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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Cognition.
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Figure 1

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Cognition.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: ADAS‐Cog.
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Figure 2

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: ADAS‐Cog.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: MMSE.
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Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: MMSE.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Other cognitive measure: Information/Orientation.
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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Other cognitive measure: Information/Orientation.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Comunication and social interaction.
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Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Comunication and social interaction.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: QoL‐AD.
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Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: QoL‐AD.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐30)
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Figure 7

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐30)

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Mood: Staff‐reported.
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Figure 8

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Mood: Staff‐reported.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: ADL.
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Figure 9

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: ADL.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Behavior, Other.
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Figure 10

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation, outcome: Behavior, Other.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Behaviour, problem.
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Figure 11

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Behaviour, problem.

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Caregiver outcome.
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Figure 12

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: Caregiver outcome.

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Cognition.
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Figure 13

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Cognition.

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Well‐being & Quality of Life.
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Figure 14

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Well‐being & Quality of Life.

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Behaviour, general.
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Figure 15

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Behaviour, general.

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Behaviour, problem.
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Figure 16

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Behaviour, problem.

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Communication and social interaction.
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Figure 17

Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cognitive stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: follow‐up, outcome: Communication and social interaction.

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: 1.1 Cognition.
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Figure 18

Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Cognitive Stimulation vs No Cognitive Stimulation: post‐treatment, outcome: 1.1 Cognition.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Cognition.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Cognition.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 2 MMSE.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 2 MMSE.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 3 ADAS‐Cog.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 3 ADAS‐Cog.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Other cognitive measure: Information/Orientation.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Other cognitive measure: Information/Orientation.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 5 Comunication and social interaction.
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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 5 Comunication and social interaction.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 6 Well‐being & Quality of Life.
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Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 6 Well‐being & Quality of Life.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 7 Mood: Self‐reported.
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Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 7 Mood: Self‐reported.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 8 Mood: Staff‐reported.
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Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 8 Mood: Staff‐reported.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 9 ADL scales.
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Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 9 ADL scales.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 10 Behaviour, general.
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Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 10 Behaviour, general.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 11 Behaviour, problem.
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Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 11 Behaviour, problem.

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 12 Caregiver outcome.
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Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment, Outcome 12 Caregiver outcome.

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 1 Cognition.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 1 Cognition.

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 2 Well‐being & Quality of Life.
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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 2 Well‐being & Quality of Life.

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 3 Behaviour, general.
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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 3 Behaviour, general.

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 4 Behaviour, problem.
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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 4 Behaviour, problem.

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 5 Communication and social interaction.
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Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up, Outcome 5 Communication and social interaction.

Comparison 1. Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Cognition Show forest plot

14

658

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.25, 0.57]

1.1 ADAS‐Cog

7

434

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.37 [0.17, 0.56]

1.2 Wechsler Memory Scale

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.47 [‐0.80, 1.74]

1.3 Global cognitive score (includes MMSE & CERAD)

1

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.63 [0.09, 1.17]

1.4 MMSE

2

110

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.64 [0.17, 1.10]

1.5 CAPE‐I/O

2

29

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [‐0.48, 1.06]

1.6 RCP Cognition

1

19

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.78, 1.03]

2 MMSE Show forest plot

10

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 One to twelve months of CS

10

600

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.74 [1.13, 2.36]

2.2 24 months of CS

1

29

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.99 [‐1.58, 13.56]

3 ADAS‐Cog Show forest plot

7

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 One to twelve months of CS

7

434

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.27 [0.99, 3.55]

3.2 24 months of CS

1

29

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

11.94 [‐0.97, 24.85]

4 Other cognitive measure: Information/Orientation Show forest plot

5

81

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.45 [‐0.01, 0.90]

4.1 CAPE I/O

2

29

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [‐0.48, 1.06]

4.2 RCP Cognition

1

19

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.78, 1.03]

4.3 Berg Orientation Scale

1

23

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.00, 1.74]

4.4 Information / Orientation

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [‐0.68, 1.89]

5 Comunication and social interaction Show forest plot

4

223

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.17, 0.71]

5.1 Holden Communication Scale

3

204

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.47 [0.18, 0.75]

5.2 MOSES ‐ Withdrawn behaviour

1

19

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.86, 1.07]

6 Well‐being & Quality of Life Show forest plot

4

219

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.11, 0.65]

6.1 Life Satisfaction Index

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.23 [‐1.48, 1.01]

6.2 QoL‐AD

3

209

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.13, 0.69]

7 Mood: Self‐reported Show forest plot

5

201

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.22 [‐0.09, 0.53]

7.1 Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐30) One to twelve months of CS

3

160

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [‐0.01, 0.70]

7.2 Geriatric Depression Scale (14 item) One to twelve months of CS

1

26

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.39 [‐1.16, 0.39]

7.3 Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) One to twelve months of CS

1

15

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [‐0.72, 1.33]

8 Mood: Staff‐reported Show forest plot

4

239

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐0.21, 0.31]

8.1 Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia

2

194

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.28, 0.30]

8.2 MOSES ‐ Depressed / anxious mood

1

19

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.98, 0.96]

8.3 Rating of Anxiety in Dementia (RAID)

1

26

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [‐0.40, 1.16]

9 ADL scales Show forest plot

4

260

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.21 [‐0.05, 0.47]

10 Behaviour, general Show forest plot

8

416

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.07, 0.32]

10.1 CAPE ‐ BRS

4

231

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.14, 0.38]

10.2 Crichton BRS (modified)

2

29

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [‐0.42, 1.07]

10.3 MOSES Self‐care

1

19

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.00 [‐0.97, 0.97]

10.4 Instrumental ADL

1

137

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.22, 0.46]

11 Behaviour, problem Show forest plot

3

166

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.44, 0.17]

11.1 Problem Behaviour Rating Scale

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.40 [‐0.86, 1.66]

11.2 MOSES ‐ Irritable

1

19

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.85, 1.09]

11.3 NPI

1

137

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐0.54, 0.13]

12 Caregiver outcome Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 Hamilton anxiety

2

150

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.21, 0.44]

12.2 Depression

2

150

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.28, 0.36]

12.3 Carer stress/burden

2

147

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.35, 0.29]

12.4 General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12)

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [‐0.41, 2.29]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: post‐treatment
Comparison 2. Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Cognition Show forest plot

4

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 One to three months follow‐up Information/ Orientation

3

52

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.01, 1.14]

1.2 Ten months follow‐up MMSE

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [‐0.35, 0.72]

1.3 Ten months follow‐up ADAS‐Cog

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.41, 0.66]

2 Well‐being & Quality of Life Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 One month follow‐up Life Satisfaction Index

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐1.27, 1.21]

2.2 Ten months follow‐up QoL‐AD

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [‐0.19, 0.88]

3 Behaviour, general Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 One month follow‐up

2

29

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [‐0.30, 1.18]

3.2 Ten months follow‐up Texas Functional Living Scale

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.43 [‐0.11, 0.97]

4 Behaviour, problem Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 One month follow‐up Problem Behaviour Rating Scale

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.39 [‐0.87, 1.65]

4.2 Ten month follow‐up NPI severity

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [‐0.24, 0.83]

4.3 Ten‐month follow up NPI (Caregiver Distress)

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [‐0.13, 0.95]

5 Communication and social interaction Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 One month follow‐up Holden Communication Scale

1

10

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐1.05, 1.44]

5.2 Ten month follow‐up 'Relevance of discourse'

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.39, 0.68]

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Cognitive stimulation versus no cognitive stimulation: follow‐up