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Ejercicio u otra actividad física para prevenir la preeclampsia y sus complicaciones

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Referencias

Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisión

Ir a:

USA 1997 {published and unpublished data}

Avery MD, Leon AS, Kopher RA. Effects for a partially home‐based exercise program for women with gestational diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1997;89:10‐5.

USA 2000 {published and unpublished data}

Yeo S, Steele N, Chang M‐C, Leclaire S, Rovis D, Hayashi R. Effect of exercise on blood pressure in pregnant women with a high risk of gestational hypertensive disorders. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2000;45(4):293‐8.

Referencias de los estudios excluidos de esta revisión

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Bung 1991 {published data only}

Bung P, Artal R, Khodiguian N, Kjos S. Exercise in gestational diabetes: an optional therapeutic approach. Diabetes 1991;40(Suppl 2):182‐5.

Collings 1983 {published data only}

Collings CA, Curet LB, Mullin JP. Maternal and fetal responses to a maternal aerobic exercise program. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1983;145:702‐7.
Kramer MS. Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000180]

Erkkola 1976 {published and unpublished data}

Erkkola R. The influence of physical exercise during pregnancy upon physical work capacity and circulatory parameters. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1976;6:747‐59.

Jovanovic 1991 {published data only}

Jovanovic‐Peterson L, Peterson CM. Is exercise safe of useful in gestational diabetic women?. Diabetes 1991;40(Suppl 2):179‐81.

Little 1984 {published data only}

Little B, Benson P, Beard R, Hayworth J, Hall F, Dewhurst J, et al. Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy by relaxation and biofeedback. Lancet 1984;1(8328):865‐7.

Marcoux 1989 {published data only}

Marcoux S, Brisson J, Fabia J. The effects of leisure time physical activity on the risk of pre‐eclampsia and gestational hypertension. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1989;43(2):147‐52.

Rauramo 1988 {published data only}

Rauramo I, Forss M. The effects of exercise on placenta blood flow in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, diabetes, or intrahepatic cholestasis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1988;67(1):15‐20.

Saftlas 2004 {published data only}

Saftlas AF, Logsden‐Sackett N, Wang W, Woolson R, Bracken MB. Work, leisure‐time physical activity, and risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004;160(8):758‐65.

Sorensen 2003 {published data only}

Sorensen TK, Williams MA, Lee IM, Dashow EE, Thompson ML, Luthy DA. Recreational physical activity during pregnancy and risk of pre‐eclampsia. Hypertension 2003;41(6):1273‐80.

Spinillo 1995 {published data only}

Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Colonna L, Piazzi G, Nicola S, Baltaro F. The effect of work activity in pregnancy on the risk of severe preeclampsia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;35(4):380‐5.

Referencias de los estudios en espera de evaluación

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Ramirez‐Velez 2009 {published data only}

Ramirez‐Velez R, Aguilar AC, Mosquera M, Garcia RG, Reyes LM, Lopez‐Jaramillo P. Clinical trial to assess the effect of physical exercise on endothelial function and insulin resistance in pregnant women. Trials 2009;10:104.

Yeo 2006 {published data only}

Yeo S. A randomized comparative trial of the efficacy and safety of exercise during pregnancy: design and methods. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2006;27(6):531‐40.

Yeo 2008 {published data only}

Yeo S, Davidge S, Ronis DL, Antonakos CL, Hayashi R, O'Leary S. A comparison of walking versus stretching exercises to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia: a randomized clinical trial. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2008;27(2):113‐30.

Yeo 2009 {published data only}

Yeo S. Adherence to walking or stretching, and risk of preeclampsia in sedentary pregnant women. Research in Nursing & Health 2009;32(4):379‐90.

USA 2002 {published data only}

Patrick T. Exercise intervention to reduce recurrent pre‐eclampsia. http://commons.cit.nih.gov.crisp(accessed May 2002).

ACOG 2002

ACOG Committe Opinion No. 267. Exercise during pregnancy and postpartum period. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;99(1):171‐3.

ACSM 1998

Pollock ML, Gaesser GA, Butcher JD, Despres J‐P, Dishman RK, Franklin BA, et al. ACSM position stand: the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and flexibility in healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1998;30(6):975‐92.

Alderson 2003

Alderson P, Green S, Higgins JPT, editors. Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.2.2 [updated March 2004]. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Caetano 2004

Caetano M, Ornstein MP, Von Dadelszen P, Hannah ME, Logan A, Gruslin A, et al. A survey of Canadian practitioners regarding the management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy 2004;23(1):61‐74.

Clapp 2000

Clapp III JF, Kiess W. Effects of pregnancy and exercise on concentrations of metabolic markers tumour necrosis factor alpha and leptin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182:300‐6.

Clapp 2003

Clapp JF. The effects of maternal exercise on fetal oxygenation and feto‐placental growth. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003;110:S80‐5.

DH 1996

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Atlanta: CDC, 1996.

DH 2002

Department of Health, Scottish Executive Health Department and Department of Health, Social Services, Public Safety. Northern Ireland. Why mothers die. The sixth report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom 2000‐2002. London: RCOG Press, 2002.

Generic Protocol 2005

Meher S, Duley L, Prevention of Pre‐eclampsia Cochrane Review Authors. Prevention of pre‐eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005301]

Henriksen 1995

Henriksen TB, Hedegaard M, Secher NJ, Wilcox AJ. Standing at work and preterm delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;102:198‐206.

Jackson 1995

Jackson MR, Gott P, Lye SJ, Knox Ritchie JW, Clapp III JF. The effects of maternal aerobic exercise on human placental development: placental volumetric composition and surface areas. Placenta 1995;16:179‐91.

Kitzinger 2000

Kitzinger S. Rediscovering birth. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 2000.

Kramer 2002

Kramer MS. Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000180]

Launer 1990

Launer LJ, Villar J, Kestler E, De Onis M. The effect of maternal work on fetal growth and duration of pregnancy: a prospective study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1990;97:62‐70.

Maloni 1998

Maloni JA, Cohen WA, Kane JH. Prescription of activity restriction to treat high‐risk pregnancies. Journal of Women's Health 1998;7(3):351‐8.

Mamelle 1984

Mamelle N, Laumon B, Lazar P. Prematurity and occupational activity during pregnancy. American Journal of Epidemiology 1984;119(3):309‐22.

Marquez 2000

Marquez‐Sterling S, Perry AC, Kaplan TA, Halberstein RA, Signorile JF. Physical and psychological changes with vigorous exercise in sedentary primigravida. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2000;32:58‐62.

Mayer‐Davis 1998

Mayer‐Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, et al. Intensity and amount of physical exercise in relation to insulin sensitivity. JAMA 1998;279:669‐74.

Meher 2005

Meher S, Abalos E, Carroli G. Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003514.pub2]

Meher 2006

Meher S, Duley L. Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005939]

NHBPEP 2000

Gifford RW, August PA, Cunningham G, Green LA, Lindhemier MD, McNellis D, et al. Report of the national high blood pressure education program working group on high blood pressure in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;183 Suppl:1‐22.

Patel 1975

Patel C, North WRS. Randomised controlled trial of yoga and biofeedback in management of hypertension. Lancet 1975;2:93‐5.

Powers 1999

Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise training‐induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1999;31(7):987‐97.

RevMan 2003 [Computer program]

The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 4.2 for Windows. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2003.

Roberts 2002

Roberts JM, Lain KY. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia. Placenta 2002;23:359‐72.

Seely 2003

Seely EW, Solomon CG. Insulin resistance and its potential role in pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003;88(6):2393‐8.

Sternfeld 1997

Sternfeld B. Physical activity and pregnancy outcome: review and recommendations. Sports Medicine 1997;23(1):33‐47.

Sundar 1984

Sundar S, Agrawal SK, Singh VP, Bhattachary SK, Udupa KN. Role of yoga in management of essential hypertension. Acta Cardiology 1984;39(3):203‐8.

Weissgerber 2004

Weissgerber TL, Wolfe LA, Davies GAL. The role of regular physical activity in preeclampsia prevention. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004;36(12):2024‐31.

WHO 1988

World Health Organization International Collaborative Study of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy. Geographic variation in the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1988;158:80‐3.

Williams 1996

Williams PT. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and other risk factors for coronary heart disease in female runners. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;334:1298‐303.

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

USA 1997

Methods

Randomisation: block randomisation using random number table.
Allocation concealment: opaque sealed envelopes.
Blinding: outcome assessor not blinded.
Follow up: 4 participants excluded: 1 in exercise group dropped out and 3 in the control group withdrawn for medical reasons (C).

Participants

33 pregnant women at < 34 weeks' gestation with gestational diabetes.
Excluded: any other medical or obstetric complications (not specified), unable to read/write English, current exercise regimen for 30 minutes > 2 times/week.

Interventions

Exp: moderate/hard intensity (70% maximum heart rate) exercise for 30 min 3‐4 times/week until delivery. 5 min warm up 20 min steady state, 5 min cool down). Cycle ergometer for 2 supervised sessions, plus walking or cycling unsupervised for 1‐2 sessions per week.

Control: usual physical activity.

Both groups had dietary counselling.

Outcomes

Maternal: PIH, caesarean section, blood glucose (mean), Hb A1C level, need for insulin, cardiorespiratory fitness, weight change.
Baby: preterm birth, gestation at birth (mean), FHR patterns during exercise, birthweight (mean and > 4 kg), Apgar (median).

Notes

Good compliance with exercise progam: experimental group exercised mean 3.0 (sd 0.6) times/week and controls 0.7 (sd 0.6) times/week.

144 women screened, 40 did not meet eligibility criteria, 68 declined, for 3 exercise recommended by carer.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate
USA 2000

Methods

Randomisation: random number table.
Allocation concealment: sealed numbered opaque envelopes.
Blinding: outcome assessor blinded.
Follow up: no losses (A).

Participants

16 women 18 years or older, at 18 weeks' gestation with either mild hypertension or a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or a family history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Excluded: women with renal disease, diabetes, multiple pregnancy, and vigorous exercisers with RPE > 14.

Interventions

Exp: 45 min moderate (RPE = 13) intensity exercise 3 times/week for 10 weeks (warm up 5 min, steady state 30 min, and cool down 10 min). At exercise laboratory under supervision, on bicycle and treadmill.

Controls: normal daily physical activity.

Outcomes

Maternal: PIH, pre‐eclampsia, severe hypertension, change in SBP and DBP over 10 weeks, change in percent body fat (mean).
Child: preterm birth, small‐for‐gestational age, death.

Notes

Good compliance with exercise program: range 77% to 100%, average attendance 90%. One eligible woman dropped out before randomisation in 4 week observation period. Information about concealment of allocation provided by authors.

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Allocation concealment?

Low risk

A ‐ Adequate

DBP: diastolic blood pressure
Exp: experimental
FHR: fetal heart rate
Hb: haemoglobin
min: minutes
PIH: pregnancy‐induced hypertension
RPE: rating of perceived exertion
SBP: systolic blood pressure
sd: standard deviation

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Bung 1991

Pre‐eclampsia not reported in the outcomes.

Methods: randomised trial.
Participants: 41 women with gestational diabetes.
Interventions: exercise and dietary therapy versus insulin and dietary therapy.
Outcomes: maternal blood glucose, hypoglycemia, mode of delivery, fetal heart rate during exercise, gestation at delivery, birthweight and length, macrosomia, Apgar score, neonatal hypoglycaemia.

Collings 1983

The first 25% of participants were not randomised, and data were not reported separately for the remaining 75%.

Methods: first 5 women allowed to choose their own treatment, remaining women assigned to two groups in a 'random fashion'. No further information.
Participants: 20 healthy pregnant women in 2nd trimester.
Interventions: aerobic exercise (cycle ergometer) 3 times per week versus no regular exercise.
Outcomes: physical fitness, birthweight, birth length, 1‐ and 5‐minutes Apgar scores, gestational age, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, low birthweight, small‐for‐gestational age, pre‐eclampsia, gestational weight gain, duration of labour, and caesarean section. Fetal heart rate.

Erkkola 1976

Not a randomised trial.

Methods: quasi‐random design (allocation by strict alternation in a consecutive series).
Participants: 76 healthy primiparous women with singleton pregnancy.
Interventions: training exercise versus no training.
Outcomes: physical fitness, heart volume, birthweight, gestational age, pre‐eclampsia.

Jovanovic 1991

No clinical outcomes reported.

Method: randomised trial.
Participants: 20 women with gestational diabetes.
Interventions: dietary therapy plus upper extremity exercise versus dietary therapy alone.
Outcomes: plasma glucose levels.

Little 1984

Not a randomised trial.

Method: quasi‐random design (women were assigned sequentially into 3 groups).
Participants: 60 pregnant women with blood pressure >/= 135/85 on 2 occasions.
Interventions: 3 arms. Yoga relaxation versus yoga relaxation and biofeedback versus no intervention.
Outcomes: blood pressure, hospital admission, length of hospital stay, length of labour, proteinuria, birthweight, Apgar score, head circumference.

Marcoux 1989

Not a randomised trial.

Method: case‐control study.
Participants: 172 women with pre‐eclampsia, 254 with gestational diabetes, and 505 controls.
Variable assessed: leisure time physical activity.
Outcome: risk of pre‐eclampsia and gestational hypertension.

Rauramo 1988

Not a randomised trial (physiological study).

Methods: cohort study.
Participants: 13 women with hypertension, 10 with diabetes, and 8 with cholestasis.
Intervention: a single episode of standardised exercise test.
Outcomes: maternal heart rate and blood pressure, fetal heart rate, placental blood flow.

Saftlas 2004

Not a randomised trial.

Method: case‐control study.
Participants: 44 women with pre‐eclampsia, 172 with gestational hypertension, and 2422 normotensive controls.
Variable assessed: work and leisure time physical activity.
Outcomes: risk of pre‐eclampsia and gestational hypertension.

Sorensen 2003

Not a randomised trial.

Method: case‐control study.
Participants: 201 women with pre‐eclampsia and 383 normotensive controls.
Variable assessed: recreational physical activity.
Outcomes: risk of pre‐eclampsia.

Spinillo 1995

Not a randomised trial.

Method: case‐control study.
Participants: 160 women with severe pre‐eclampsia and 320 controls.
Variable assessed: physical activity at work.
Outcome: risk of severe pre‐eclampsia.

Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

USA 2002

Trial name or title

Exercise intervention to reduce recurrent pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

Participants

320 multiparous pregnant women with a history of pre‐eclampsia in a previous pregnancy.

Interventions

Experimental: moderate intensity exercise for 30 minutes, 5 days a week. Additional short bouts of exercise encouraged (3‐10 minutes of walking).
Controls: usual activity.

Outcomes

Recurrence of pre‐eclampsia, metabolic markers, health behavior in pregnancy, and self‐efficacy.

Starting date

5 September 2000.

Contact information

Thelma Patrick, Magee Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, USA.

Notes

Randomised trial.
Project end: 31 May 2005.

Data and analyses

Open in table viewer
Comparison 1. Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pre‐eclampsia Show forest plot

2

45

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.01, 7.09]
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 1 Pre‐eclampsia.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 1 Pre‐eclampsia.

2 Severe hypertension Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 2 Severe hypertension.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 2 Severe hypertension.

3 Gestational hypertension Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.07, 13.37]
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 3 Gestational hypertension.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 3 Gestational hypertension.

4 Need for antihypertensive drug Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 4 Need for antihypertensive drug.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 4 Need for antihypertensive drug.

5 Caesarean section Show forest plot

1

29

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.22, 3.88]
Analysis 1.5
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.

6 Preterm birth Show forest plot

2

45

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.07, 13.37]
Analysis 1.6
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 6 Preterm birth.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 6 Preterm birth.

7 Small‐for‐gestational age Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.14, 64.26]
Analysis 1.7
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 7 Small‐for‐gestational age.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 7 Small‐for‐gestational age.

8 Baby death Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Analysis 1.8
Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 8 Baby death.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 8 Baby death.

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 1 Pre‐eclampsia.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 1 Pre‐eclampsia.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 2 Severe hypertension.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 2 Severe hypertension.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 3 Gestational hypertension.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 3 Gestational hypertension.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 4 Need for antihypertensive drug.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 4 Need for antihypertensive drug.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 6 Preterm birth.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 6 Preterm birth.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 7 Small‐for‐gestational age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 7 Small‐for‐gestational age.

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Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 8 Baby death.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity, Outcome 8 Baby death.

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Table 1. Classification of physical activity intensity, for activity up to 60 minutes

Intensity

VO2 max %

Maximum heart rate %

RPE (Borg rating)

METS (reprod. age gp

Max volum. contr. %

Light

20‐39

35‐54

10‐11

2.4‐4.7

30‐49

Moderate

40‐59

55‐69

12‐13

4.8‐7.1

50‐69

Hard

60‐84

70‐89

14‐16

7.2‐10.1

70‐84

Very Hard

>/= 85

>/= 90

17‐19

>/= 10.2

> 85
Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Classification of physical activity intensity, for activity up to 60 minutes
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 1. Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pre‐eclampsia Show forest plot

2

45

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.01, 7.09]

2 Severe hypertension Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Gestational hypertension Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.07, 13.37]

4 Need for antihypertensive drug Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Caesarean section Show forest plot

1

29

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.22, 3.88]

6 Preterm birth Show forest plot

2

45

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.07, 13.37]

7 Small‐for‐gestational age Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.0 [0.14, 64.26]

8 Baby death Show forest plot

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Regular aerobic exercise versus normal physical activity
Ir a la tabla de la revisión