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Referencias

References to studies included in this review

Ir a:

Liang 2010 {published data only}

Liang S, Li A, Zhao M, Jiang H, Meng X, Sun Y. Anterior temporal lobectomy combined with anterior corpus callosotomy in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and mental retardation. Seizure 2010;19(6):330‐4.

References to studies excluded from this review

Ir a:

Amar 1998 {published data only}

Amar AP, Heck CN, Levy ML, Smith T, DeGiorgio CM, Oviedo S. An institutional experience with cervical vagus nerve trunk stimulation for medically refractory epilepsy: rationale, technique, and outcome. Neurosurgery 1998;43(6):1265‐76.
De Giorgio CM, Schachter SC, Hadfort A, Salinsky M, Thompson J, Uthman B, et al. Prospective long‐term study of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory seizures. Epilepsia 2000;41:1195‐200.

Ben‐Menachem 1994 {published data only}

Ben‐Menachem E, Mañon‐Espaillat R, Ristanovic R, Wilder BJ, Stefan H, Mirza W. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Epilepsia 1994;35(3):616‐26.

Bergqvist 2005 {published data only}

Bergqvist AG, Schall JI, Gallagher PR, Cnaan A, Stallings VA. Fasting versus gradual initiation of the ketogenic diet: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Epilepsia 2005;46(11):1810‐9.

Clarke 1997A {published data only}

Clarke BM, Upton AR, Griffin H, Fitzpatrick D, DeNardis M. Chronic stimulation of the left vagus nerve: cognitive motor effects. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1997;24(3):226‐9.

Clarke 1997B {published data only}

Clarke BM, Upton AR, Griffin H, Fitzpatrick D, DeNardis M. Seizure control after stimulation of the vagus nerve: clinical outcome measures. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1997;24(3):222‐5.

Cross 2012 {published data only}

Cross JH. The ketogenic diet in the treatment of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2012;54(5):394‐5.

Dahl 1985 {published data only}

Dahl J, Melin L, Brorson LO, Schollin J. Effects of a broad‐spectrum behavior modification treatment program on children with refractory epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1985;26(4):303‐9.

Dahl 1987 {published data only}

Dahl J, Melin L, Lund L. Effects of a contingent relaxation treatment program on adults with refractory epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1987;28(2):125‐32.

Dave 1993 {published data only}

Dave UP, Chauvan V, Dalvi J. Evaluation of BR‐16 A (Mentat) in cognitive and behavioural dysfunction of mentally retarded children ‐ a placebo‐controlled study. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 1993;60(3):423‐8.

Deepak 1994 {published data only}

Deepak KK, Manchanda SK, Maheshwari MC. Meditation improves clinicoelectroencephalographic measures in drug‐resistant epileptics. Biofeedback & Self Regulation 1994;19(1):25‐40.

DeGiorgio 1997 {published data only}

Degiorgio C, Heck C, Smith T, Duffell W. Randomised double‐blind study of vagus nerve stimulation in intractable partial seizures. The USC experience and the EUS Study Group. Epilepsia 1997;38(S3):245.

DeGiorgio 2005 {published data only}

DeGiorgio C, Heck C, Bunch S, Britton J, Green P, Lancman M, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: randomized comparison of three stimulation paradigms. Neurology 2005;65(2):317‐9.

Dodrill 2001 {published data only}

Dodrill CB, Morris GL. Effects of vagal nerve stimulation on cognition and quality of life in epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2001;2(1):46‐53.

Elger 2000 {published data only}

Elger G, Hoppe C, Falkai P, Rush AJ, Elger CE. Vagus nerve stimulation is associated with mood improvements in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Research 2000;42(2‐3):203‐10.

Engelberts 2002 {published data only}

Engelberts NH, Klein M, Adèr HJ, Heimans JJ, Trenité DG, van der Ploeg HM. The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits in focal seizures: a randomized controlled study. Epilepsia 2002;43(6):587‐95.

Freeman 2009a {published data only}

Freeman JM, Vining EPG, Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, Ye X, Goodman SN. A blinded, crossover study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2009;50(2):322‐5.

Gates 2005 {published data only}

Gates JR, Liow K, Granner M, St Louis E, Leroy R, Albers L, et al. Vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) parameter settings: high stimulation vs low stimulation. Epilepsia 2005;46(S8):223.

Handforth 1998 {published data only}

Handforth A, DeGiorgio CM, Schachter SC, Uthman BM, Naritoku DK, Tecoma ES, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for partial‐onset seizures: a randomized active‐control trial. Neurology 1998;51(1):48‐55.

Helgeson 1990 {published data only}

Helgeson DC, Mittan R, Tan SY, Chayasirisobhon S. Sepulveda Epilepsy Education: the efficacy of a psychoeducational treatment program in treating medical and psychosocial aspects of epilepsy. Epilepsia 1990;31(1):75‐82.

Helmstaedter 2011 {published data only}

Helmstaedter C, Roeske S, Kaaden S, Elger CE, Schramm J. Hippocampal resection length and memory outcome in selective epilepsy surgery. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry 2011;82(12):1375‐81.

Hermann 1993 {published data only}

Hermann BP, Wyler AR, Somes G, Peterson J, Clement L. Randomized clinical trial of partial versus total hippocampectomy for treatment of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: memory outcome. Epilepsia 1993;34(S6):109.

Holder 1992 {published data only}

Holder LK, Wernicke JF, Tarver WB. Treatment of refractory partial seizures: preliminary results of a controlled study. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 1992;15(10 pt 2):1557‐71.

Inuzuka 2005 {published data only}

Inuzuka L, Bustamante VCT, Funayama SS, Bianchin MM, Rosset SRE, Machado HR, et al. Ketogenic diet: clinical and neurophysiological findings in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005;46(S8):28.

Kockelmann 2005 {published data only}

Kockelmann E, Richter S, Thulke S, Schramm J, Helmstaedter C. Effect of mesial pathology and extent of resection on seizure and memory outcome after selective amygdala‐hippocampectomy (SAH). Epilepsia 2005;46(S6):328.

Koubeisse 2013 {published data only}

Koubeissi MZ, Kahriman E, Syed TU, Miller J, Durand DM. Low‐frequency electrical stimulation of fiber tract in temporal lobe epilepsy. Annals of Neurology 2013;74(2):223‐31.

Landy 1993 {published data only}

Landy HJ, Ramsay RE, Slater J, Casiano RR, Morgan R. Vagus nerve stimulation for complex partial seizures: surgical technique, safety, and efficacy. Journal of Neurosurgery 1993;78(1):26‐31.

Lemmon 2012 {published data only}

Lemmon ME, Terao NN, NG Y‐T, Reisig W, Rubenstein JE, Kossoff EH. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet in Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome: a retrospective review of one institution's experience and summary of the literature. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2012;54(5):464‐8.

Liu 2012 {published data only}

Liu S‐Y, An N, Fang X, Singh P, Oommen J, Yin Q, et al. Surgical treatment of patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome phenotype. Neurology 2011;77(15):1473‐81.

Lutz 2004 {published data only}

Lutz MT, Clusmann H, Elger CE, Schramm J, Helmstaedter C. Neuropsychological outcome after selective amygdalohippocampectomy with transsylvian versus transcortical approach: a randomized prospective clinical trial of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2004;45(7):809‐16.

Olley 2001 {published data only}

Olley BO, Osinowo HO, Brieger WR. Psycho‐educational therapy among Nigerian adult patients with epilepsy: a controlled outcome study. Patient Education and Counseling 2001;42(1):25‐33.

Panjwani 1987 {published data only}

Panjwani U, Selvamurthy W, Singh SH, Gupta HL, Thakur L, Rai UC. Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on seizure control & EEG changes in patients of epilepsy. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1987;103:165‐72.

Puskarich 1992 {published data only}

Puskarich CA, Whitman S, Dell J, Hughes JR, Rosen AJ, Hermann BP. Controlled examination of effects of progressive relaxation training on seizure reduction. Epilepsia 1992;33(4):675‐80.

Ramsay 1994 {published data only}

Ramsay RE, Uthman BM, Augustinsson LE, Upton AR, Naritoku D, Willis J. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 2. Safety, side effects, and tolerability. First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Epilepsia 1994;35(3):627‐36.

Scherrmann 2001 {published data only}

Scherrmann J, Hoppe C, Kral T, Schramm J, Elger CE. Vagus nerve stimulation: clinical experience in a large patient series. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 2001;18(5):408‐14.

Sidorenko 2000 {published data only}

Sidorenko VN. Effects of the Medical Resonance Therapy Music in the complex treatment of epileptic patients. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 2000;35(3):212‐7.

Tan 1986 {published data only}

Tan SY, Bruni J. Cognitive‐behavior therapy with adult patients with epilepsy: a controlled outcome study. Epilepsia 1986;27(3):225‐33.

VNS Study Group 1995 {published data only}

The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. A randomized controlled trial of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of medically intractable seizures. The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Neurology 1995;45(2):224‐30.

Warner 1997 {published data only}

Warner MH, Anderson GD, McCarty JP, Farwell JR. Effect of carnitine on measures of energy levels, mood, cognition, and sleep in adolescents with epilepsy treated with valproate. Journal of Epilepsy 1997;10(3):126‐30.

Wu 2008 {published data only}

Wu Y, Zou LP, Han TL, Zheng H, Caspi O, Wong V, et al. Randomized controlled trial of traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture and tuina) in cerebral palsy: Part 1 ‐ Any increase in seizure in integrated acupuncture and rehabilitation group versus rehabilitation group?. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2008;14(8):1005‐9.

Wyler 1995 {published data only}

Wyler AR, Hermann BP, Somes G. Extent of medial temporal resection on outcome from anterior temporal lobectomy: a randomized prospective study. Neurosurgery 1995;37(5):982‐90.

Yuen 2005 {published data only}

Yuen AW, Sander JW, Fluegel D, Patsalos PN, Bell GS, Johnson T. Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with chronic epilepsy: a randomized trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2005;7(2):253‐8.

Bjurulf 2008 {published data only}

Bjurulf B. Comparing ketogenic diet with the most appropriate antiepileptic drug ‐ a randomised study of children with mental retardation and drug resistant epilepsy. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00552526 (03/10/14).

Anand 1991

Anand BK. Yoga and medical science. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1991;35(2):84‐7.

Bowley 2000

Bowley C, Kerr M. Epilepsy and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2000;44(5):529‐43.

Cockerell 1997

Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander J, Shorvon SD. Prognosis of epilepsy: a review and further analysis of the first nine years of the British National General Practice Study of Epilepsy, a prospective population‐based study. Epilepsia 1997;38(1):31‐46.

Commission 1981

Commission on Classification and Terminology of the ILAE: proposal for revised clinical and EEG classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1981;22:489‐501.

Commission 1989

Commission on Classification and Terminology of the ILAE: proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1989;30:389‐99.

Engel 2003

Engel J, Wiebe S, French J, Sperling MR, Williamson P, Spencer D, et al. Practice parameter: temporal lobe and localised neocortical resections for epilepsy. Neurology 2003;60:538‐47.

Fenwick 1992

Fenwick P. The relationship between mind, brain and seizures. Epilepsia 1992;33(6):1‐6.

Freeman 1998

Freeman JM, Vining EPG, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL, Casey JC, Kelly LM. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet‐‐1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics 1998;102(6):1358‐63.

Freeman 2009b

Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet: additional information from crossover study. Journal of Child Neurology 2009;24(4):509‐12.

Gleissner 1999

Gleissner U, Johanson K, Helmstaedter C, Elger CE. Surgical outcome in a group of low‐IQ patients with focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40(5):553‐9.

Guyatt 2008

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336(7650):924‐6.

Hartman 2007

Hartman AL, Gasior M, Vining EP, Rogawski MA. The neuropharmacology of the ketogenic diet. Paediatric Neurology 2007;36(5):281‐92.

Hemingway 2001

Hemingway C, Freeman JM, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL. The ketogenic diet: a 3‐ to 6‐year follow‐up of 150 children enrolled prospectively. Pediatrics 2001;108(4):898‐905.

Hermann 1999

Hermann B, Davies K, Foley K, Bell B. Visual confrontation naming outcome after standard left anterior temporal lobectomy with sparing versus resection of the superior temporal gyrus: a randomised prospective clinical trial. Epilepsia 1999;40:1070‐6.

Higgins 2011

Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration2011.

Jalilian 2010

Jalilian L, Limbrick DD, Steger‐May K, Johnston J, Powers AK, Smyth MD. Complete versus anterior two‐thirds corpus callosotomy in children: analysis of outcome. Journal of Neurosurgery: Paediatrics 2010;6(3):257‐66.

Kirkham 2010

Kirkham JJ, Swan KM, Altman DG, Gamble C, Dodd S, Smyth R, et al. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ 2010;340:365.

Kloster 1999

Kloster R, Larsson PG, Lossius R, Nakken KO, Dahl R, Xue XL, et al. The effect of acupuncture in chronic intractable epilepsy. Seizure 1999;8(3):170‐4.

Kobau 2013

Kobau R, Yao‐Hua L, Zack M, Helmers S, Thurman D. Epilepsy in adults and access to care: United States, 2010. JAMA 2013;309(3):224‐6.

Lefebvre 2009

Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.

Levy 2012

Levy RG, Cooper PN, Giri P, Pulman J. Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001903]

Liang 2014

Liang S, Zhang S, Hu X, Zhang Z, Fu X, Jiang H, et al. Anterior corpus callosotomy in school‐aged children with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome: a prospective study. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2014;18(6):670‐6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.05.004]

Lundgren 2008

Lundgren T, Dahl J, Yardi N, Melin I. Acceptance and commitment therapy and yoga for drug‐refractory epilepsy: a randomised controlled trial. Epilepsy & Behavior 2008;13:102‐8.

Maciocia 1989

Maciocia G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. London, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.

Miller 1994

Miller L. Psychotherapy of epilepsy: seizure control and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation 1994;12:14‐30.

Morgan 2003

Morgan CL, Baxter H, Kerr MP. Prevalence of epilepsy and associated health service utilization and mortality among patients with intellectual disability. American Journal of Mental Retardation 2003;108:293‐300.

Panebianco 2015

Panebianco M, Sridharan K, Ramaratnam S. Yoga for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001524.pub2]

Panjwani 1996

Panjwani U, Selvamurthy W, Singh SH, Gupta HL Thankur I, Rai UC. Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on seizure control and EEG changes in patients of epilepsy. Indan Journal of Medical Records 1996;103:165‐72.

Ramaratnam 2008

Ramaratnam S, Baker GA, Goldstein L. Psychological treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002029]

Ranganathan 2005

Ranganathan LN, Ramaratnam S. Vitamins for epilepsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004304.pub2]

Schoeler 2014

Schoeder NE, Wood S, Aldridge V, Sander JW, Cross JH, Sisodiya SM. Ketogenic dietary therapies for adults with epilepsy: feasibility and classification of response. Epilepsy & Behavior 2014;37:77‐81.

Stavem 2000

Stavem K, Kloster R, Rossberg E, Larsson PG, Dahl R, Kinge E, et al. Acupuncture in intractable epilepsy: lack of effect on health‐related quality of life. Seizure 2000;9(6):422‐6.

Wiebe 2001

Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal‐lobe epilepsy. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(5):311‐8.

Zarrelli 1999

Zarrelli MM, Beghi E, Rocca WA, Hauser WA. Incidence of epileptic syndromes in Rochester, Minnesota: 1980‐1984. Epilepsia 1999;40(12):1708‐14.

References to other published versions of this review

Ir a:

Beavis 2007

Beavis J, Kerr M, Marson AG, Dojcinov I. Non‐pharmacological interventions for epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005502]

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Liang 2010

Methods

Quasi‐randomised controlled trial

Participants

60 people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities

Interventions

Anterior temporal lobectomy vs anterior temporal lobectomy with anterior corpus callosotomy

Outcomes

Assessment of seizure frequency, full‐scale IQ test (WAIS/WISC; Chinese version) and QOL questionnaire

Notes

Risk of bias

Bias

Authors' judgement

Support for judgement

Random sequence generation (selection bias)

Unclear risk

All participants were given a number from 1 to 60 and were separated into 2 groups according to odd/even numbers. It is unclear whether numbers were allocated randomly or consecutively

Allocation concealment (selection bias)

Unclear risk

It is unclear whether numbers were randomly or sequentially allocated and whether allocation concealment was possible. No information in the published article indicates whether allocation concealment was attempted or was adequate

Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)
All outcomes

Unclear risk

No details were given about whether participants and personnel were blinded

Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)
All outcomes

Unclear risk

No details were given about whether outcome assessors were blinded

Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes

Unclear risk

No details were given about whether participants withdrew from the study

Selective reporting (reporting bias)

Unclear risk

Protocol is unavailable

Other bias

Unclear risk

Different tests were used for participants of different ages. No information about funding of the study was provided

WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

WISC: Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children.

QOL: Quality of life.

IQ: Intelligence quotient.

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Study

Reason for exclusion

Amar 1998

This same study was described in DeGiorgio 2000

Ben‐Menachem 1994

This article does not mention whether intellectually disabled participants were included

Bergqvist 2005

71% of the population had an intellectual disability; however all children were younger than age 12

Clarke 1997A

2 participants had incomplete data sets ‐ 1 had a severe intellectual disability. No other data show whether intellectually disabled individuals were included ‐ only 8 participants entered the trial

Clarke 1997B

This article does not mention whether intellectually disabled individuals were included

Cross 2012

This study was not an RCT

Dahl 1985

Exclusion criteria: no severe learning disabilities or mental disturbance. Only 1 of 18 participants included in the study had a mild intellectual disability

Dahl 1987

Only 3 of 18 participants had a moderate intellectual disability ‐ inclusion criteria stated that participants had to have the ability to understand and follow instructions

Dave 1993

This article states that data on children with an intellectual disability and with epilepsy were provided by an open, non‐controlled study

Deepak 1994

This article states: "clinically, patients had no other abnormalities except complaints of seizures"

DeGiorgio 1997

This article states that patients unable to give proper consent were excluded

DeGiorgio 2005

This article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals

Dodrill 2001

Analysis was done only on data from individuals without an intellectual disability (those with an intellectual disability were initially recruited)

Elger 2000

Individuals with an intellectual disability were not mentioned in the article, and all participants gave informed consent

Engelberts 2002

This study excluded intellectually disabled individuals

Freeman 2009a

This study included only children between 1 and 10 years of age

Gates 2005

This abstract does not mention intellectually disabled individuals; no follow‐up article is available

Handforth 1998

This article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals

Helgeson 1990

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

Helmstaedter 2011

Participants did not have an intellectual disability

Hermann 1993

This study excluded intellectually disabled individuals

Holder 1992

This article states that inclusion criteria include the "ability to understand consent and required study procedure"

Inuzuka 2005

This abstract does not mention intellectually disabled individuals, and no follow‐up article is available

Kockelmann 2005

This abstract does not mention intellectually disabled individuals, and no follow‐up article is available

Koubeisse 2013

Participants did not have an intellectual disability

Landy 1993

This article states "no concurrent significant medical problems" and makes no mention of an intellectually disabled population

Lemmon 2012

This was not an RCT

Liu 2012

This was not an RCT

Lutz 2004

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

Olley 2001

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

Panjwani 1987

This article does not mention intellectual disabilities in describing the clinical characteristics of participants

Puskarich 1992

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

Ramsay 1994

The article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals

Scherrmann 2001

This article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals and does not indicate whether the entire population was included in an RCT

Sidorenko 2000

This article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals

Tan 1986

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

VNS Study Group 1995

This article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals

Warner 1997

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

Wu 2008

This study included only children between 1 and 6 years of age

Wyler 1995

This study excluded individuals with an intellectual disability

Yuen 2005

This article does not mention inclusion of intellectually disabled individuals

RCT: Randomised controlled trial.

Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID]

Ir a:

Bjurulf 2008

Trial name or title

Ketogenic Diet versus Antiepileptic Drug Treatment in Drug Resistant Epilepsy

Methods

Randomised, open‐label, parallel efficacy study

Participants

Estimated 60 people with drug‐resistant epilepsy will be recruited. It is unclear whether a sufficient number of participants will have intellectual disabilities and therefore whether the study will be relevant for this review

Interventions

Ketogenic diet vs antiepileptic medication

Outcomes

Primary outcome measures:

  • Comparison of participants in the 2 groups with 100%, > 90% and > 50% reduction in the number of seizures

Secondary outcome measures:

  • Comparison of parents´evaluation of changes in quality of life and cognitive function between the 2 groups. Parents will complete a questionnaire

  • Comparison of adverse effects between the 2 groups

  • Comparison of changes in slow activity and epileptic activity by template matching a 24‐hour EEG

  • Investigation of adverse effects and changes in the number of seizures and in EEG, quality of life and cognitive function after 13 months of treatment with the ketogenic diet

  • Is the effect of the ketogenic diet as good in children with severe intellectual disabilities as in children with less severe intellectual disabilities?

Starting date

November 2007

Contact information

BJORNB@ous‐hf.no

Notes

Study author informed us that a paper has been submitted and should be published later by the end of 2015.

EEG: Electroencephalogram.
RCT: Randomised controlled trial.

Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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Anterior temporal lobectomy with anterior corpus callosotomy vs anterior temporal lobectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy and intellectual disabilities

Patient or population: people with temporal lobe epilepsy and intellectual disabilities

Settings: China

Intervention: anterior temporal lobectomy and anterior corpus callosotomy (aCCT)

Comparison: anterior temporal lobe epilepsy (ATL)

Outcomes

Number of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Although a higher percentage of people in the ATL and aCCT groups fell within Class I (seizure free) and Class II (> 50% reduction in seizures), no significant differences in seizure frequency were noted between the groups at 2 years after surgery

People in the ATL and aCCT groups showed significant improvement on IQ tests compared with those in the ATL group 2 years following surgery

People in the ATL and aCCT groups reported significantly improved quality of life 2 years after surgery. Those in the ATL group did not show significantly improved quality of life

60

(1)

Very low

We rated this study as of low quality because an insufficient randomisation method was reported and limited information was provided on study methodology in general. This study used different neuropsychological tests to assess IQ (WAIS in adults and WISC in children). Comparing scores across these tests is often problematic because of the potential disparity between the 2 scales, particularly for lower‐scoring individuals. Ethical approval was not mentioned. The quality of life questionnaire used in this study did not include a validated scale

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence.
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

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