Author Date

Results summary

Calle 1994

For women in the intervention group, 49% had received their most recent mammogram within 6 months of the start of the trial compared to 34% of the women in the control group (p = 0.0005); a 40% relative increase in mammography uptake (RR 1.4 (95% CI 1.2 to 1.7)).

Carroll 2006

At 12 weeks post‐myocardial infarction there were no significant differences for self‐efficacy (Jenkins Self Efficacy Scale), recovery behaviours (Duke Activity Status Index), or health status (Medical Outcomes Survey (SF‐36)).

Dale 2007

At the 6 month assessment there were no significant differences for self‐efficacy (Diabetes Self‐Efficacy Scale) or clinical outcomes (glycated haemoglobin, cholesterol, and Body Mass Index) between intervention and control group patients

Dennis 2002a

Significantly more mothers in the peer support group than in the control group continued to breastfeed exclusively at 3 months post partum (56.8% versus 40.3%, P = 0.01). Breastfeeding rates at 4, 8 and 12 weeks post partum were 92.4%, 84.8% and 81.1% respectively among mothers in the peer support group as compared with 83.9%, 75.0% and 66.9% among those in the control group (P </ = 0.05 for all time periods). Fewer mothers in the peer support group than in the control group expressed dissatisfaction with breastfeeding (1.5% versus 10.5%; P = 0.02).

Dennis 2003b

Significant group differences were found for probable major depressive symptomatology (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)) at the 4 week (P = 0.02) and 8 week (P = 0.01) follow‐up assessments. At the 4 week assessment 40.9% (n = 9) of mothers in the control group scored >12 on the EPDS compared with only 10% (n = 2) in the experimental group. At the 8 week assessment 52.4% (n = 11) of the mothers in the control group scored > 12 on the EPDS compared with 15% (n = 3) of mothers in the experimental group.

Duan 2000

At one year follow‐up, 7.5% more participants in the peer telephone support group showed a continuation in the uptake of mammography screening than the control group (P = 0.029).

Heller 1995

At six months follow‐up, there was no significant difference in cigarette smoking rates, but 54% of participants in the intervention group and 44% respectively of those in the control group reported having changed their diet (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences for quality of life.

Outcome

Timing

Intervention group

Control group

P

Observed (n)

Total (N)

Observed (n)

Total (N)

Most recent mammogram in study period

8 months after start of study

141

289

104

305

P = 0.0005

Outcome

Timing of outcome

assessments

Intervention group

Peer telephone

Intervention group

Nurse calls

Control group

P

Mean/
Mean
change

SD

Mean/
Mean
change

SD

Mean/
Mean
change

SD

Self‐efficacy

Baseline

5.5

2.2

6.5

6.2

5.6

2.4

NS

12 weeks

7.0/1.5

2.0/2.5

7.1/1.1

2.0/2.3

6.8/1.2

2.3/2.2

Recovery

behaviours
(DASI)

Baseline

15.6

6.5

17.2

9.9

17.3

8.2

NS

12 weeks

18.8/3.2

6.6/8.9

19.8/1.1

7.3/2.3

19.5/2.2

8.1/10.7

MOS SF‐36
physical
health

Baseline

54

19

59

26

59

21

NS

12 weeks

58/3.6

21/16

67/4.5

21/19

61/2.8

20/20

MOS SF‐36
mental health

Baseline

67

23

62

21

66

22

NS

12 weeks

72/5.2

20/18

74/11.8

20/19

68/1.9

19/31

Outcome

Group

Baseline

6 months

Difference

P

N

Mean

SD

N

Mean

SD

N

Mean (95% CI)

Self‐efficacy
(DMSES)

Peer
support

80

108

30.4

73

116.3

25.7

67

7.3 (2.6 to ‐12.1)

NS

Diabetes
Specialist
nurse

37

109.9

21.5

33

109.4

27.4

29

3.8 (‐5.2 to 12.9)

Control

84

106.4

30.8

77

111.3

30.7

72

3.1 (‐4.1, 10.3)

Diabetes distress
(PAID)

Peer
support

85

14.6

12.7

75

13.3

14.1

72

‐1.7 (‐4.1 to ‐0.7)

NS

Diabetes
Specialist
nurse

39

22.7

18.8

33

17.5

15

30

‐5.1 (‐9.2 to ‐1.0)

Control

85

19.8

15.5

77

13.0

14.7

72

‐4.5 (‐7.4 to ‐1.6)

Glycated
haemoglobin
(HbA1C)

Peer
support

90

8.4

1.1

78

8.0

1.5

78

‐0.4 (‐0.8 to ‐0.1)

NS

Diabetes
Specialist
nurse

44

8.9

1.5

37

7.9

0.9

37

‐0.9 (‐1.6 to ‐0.3)

Control

97

8.7

1.3

86

7.9

1.1

86

‐0.8 (‐1.0 to ‐0.5)

Cholesterol

Peer
support

88

4.7

1.1

67

4.5

0.8

67

‐0.3 (‐0.5 to ‐0.1)

NS

Diabetes
Specialist
nurse

44

4.7

1

35

4.5

0.8

35

‐0.2 (‐0.5 to 0.1)

Control

97

4.6

1

78

4.4

1

78

‐0.3 (‐0.5 to ‐0.1)

Body Mass Index

Peer
support

88

32.4

5.9

78

32.8

5.8

77

‐0.2 (‐0.5 to 0.1)

NS

Diabetes
Specialist
nurse

44

33.0

7.4

36

33.3

8.3

36

‐0.2 (‐0.8 to 0.4)

Control

96

31.9

6.3

85

32.6

7.5

84

0.5 (‐0.3 to 1.4)

Outcome

Timing of outcome
assessments

Intervention
group

Control
group

Relative risk (and 95% CI)

P

Observed (n)

Total (N)

Observed (n)

Total (N)

Mothers breastfeeding

4 weeks

122

132

104

124

1.10 (1.01 to 2.72)

P = 0.03

8 weeks

112

132

93

124

1.13 (1.00 to 1.28)

P = 0.05

12 weeks

107

132

83

124

1.21 (1.04 to 1.41)

P = 0.01

Outcome

Timing of
outcome assessment

Intervention group

Control group

95% CI

p

Observed (n)

Total (N)

Observed (n)

Total (N)

EPDS >9

4 weeks

9

20

16

22

0.9 to 11.81

P = 0.06

8 weeks

7

20

16

22

1.52 to 23.18

P = 0.008

EPDS > 12

4 weeks

2

20

9

22

1.15 to 33.77

P = 0.02

8 weeks

3

20

11

22

1.40 to 27.84

P = 0.01

Outcome

Time

Experimental
group (n = 20) Mean (SD)

Control
group (n = 22) Mean (SD)

Mean difference

P

Maternal self esteem

Baseline

28.25 (4.19)

27.8 (3.92)

0.43

NS

8 weeks

30.00 (4.21)

28.57 (3.83)^a

1.43

NS

Child care stress

Baseline

7.10 (3.24)

7.40 (3.44)

0.30

NS

8 weeks

4.95 (2.68)

6.48 (3.63)^a

1.53

NS

Maternal loneliness

Baseline

24.75 (4.88)

25.18 (5.50)

0.43

NS

8 weeks

20.37 (5.23)

23.91 (6.07)^a

3.54

NS

^a n = 21

Outcome

Control
No.

Peer
support No.

Control

%

Peer
support
%

Difference %

P

relative reduction
Nonadherence ^c

Maintenance
mammography
screening ^a

258

264

23.3

15.8

7.5

0.029

32

Conversion of
nonadherent to
adherent ^b

139

152

37.4

34.8

2.6

0.324

7

^a Proportion of participants who were attending mammograms at baseline and continued to do so.

b Conversion of participants who were not receiving mammograms at baseline to uptake of mammography screening.

^c Relative to year 1 nonadherence rate under control condition.

Quality of Life factor

Intervention group

Usual care group

P

Emotional

Baseline

5.20 (0.09)

5.31 (0.10)

0.44

Six weeks

5.07 (0.11)

4.98 (0.11)

0.54

Six weeks change from baseline

‐0.13 (0.09)

‐0.33 (0.10)

0.14

95% CI for change

(‐0.31 to 0.05)

(‐0.53 to ‐0.13)

Baseline

5.34 (0.09)

5.34 (0.10)

0.99

Six months

5.32 (0.12)

5.22 (0.11)

0.55

Six months change from baseline

‐0.02 (0.11)

‐0.12 (0.11)

0.54

95% CI for change

(‐0.24 to 0.20)

(‐0.34 to 0.10)

Physical

Six weeks

5.02 (0.10)

4.97 (0.10)

0.72

Six months

5.35 (0.11)

5.29 (0.11)

0.67

Social

Six weeks

5.45 (0.09)

5.31 (0.09)

0.28

Six months

5.72 (0.10)

5.65 (0.10)

0.62