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Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 2

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 2 Incidence of fever.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 2 Incidence of fever.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 3 Maternal self‐confidence.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 3 Maternal self‐confidence.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 2 Maximum temperature (ºC).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 2 Maximum temperature (ºC).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 3 Minimum temperature (ºC).
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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 3 Minimum temperature (ºC).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 4 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l).
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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 4 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 5 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l).
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Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 5 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).
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Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 7 Weight loss (%).
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Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 7 Weight loss (%).

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Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 8 Maximum serum bilirubin levels umol/L.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 8 Maximum serum bilirubin levels umol/L.

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 1 Fever (% of days).
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 1 Fever (% of days).

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 2 Cough (% of days).
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Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 2 Cough (% of days).

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 3 Congestion (% of days).
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Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 3 Congestion (% of days).

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 4 Nasal discharge (% of days).
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Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 4 Nasal discharge (% of days).

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 5 Hoarseness (% of days).
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Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 5 Hoarseness (% of days).

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).
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Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).

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Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 7 Weight change (z score).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 7 Weight change (z score).

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Table 1. Martin‐Calama 1997. Primary outcome: breastfeeding duration

% of mothers who continued either exclusive or partial breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding on day 1‐3 group (non‐glucose water) (n = 87)

Glucose water on day 1‐3 (n = 83)

At 4 weeks

93%

77%

At 8 weeks

81%

64%

At 12 weeks

75%

51%

At 16 weeks

67%

43%

At 20 weeks

57%

40%

These figures were estimated from a graph (Figure 2) on page 212 of the Martin‐Calama 1997 paper.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Martin‐Calama 1997. Primary outcome: breastfeeding duration
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Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Breastfeeding duration Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 week

1

39

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.37, 0.92]

1.2 Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months

1

38

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.26, 0.76]

1.3 Any breastfeeding at 3 months

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.56, 1.03]

2 Incidence of fever Show forest plot

1

38

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.5 [0.28, 7.99]

3 Maternal self‐confidence Show forest plot

1

39

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.34, 0.54]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk)
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Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Breastfeeding duration Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 At 4 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [1.06, 1.38]

1.2 At 8 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [1.04, 1.53]

1.3 At 12 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.48 [1.16, 1.89]

1.4 At 16 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.54 [1.15, 2.05]

1.5 At 20 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.45 [1.05, 1.99]

2 Maximum temperature (ºC) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 At 72 hours

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [0.01, 0.19]

3 Minimum temperature (ºC) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 At 72 hours

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [0.02, 0.18]

4 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.39 [0.48, 11.96]

4.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

14.32 [0.83, 246.80]

4.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.64 [0.11, 3.71]

4.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.86 [0.30, 26.97]

5 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.56, ‐0.02]

5.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.47 [‐0.70, ‐0.24]

5.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.34 [‐0.60, ‐0.08]

5.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.24 [‐0.51, 0.03]

6 Weight change (g) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

7.0 [0.76, 13.24]

6.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

11.5 [1.71, 21.29]

6.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

13.40 [0.43, 26.37]

6.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

32.5 [12.91, 52.09]

6.5 At 72 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.0 [‐26.83, 20.83]

7 Weight loss (%) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Day 3

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.03 [‐0.18, 2.24]

7.2 Day 5

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐1.18, 1.58]

8 Maximum serum bilirubin levels umol/L Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 Day 6

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐18.84 [‐39.03, 1.35]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water)
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Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Fever (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Cough (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Congestion (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Nasal discharge (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Hoarseness (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Weight change (g) Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.48 [‐49.48, 128.43]

6.1 At 4 to 6 months

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.48 [‐49.48, 128.43]

7 Weight change (z score) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods)
Ir a la tabla de la revisión