendance:

SMS group: 0.31 Yuan (4.7 GBP)

Telephone group: 0.48 Yuan (7.3 GBP)

Ratio of total cost per attendance:

SMS group: 0.65 (relative to telephone group)

Not reported

Not reported

Koury 2005

Not reported

98% willing to receive routine reminders of their appointments.

Usefulness of the intervention:

  • 62% thought it would be useful

  • 31% doubted its value

  • 7% were unsure

Not reported

Leong 2006

Cost per attendance:

SMS group: 0.45 RM (0.67 GBP)

Mobile phone group: 0.82 RM (0.123 GBP)

Ratio of total cost per attendance:

SMS group: 0.55 (relative to mobile phone group)

Not reported

No adverse events reported during the study period.

Lin 2012

Not reported

132 out of 135 (97.8%) reported they would like the intervention to continue

Not reported
Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Secondary outcomes data
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 1. Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments Show forest plot

7

5841

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.14 [1.03, 1.26]

2 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments (sensitivity analysis) Show forest plot

6

4809

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.08 [1.05, 1.12]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Mobile phone text message reminders vs no reminders
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Mobile phone message text reminders plus postal reminders vs postal reminders
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 3. Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Attendance rate at healthcare appointments Show forest plot

3

2509

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.95, 1.02]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Mobile phone message reminders vs phone call reminders
Ir a la tabla de la revisión