Wu 2012

1. BoNT/A, 1 mL = 50 units for each injection site

2. combi l/m, 1 mL = 0.75 mL of 1% lidocaine and 0.25 mL methylprednisolone 40 mg/mL for each painful site

1 tx episode

At 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 mos

Change in VAS, change in pressure pain tolerance

No significant change in phantom pain and pressure pain tolerance

‐

Not described

Maier 2003

1. memantine 30 mg/d; oral

2. placebo

3 weeks

At end of

3 weeks

Pain intensity 11‐point NRS; number of participants with > 50% pain reduction; NNTB;

mood; disability; adverse events

No sig diff in change in pain level, in number of

participants with > 50% pain relief; depression scores; disability indices

in 2 grps; overall number severe events higher in

memantine grp

‐

Vertigo,

tiredness,

headache,

nausea,

restlessness,

excitation,

cramps

Wiech 2004

1. memantine titrated up to 30 mg/d; oral

2. placebo

4 weeks

each

treatment

arm

At end

of 4

weeks

of each

arm

Pain intensity 0‐to‐100 VAS; MEG recording; adverse events

No sig diff in change in pain

intensity, cortical

reorganisation in both grps

‐

Nausea,

fatigue,

dizziness,

agitation,

headaches

Schwenkreis 2003

1. memantine titrated up to 30 mg/d; oral

2. placebo

3 weeks

At end of

3 weeks

Pain intensity 11‐point NRS; ICI; ICF

No sig diff in pain intensity;

enhanced ICI; reduced ICF

‐

Not

described

Abraham 2003

1. dextromethorphan 120 mg/d; oral

2. dextromethorphan 180 mg/d; oral

3. placebo

10 days

each

treatment

arm 

At end of

10 days of

each arm

Number of participants with ≥ 50% pain relief; feeling of well‐being; sedation score; adverse events

Dextromethorphan grps with ≥ 50% pain relief; with sig better feeling of well‐being scores; with sig lower sedation scores

+

None

reported

Nikolajsen 1996

1. ketamine 0.5 mg/kg once, IV infusion

2. placebo

45 min

each

treatment

arm

At end of IV infusion

Pain intensity 0‐to‐100‐millimetre VAS; adverse events; McGill; pressure pain threshold; wind‐up like pain; thermal stimulus response; temporal

summation of heat‐induced pain; reaction time

Sig dec in pain intensity; in

pain evoked by mechanical

stimulation; inc in pressure

pain threshold; no alteration in temperature sensitivity in

ketamine group

+

Insobriety,

discomfort,

elevation of

mood

Eichenberger 2008

1. ketamine 0.4 mg/kg once, IV infusion

2. calcitonin 200 IU, once, IV infusion

3. combination ketamine/calcitonin, IV

4. placebo

1 hour

each

arm

At 30, 60

mins, 48

hours after

infusion

Pain intensity; number of participants with ≥ 50% pain reduction on 10‐centimetre VAS; basal sensory assessment; adverse events

Sig dec pain intensity in

ketamine alone and combination vs placebo and calcitonin; sig inc in number of responders in ketamine alone and combination vs placebo and calcitonin; sig

inc in electrical thresholds with

combination treatment but no

change in pressure or heat thresholds

+

Loss of

conscious

ness, light

sedation,

light visual

hallucination,

hearing

impairment,

position/

feeling

impairment

Bone 2002

1. gabapentin titrated up to 2400 mg or max tolerable dose; oral

2. placebo

6 weeks

each arm

Weekly

and at

end of

6 weeks

Pain intensity 100‐millimetre VAS; pain intensity

difference; depression

score (HADS); function (BI); sleep (SIS); no. of rescue tabs; adverse events

Significantly greater pain

intensity diff with gabapentin at end of treatment; no sig diff in depression score, function,

sleep, no. of rescue tablets with the treatments

+^a

‐^b

Somnolence, dizziness,

headache,

nausea

Smith 2005

1. gabapentin titrated up to 3600 mg/d; oral

2. placebo

6 weeks

At end of 6 weeks of each

arm

Pain intensity 0‐to‐10 NRS;

depression score (CES‐D); function (FIM);

handicap (CHART);

satisfaction; global

improvement rating; pain

inventory; McGill

No sig group diff on any outcomes at end of treatment

‐^c

Not

described

Robinson 2004

1. amitriptyline 10 mg/d titrated to max of 125 mg/d; oral

2. benztropine mesylate 0.5 mg/d; oral

6 weeks

At end of 6 weeks

Pain intensity 0‐to‐10 NRS;

depression score (CES‐D); function (FIM); handicap (CHART); pain inventory; McGill; satisfaction

No sig group diff on any outcomes at end of treatment

‐

Dry mouth

(more severe),

dizziness

Jaeger 1992

1. s‐calcitonin 200 IU, IV infusion

2. saline

20‐minute

IV infusion;

once

24 hours

after

infusion

(DB);

7 to 152

days,

weekly

(open

phase)

Pain intensity 0‐to‐10 NAS in open phase/long term; number of participants with > 50%, 75% pain relief; adverse events

Sig dec in median pain intensity with s‐calcitonin at 24

hours after infusion; at 1 yr,

62% of participants with 75% pain

reduction

+

Headache,

vertigo,

nausea,

vomiting,

phantom

sensation,

drowsiness,

hot/cold

flushes

Eichenberger 2008

1. ketamine 0.4 mg/kg, once, IV infusion

2. calcitonin 200 IU, once, IV infusion

3. combination ketamine/calcitonin, IV

4. placebo

1 hour

each arm

At 30, 60

mins, 48

hours after

infusion

Pain intensity; number of

participants with ≥ 50% pain relief on 10‐centimetre VAS; basal sensory assessments; adverse effects

No sig dec in pain intensity with calcitonin vs placebo at 48 hrs; number of responders

not significantly different from

placebo

‐

Drowsiness,

nausea,

facial

flushing,

hot/cold

flushes,

dizziness

Huse 2001

1. Morphine sulfate titrated up to 300 mg/d or max tolerable dose; oral

2. placebo

4 weeks

each arm

(DB)

End of each

treatment

phase of 4

weeks

Pain intensity 10‐centimetre VAS; number of participants with > 50% pain reduction; depression score; pain‐related self assessment scale;

WHYMPI; BSS; psycho‐

physical thresholds;

2‐point discrimination;

attentional performance;

MEG

Sig pain reduction during morphine; 42% with > 50% pain relief; 8% with 25% to 50% pain relief during morphine; no sig change in perception and

pain thresholds; significantly

lower attentional performance

during morphine; scores on pain experience scale, depression score, WHYMPI, BSS with no sig relationship with pain reduction; 2 of 3 with clear cortical reorganisation

+

Constipation only sig

adverse

effect among

others, e.g.

tiredness,

dizziness,

sweating,

micturition

difficulty,

vertigo,

itching,

respiration

Wu 2002

1. morphine 0.2 mg/kg, IV infusion

2. lidocaine 4 mg/kg, IV infusion

3. placebo (diphenhydramine)

40 mins of IV

infusion

30 mins

after end of infusion

Pain relief 0‐to‐100% numeric scale; NNTB for

30% pain reduction;

satisfaction; sedation

scores; adverse events

Sig dec in phantom and stump pain intensity during IV morphine; NNTB 1.9 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.7); significantly higher satisfaction with morphine; no sig diff in sedation scores

+

Sedation

(but no sig

diff with other groups)

Wu 2002

1. morphine 0.2 mg/kg, IV infusion

2. lidocaine 4 mg/kg, IV infusion

3. placebo (diphenhydramine)

40 mins

of IV

infusion

30 mins

after end of

infusion

Pain relief 0‐to‐100% numeric scale; NNTB for

30% pain reduction;

satisfaction; sedation

scores; adverse events

No sig dec in PLP vs placebo; NNTB 3.8 (95% CI 1.9 to 16.6); significantly higher satisfaction with lidocaine vs

placebo; no sig diff in sedation scores

‐

Sedation

scores not

significantly

different

from

placebo

Casale 2009

1. bupivacaine 2.5 mg/mL, 1mL, contralateral myofascial injection

2. placebo (saline)

Injections

given

once

After 1

hour

Pain intensity 0‐to‐10 VAS from 0 no pain to 10 worst pain ever experienced;

pain intensity difference;

phantom sensation;

mirror displacement

in healthy limbs; adverse

effects

Sig pain relief with bupivacaine; reduction in phantom sensation in 6 of 8 participants

+

 None