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Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration (number of infants).
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration (number of infants).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 2 Maximum temperature (ºC).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 2 Maximum temperature (ºC).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 3 Minimum temperature (ºC).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 3 Minimum temperature (ºC).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 4 Fever (% of days).
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 4 Fever (% of days).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 5 Cough (% of days).
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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 5 Cough (% of days).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 6 Congestion (% of days).
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Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 6 Congestion (% of days).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 7 Nasal discharge (% of days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 7 Nasal discharge (% of days).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 8 Hoarseness (% of days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 8 Hoarseness (% of days).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 9 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 9 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 10 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l).
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Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 10 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 11 Weight change (g).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 11 Weight change (g).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 12 Weight loss (%).
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Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 12 Weight loss (%).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 13 Weight change (g).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 13 Weight change (g).

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Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 14 Maximum serum bilirubin levels.
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Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants, Outcome 14 Maximum serum bilirubin levels.

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Table 1. Martin‐Calama 1997. Primary outcome: breastfeeding duration

% of mothers that continued either exclusive or partial breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding on day 1‐3 group (non‐glucose water) (n = 87)

Glucose water on day 1‐3 (n = 83)

At 4 weeks

93%

77%

At 8 weeks

81%

64%

At 12 weeks

75%

51%

At 16 weeks

67%

43%

At 20 weeks

57%

40%

These figures were estimated from a graph (Figure 2) on page 212 of the Martin‐Calama 1997 paper.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Martin‐Calama 1997. Primary outcome: breastfeeding duration
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Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Breastfeeding duration (number of infants) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 At 4 weeks

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 At 8 weeks

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 At 12 weeks

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.4 At 16 weeks

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.5 At 20 weeks

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Maximum temperature (ºC) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 At 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Minimum temperature (ºC) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 At 72 hours

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Fever (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Cough (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Congestion (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Nasal discharge (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Hoarseness (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.39 [0.48, 11.96]

9.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

14.32 [0.83, 246.80]

9.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.64 [0.11, 3.71]

9.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.86 [0.30, 26.97]

10 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 At 6 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 At 12 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.3 At 24 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.4 At 48 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Weight change (g) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11.1 At 6 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 At 12 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.3 At 24 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.4 At 48 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.5 At 72 hours of life

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Weight loss (%) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12.1 Day 3

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Day 5

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Weight change (g) Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.48 [‐49.48, 128.43]

13.1 At 4 to 6 months

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.48 [‐49.48, 128.43]

14 Maximum serum bilirubin levels Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14.1 Day 6

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants
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