Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 1 Anxiety (STAI).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 1 Anxiety (STAI).

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 2 Anxiety (non‐STAI (full version) measures).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 2 Anxiety (non‐STAI (full version) measures).

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 3 Depression.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 3 Depression.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 4 Distress.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 4 Distress.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 5 Mood.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 5 Mood.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 6 Pain.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 6 Pain.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 7 Fatigue.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 7 Fatigue.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 8 Physical status.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 8 Physical status.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 9 Heart rate.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 9 Heart rate.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 10 Respiratory rate.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 10 Respiratory rate.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 11 Systolic blood pressure.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 11 Systolic blood pressure.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 12 Diastolic blood pressure.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 12 Diastolic blood pressure.

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 13 Quality of Life.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Music versus Control, Outcome 13 Quality of Life.

Summary of findings for the main comparison. Music interventions versus standard care for cancer patients

Music interventions versus standard care for cancer patients

Patient or population: cancer patients
Settings:
Intervention: music interventions versus standard care

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of Participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control

Music interventions versus standard care

Anxiety (STAI)
Scale from: 20 to 80.

The mean Anxiety (STAI) in the intervention groups was
11.20 lower
(19.59 to 2.82 lower)

430
(7 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2,3,4

Anxiety (non‐STAI (full version) measures)

The mean Anxiety (non‐STAI (full version) measures) in the intervention groups was
0.61 standard deviations lower
(0.97 to 0.26 lower)

469
(6 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,3,5

SMD ‐0.61 (‐0.97 to ‐0.26)

Pain

The mean Pain in the intervention groups was
0.59 standard deviations lower
(0.92 to 0.27 lower)

391
(5 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low3,6

SMD ‐0.59 (‐0.92 to ‐0.27)

Heart rate

The mean Heart rate in the intervention groups was
3.78 lower
(6.5 to 1.06 lower)

235
(5 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low3,7

Systolic blood pressure

The mean Systolic blood pressure in the intervention groups was
3.37 lower
(7.52 lower to 0.77 higher)

205
(3 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,3

Diastolic blood pressure

The mean Diastolic blood pressure in the intervention groups was
1.22 lower
(7.28 lower to 4.84 higher)

205
(3 studies)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,3

Quality of Life

The mean Quality of Life in the intervention groups was
1.02 standard deviations higher
(0.58 to 1.47 higher)

88
(3 studies8)

⊕⊝⊝⊝
very low1,3

SMD 1.02 (0.58 to 1.47)

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 The majority of the trials were assessed as high risk of bias studies.
2 All point estimates favor music although the magnitude of the effect differs across studies.
3 Wide confidence interval, however, this is due to the fact that some studies reported very large beneficial effects of music on anxiety.
4 Large reduction in anxiety as evidenced by MD of 11.20.
5 All but one study agreed on the direction of the point estimate. High heterogeneity resulted from the fact that some studies reported very large beneficial effects of music on anxiety.
6 Two studies have been assessed as low risk of bias, three studies as high risk, and three studies could not be included.
7 Two studies were assessed as low risk of bias, three studies as high risk of bias.
8 Only two of the four studies were included in the analysis.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Music interventions versus standard care for cancer patients
Comparison 1. Music versus Control

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Anxiety (STAI) Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 All studies

7

386

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐11.20 [‐19.59, ‐2.82]

1.2 Sensitivity analysis

4

151

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐9.46 [‐19.01, 0.09]

2 Anxiety (non‐STAI (full version) measures) Show forest plot

6

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 All studies

6

469

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.61 [‐0.97, ‐0.26]

2.2 Sensitivity analysis

3

177

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.54 [‐1.33, 0.26]

3 Depression Show forest plot

5

468

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐0.40, 0.27]

4 Distress Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Music versus audiobook control

1

10

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.34 [‐0.60, 1.28]

4.2 Music versus standard care

1

42

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.40 [‐2.24, 5.04]

5 Mood Show forest plot

3

105

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.03, 0.81]

6 Pain Show forest plot

5

391

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.59 [‐0.92, ‐0.27]

7 Fatigue Show forest plot

3

159

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.44 [‐0.99, 0.11]

8 Physical status Show forest plot

2

340

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.51 [‐1.02, 4.04]

9 Heart rate Show forest plot

5

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 All studies

5

235

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.78 [‐6.50, ‐1.06]

9.2 Sensitivity analysis

4

185

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐4.63 [‐7.64, ‐1.63]

10 Respiratory rate Show forest plot

2

135

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.34 [‐4.51, ‐0.17]

11 Systolic blood pressure Show forest plot

4

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 All studies

4

205

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐3.53 [‐9.01, 1.95]

11.2 Sensitivity analysis

3

155

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐5.95 [‐10.80, ‐1.10]

12 Diastolic blood pressure Show forest plot

4

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 All studies

4

205

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.22 [‐7.28, 4.84]

12.2 Sensitivity analysis

3

155

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐4.28 [‐7.14, ‐1.42]

13 Quality of Life Show forest plot

3

348

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

2.01 [‐0.09, 4.11]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Music versus Control