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Laetrile treatment for cancer

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Referencias

References to studies excluded from this review

Ir a:

Ames 1981 {published data only}

Ames MM, Moyer TP, Kovach JS, Moertel CG, Rubin J. Pharmacology of amygdalin (laetrile) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology 1981;6(1):51‐7. CENTRAL

Cancer Comm 1953 {published data only}

Cancer Commission of the California Medical Association. Treatment of cancer with laetrile; a report by the Cancer Commission of the California Medical Association. California Medicine 1953;78(4):320‐6. CENTRAL

CPW‐Rahlstedt 1995 {unpublished data only}

CPW‐Rahlstedt Company. Summary of clinical efficacy of CDA therapy II. Internal data of the company. CENTRAL

Guidetti 1955 {published data only}

Guidetti H. Preliminary reports on several cases of cancer treated with a cyanogenetic glycoside [Observations preliminaries sur quelques cas de cancer traits par un glycuronosyde cyanogenetique]. Acta 1955;XI (2):156‐8. CENTRAL

Kochi 1980 {published data only}

Kochi M, Takeuchi S, Mizutani T, Mochizuki K, Matsumoto Y, Saito Y. Antitumor activity of benzaldehyde. Cancer Treat Reports 1980;64(1):21‐3. CENTRAL

Kochi 1985 {published data only}

Kochi M, Isono N, Niwayama M, Shirakabe K. Antitumor activity of a benzaldehyde derivative. Cancer Treat Reports 1985;69(5):533‐7. CENTRAL

Moertel 1981 {published data only}

Moertel CG, Ames MM, Kovach JS, Moyer TP, Rubin JR, Tinker JH. A pharmacologic and toxicological study of amygdalin. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1981;245(6):591‐4. CENTRAL

Moertel 1982 {published data only}

Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Rubin J, Kvols LK, Sarna G, Koch R, et al. A clinical trial of amygdalin (Laetrile) in the treatment of human cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306(4):201‐6. CENTRAL

Morrone 1962 {published data only}

Morrone JA. Chemotherapy of inoperable cancer: preliminary report of 10 cases treated with laetrile. Experimental Medicine Surgery 1962;20:299‐308. CENTRAL

Navarro 1957 {published data only}

Navarro MD. The mechanism of action and therapeutic effects of laetrile in cancer. Journal Philippine Medical Association 1957;33(8):620‐7. CENTRAL

Navarro 1959 {published data only}

Navarro MD. Five years experience with laetrile therapy in advanced cancer. Acta Unio Internationalis Contra Cancrum 1959;15:209‐21. CENTRAL

Navarro 1964 {published data only}

Navarro MD. Laetrile therapy in cancer. Acta Unio Internationalis Contra Cancrum 1964;20:392‐4. CENTRAL

Sakamoto 1992 {published data only}

Sakamoto S, Yoshino H, Shirahata Y, Shimodairo K, Okamoto R. Pharmacotherapeutic effects of kuei‐chih‐fu‐ling‐wan (keishi‐bukuryo‐gan) on human uterine myomas. Amermican Journal of Chinese Medicine 1992;20(3‐4):313‐7. CENTRAL

Suehiro 2005 {published data only}

Suehiro T, Matsumata T, Shikada Y, Sugimachi K. The effect of the herbal medicines dai‐kenchu‐to and keishi‐bukuryo‐gan on bowel movement after colorectal surgery. Hepatogastroenterology 2005 Jan‐Feb;52(61):97‐100. CENTRAL

Tasca 1959 {published data only}

Tasca M. Clinical observations on the therapeutic effects of a cyanogenetic glycuronoside in cases of human malignant neoplasms. Gazzetta Medica Italiana 1959;118(4):153‐9. CENTRAL

Additional references

Ir a:

Barrett 2011

Barrett S. Laetrile Spammers Facing $631,585 Penalty. www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/News/apricotseeds.html (accessed on 3rd May 2011).

Bromley 2005

Bromley J, Hughes BG, Leong DC, Buckley NA. Life‐threatening interaction between complementary medicines: cyanide toxicity following ingestion of amygdalin and vitamin C. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2005;39(9):1566‐9.

Calabrese 1979b

Calabrese EJ. Possible side effects from treatment with laetrile. Medical Hypotheses 1979;5(9):1045‐9.

Chan 2006

Chan TY. A probable case of amygdalin‐induced peripheral neuropathy in a vegetarian with vitamin B12 deficiency. Therapeutic Drug monitoring 2006;28(1):140‐1.

Chang 2006

Chang HK, Shin MS, Yang HY, Lee JW, Kim YS, Lee MH, et al. Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl‐2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2006 Aug;29(8):1597‐602.

Curran 1980

Curran WJ. Law‐medicine notes. Laetrile for the terminally ill: Supreme Court stops the nonsense. The New England Journal of Medicine 1980;302 (11):619‐21.

Davignon 1978

Davignon JP, Trissel LA, Kleinman LM. Pharmaceutical assessment of amygdalin (Laetrile) products. Cancer Treatment Reports 1978;62(1):99‐104.

Dorr 1978

Dorr RT, Paxinos J. The current status of laetrile. Annals of Internal Medicine 1978;89 (3):389‐97.

Egger 1997

Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629‐34.

Egger 2001

Egger M. Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta‐Analysis in Context. 2nd Edition. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001.

Ellison 1978

Ellison NM, Byar DP, Newell GR. Special report on laetrile: NCI (National Cancer Institute) laetrile review. The New England Journal of Medicine September 1978;299:549‐52.

Fenselau 1977

Fenselau C, Pallante S, Batzinger RP, Benson WR, Barron RP, Sheinin EB, et al. Mandelonitrile beta‐glucuronide: synthesis and characterization. Science 1977;198(4317):625‐7.

Fukuda 2003

Fukuda T, Ito H, Mukainaka T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Yoshida T. Anti‐tumor promoting effect of glycosides from Prunus persica seeds. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2003;26(2):271‐3.

Gibbs 2004

Gibbs M. Networking topics for palliative care. The Pharmaceutical Journal 2004;273(7320):539.

Higgins 2003

Higgins JPT. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60.

Hu 2002

Hu S, Yuan D, Diao GF, Bi KS, Kano Y. Studies on evaluation of Semen Armeniacae amarum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (China Journal of Materia Medica) 2002;27 (10):736‐9.

Hwang 2002

Hwang EY, Lee JH, Lee YM, Hong SP. Reverse‐phase HPLC separation of D‐amygdalin and neoamygdalin and optimum conditions for inhibition of racemization of amygdalin. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 2002;50(10):1373‐5.

Kwon 2003

Kwon HY, Hong SP, Hahn DH, Kim JH. Apoptosis induction of Persicae Semen extract in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL‐60) cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2003;26(2):157‐61.

Lerner 1981

Lerner IJ. Laetrile: a lesson in cancer quackery. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 1981;31(2):91‐5.

Lilienthal 2014

Lilienthal N. Amygdalin ‐ fehlende Wirksamkeit und schdäliche Nebenwirkungen. Bulletin zur Arzneimittelsicherheit. BfArM ‐ PEI, 2014; Vol. 3:7‐13.

Meijer 2001

Meijer E. Sale over the Internet of substances for human consumption which are regarded as harmful in America. Official Journal of the European Communities (2001/C 151 E/071). http://eur‐lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2001:151E:0058:0059:EN:PDF (Last accessed 3rd May 2011)2001.

Miller 1981

Miller KW, Anderson JL, Stoewsand GS. Amygdalin metabolism and effect on reproduction of rats fed apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernels. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1981;7(3‐4):457‐68.

NCI 2011

National Cancer Institute. Laetrile/Amygdalin (PDQ®). http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/laetrile/healthprofessional/allpages (accessed on 16th June 2011).

Park HJ 2005

Park HJ, Yoon SH, Han LS, Zheng LT, Jung KH, Uhm YK, et al. Amygdalin inhibits genes related to cell cycle in SNU‐C4 human colon cancer cells. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;11(33):5156‐61.

Parmar 1998

Parmar MK. Extracting summary statistics to perform meta‐analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 1998;17(24):2815‐34.

Relman 1982

Relman, A. Closing the books on Laetrile. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306(4):236.

Schmidt 2004

Schmidt K, Ernst E. Assessing websites on complementary and alternative medicine for cancer. Annals of Oncology 2004;15:733‐42.

Shaffer 1979

Shaffer David. Not available. The associated Press July 16, 1979.

Shim 2010

Shim SM, Kwon H. Metabolites of amygdalin under simulated human digestive fluids. Internationl Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2010;61(8):770‐9.

Takafumi 2001

Takafumi I, Yutaka M, Keiichi Y, Noboru K, Tadato T. Quantitative determination of amygdalin epimers by cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 2001;923(1‐2):249‐54.

Therasse 2000

Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2000;92(3):205‐16.

Vetter 2000

Vetter J. Plant cyanogenic glycosides. Toxicon 2000;38(1):11‐36.

References to other published versions of this review

Ir a:

Milazzo 2006

Milazzo S, Ernst E, Lejeune S, Boehm K. Laetrile treatment for cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005476.pub2]

Milazzo 2007

Milazzo S, Lejeune S, Ernst E. Laetrile for cancer: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Supportive Care in Cancer 2007 June;15(6):583‐95.

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Study

Reason for exclusion

Ames 1981

Non consecutive case series

Cancer Comm 1953

Consecutive case series

CPW‐Rahlstedt 1995

Unpublished consecutive case series

Guidetti 1955

Best case series

Kochi 1980

Benzaldehyde treatment instead of laetrile or amygdalin

Kochi 1985

Benzaldehyde treatment instead of laetrile or amygdalin

Moertel 1981

Non consecutive case series

Moertel 1982

Consecutive case series study

Morrone 1962

Best case series

Navarro 1957

Best case series

Navarro 1959

Best case series

Navarro 1964

Best case series

Sakamoto 1992

Patients with benign tumor

Suehiro 2005

Not randomised. Assessed outcome not included (bowel motility)

Tasca 1959

Best case series