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Referencias

Referencias de los estudios excluidos de esta revisión

Agafonov 2007 {published data only}

Agafonov VV. Development of a technique for ametropia correction with phakic intraocular lenses. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk / Rossiiskaia Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk 2007;8:52‐6. CENTRAL

Almeida 1988 {published data only}

Almeida HC. Penalty in the treatment of amblyopia [Penalizaçäo no tratamento da ambliopia]. Anais de Oftalmologia 1988;7(1):12‐4. CENTRAL

Arruga 1966 {published data only}

Arruga A. Occlusion therapy in children. International Ophthalmology Clinics 1966;6(3):435‐52. CENTRAL

Botabekova 2004 {published data only}

Botabekova TK, Kurgambekova NS. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of different methods in the treatment of amblyopia. Vestnik Oftalmologii 2004;120(5):40‐1. CENTRAL

Brik 1996 {published data only}

Brik M. Ambliopia anisometrópica. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 1996;59(4):417‐8. CENTRAL

Clarke 2003 {published data only}

Clarke MP, Wright CM, Hrisos S, Anderson JD, Henderson J, Richardson SR. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. BMJ 2003;327(7426):1251. CENTRAL

Cramer 1966 {published data only}

Cramer FE, Lamela N, Luqui Lagleyze J, Corsellas A. Use of the electronic flash in the pleoptic treatment of amblyopias [Uso del flash electronico en el tratamiento pleoptico de las ambliopias]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 1966;29(3):83‐8. CENTRAL

CTRI/2018/04/012942 {published data only}

CTRI/2018/04/012942. OCT in amblyopic children: analysis of spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in unilateral amblyopic children. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=23675&EncHid=&userName=OCT%20in%20Amblyopic%20Children (first received 3 April 2018). CENTRAL

CTRI/2018/08/015346 {published data only}

CTRI/2018/08/015346. Comparative study of binocular visual stimulation versus monocular occlusion therapy in children with amblyopia. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=17907&EncHid=&userName=CTRI/2018/08/015346 (first received 16 August 2018). CENTRAL

Cunha 2005 {published data only}

Cunha R. Ambliopía anisometrópica. Archivos Chilenos de Oftalmología 2005;63(2):89‐92. CENTRAL

Cuppers 1967 {published data only}

Cuppers C. Effects of pleoptic therapy with special consideration of permanent results. II [Ergebnisse der pleoptischen Therapy unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Dauerresultate. II]. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1967;23:570‐605. CENTRAL

Curi 2002 {published data only}

Curi R. Ambliopia: deficiência visual com cumplicidade. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2002;65(1):139. CENTRAL

Dadeya 2016 {published data only}

Dadeya S, Dangda S. Television video games in the treatment of amblyopia in children aged 4‐7 years. Strabismus 2016;24(4):146‐52. CENTRAL

Diez‐Ajenjo 2014 {published data only}

Diez‐Ajenjo MA, Garcia‐Domene MC, Peris‐Martinez C, Artigas JM, Felipe A. Effect of the color of the intraocular lens on optical and visual quality. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2014;62(11):1064‐8. [DOI: 10.4103/0301‐4738.146741]CENTRAL

Drews‐Botsch 2016 {published data only}

Drews‐Botsch C, Cotsonis G, Celano M, Lambert SR. Assessment of adherence to visual correction and occlusion therapy in the infant aphakia treatment study. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2016;3:158‐66. CENTRAL

Earl 2014 {published data only}

Earl JB, Lee CS, Yom V, Van Stavern GP, Abuattieh M, Chin‐Yee D, et al. Visual cycle suppression via patching in central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2014;121(12):2502. CENTRAL

Fletcher 1969a {published data only}

Fletcher MC, Silverman SJ, Boyd J, Callaway M. Biostatistical studies. Comparison of the management of suppression amblyopia by conventional patching, intensive hospital pleoptics, and intermittent office pleoptics. American Orthoptic Journal 1969;19:40‐7. CENTRAL

Fletcher 1969b {published data only}

Fletcher MC, Abbott W, Girard LJ, Guber D, Silverman SJ, Tomlinson E, et al. Biostatistical studies. Results of biostatistical study of the management of suppression amblyopia by intensive pleoptics versus conventional patching. American Orthoptic Journal 1969;19:8‐30. CENTRAL

Flynn 1967 {published data only}

Flynn JT, Vereecken E. Effects of pleoptic therapy with special consideration of permanent results. I. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1967;23:550‐69. CENTRAL

Flynn 1968 {published data only}

Flynn JT. Results with the use of pleoptics in the treatment of amblyopia. Southern Medical Journal 1968;61(11):1169‐71. CENTRAL

François 1955 {published data only}

François J, James M. Comparative study of treatment of amblyopia ex anopsia. Annales d'Oculistique 1955;188(9):827‐33. CENTRAL

Fu 2017 {published data only}

Fu J, Hong J, Zhao B. Comparison of traditional training and push‐pull training for the binocular visual function in anisometropic amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmologica 2017;95(Suppl 259):(no pagination). [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755‐3768.2017.0T048]CENTRAL

Funghini 1973 {published data only}

Funghini G. Interest of orthoptic and pleoptic treatment [L'interesse del trattamento ortottico e pleottico]. Minerva Medica 1973;64(69):3612‐5. CENTRAL

Gao 2018 {published data only}

Gao TY, Anstice N, Babu RJ, Black JM, Bobier WR, Dai S, et al. on behalf of Binocular Treatment of Amblyopia Using Videogames (BRAVO) Study Team. Optical treatment of amblyopia in older children and adults is essential prior to enrolment in a clinical trial. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 2018;38(2):129‐43. CENTRAL

Gernet 1958 {published data only}

Gernet H. Controlled partial occlusion by polarized glasses in treatment of amblyopia and strabismus: preliminary report. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde und für Augenärztliche Fortbildung 1958;133(3):388‐96. CENTRAL

Griffin 2016 {published data only}

Griffin S, Roorda A, Chung MM, Song H, Carroll J, Morgan JIW, et al. Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and cystoid macular edema (CME): a SCORE2 ancillary study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science2016; Vol. 57:ARVO E‐abstract 4170. CENTRAL

Hamm 2017 {published data only}

Hamm L, Chen Z, Li J, Black J, Dai S, Yuan J, et al. Interocular suppression in children with deprivation amblyopia. Vision Research 2017;133:112‐20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.01.004]CENTRAL

Hartman 1982 {published data only}

Hartman DK. CAM vision stimulator; a controlled study. New York State Journal of Medicine 1982;82(5):723‐4. CENTRAL

He 2018 {published data only}

He W, Qiu X, Zhang S, Du Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, et al. Comparison of long‐term decentration and tilt in two types of multifocal intraocular lenses with OPD‐Scan III aberrometer. Eye 2018;32(7):1237‐43. CENTRAL

Herbison 2016 {published data only}

Herbison N, MacKeith D, Vivian A, Purdy J, Fakis A, Ash IM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of video clips and interactive games to improve vision in children with amblyopia using the I‐BiT system. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2016;100(11):1511‐6. CENTRAL

Hertle 2007 {published data only}

Hertle RW, Scheiman MM, Beck RW, Chandler DL, Bacal DA, Birch E, et al. Stability of visual acuity improvement following discontinuation of amblyopia treatment in children aged 7 to 12 years. Archives of Ophthalmology 2007;125(5):655‐9. CENTRAL

Hillier 2019 {published data only}

Hillier RJ, Felfeli T, Berger AR, Wong DT, Altomare F, Dai D, et al. The pneumatic retinopexy versus vitrectomy for the management of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Outcomes Randomized Trial (PIVOT). Ophthalmology 2019;126(4):531‐9. CENTRAL

Holmes 2003a {published data only}

Holmes JM, Kraker RT, Beck RW, Birch EE, Cotter SA, Everett DF, et al. A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 2003;110(11):2075‐87. CENTRAL

Holmes 2003b {published data only}

Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Cole SR, Repka MX, Birch EE, et al. Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Archives of Ophthalmology 2003;121(11):1625‐32. CENTRAL

Holmes 2016 {published data only}

Holmes JM, Manh VM, Lazar El, Beck RW, Birch EE, Kraker RT, et al. Effect of a binocular iPad game vs part‐time patching in children aged 5 to 12 years with amblyopia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmology 2016;134(12):1391‐400. CENTRAL

Holmes 2019 {published data only}

Holmes JM, Manny RE, Lazar EL, Birch EE, Kelly KR, Summers AI, et al. A randomized trial of binocular dig rush game treatment for amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years of age. Ophthalmology 2019;126(3):456‐66. CENTRAL

Iacobucci 1977 {published data only}

Iacobucci I. Patching program for treatment of amblyopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology 1977;14(1):7‐11. CENTRAL

Irfani 2018 {published data only}

Irfani I, Feriyanto F, Oktarima P, Kartasasmita A. Visual acuity improvement in continuous vs divided occlusion in anisometropic amblyopia. Open Ophthalmology Journal 2018;12:1‐6. [DOI: 10.2174/1874364101812010001]CENTRAL

Iturriaga 2012 {published data only}

Iturriaga H, Zanolli M, Damm C, Oporto J, Acuna O, Valenzuela F. Frequent evaluation to improve compliance in patients treated with occlusion for amblyopia: a randomized controlled trial. Binocular Vision and Strabismus Quarterly 2012;27(3):195‐204. CENTRAL

Iturriaga Valenzuela 1993 {published data only}

Iturriaga Valenzuela H. Prevención y manejo de las hipocorrecciones en exotropías. Archivos Chilenos de Oftalmología 1993;50(1):17‐20. CENTRAL

Iwata 2018 {published data only}

Iwata Y, Handa T, Ishikawa H, Goseki T, Shoji N. Comparison between amblyopia treatment with glasses only and combination of glasses and open‐type binocular Occlu‐pad device. BioMed Research International 2018;Feb 19:2459696. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/2459696]CENTRAL

Jafari 2014 {published data only}

Jafari AR, Shafiee AA, Mirzajani A, Jamali P. CAM visual stimulation with conventional method of occlusion treatment in amblyopia: a randomized clinical trial. Tehran University Medical Journal 2014;72(1):7‐14. CENTRAL

Jauhari 2014 {published data only}

Jauhari N, Chopra D, Chaurasia RK, Agarwal A. Comparison of surgically induced astigmatism in various incisions in manual small incision cataract surgery. International Journal of Ophthalmology 2014;7(6):1001‐4. CENTRAL

JPRN‐UMIN000021628 {published data only}

JPRN‐UMIN000021628. Visual function evaluation of amblyopic patients before and after treatment. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000024945 (first received 31 March 2016). CENTRAL

JPRN‐UMIN000033195 {published data only}

JPRN‐UMIN000033195. Comparative study of amblyopia training effect using spectacles and combination of spectacles and occlu‐pad. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/icdr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000037850 (first received 10 July 2018). CENTRAL

Kamlesh 2008 {published data only}

Kamlesh GS, Bhola R, Fatima S, Goyal G, Dadeya SC. Levodopa as an adjuvant to conventional occlusion for treatment of amblyopia in children. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2008:Abstract 176. CENTRAL

Kampf 2008 {published data only}

Kampf U, Shamshinova A, Kaschtschenko T, Mascolus W, Pillunat L, Haase W. Long‐term application of computer‐based pleoptics in home therapy: selected results of a prospective multicenter study. Strabismus 2008;16(4):149‐58. CENTRAL

Katz 2015 {published data only}

Katz LJ, Erb C, Carceller GA, Fea AM, Voskanyan L, Wells JM, et al. Prospective, randomized study of one, two, or three trabecular bypass stents in open‐angle glaucoma subjects on topical hypotensive medication. Clinical Ophthalmology 2015;9:2313‐20. [DOI: 10.2147/opth.s96695]CENTRAL

Keith 1980 {published data only}

Keith CG, Howell ER, Mitchell DE, Smith S. Clinical trial of the use of rotating grating patterns in the treatment of amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1980;64(8):597‐606. CENTRAL

Kelly 2016a {published data only}

Kelly KR, Jost RM, Dao L, Beauchamp CL, Leffler JN, Birch EE. Binocular iPad game treatment for amblyopia is more successful than patching. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science2016; Vol. 57:ARVO E‐abstract 3078. CENTRAL

Kelly 2016b {published data only}

Kelly KR, Jost RM, Dao L, Beauchamp Cl, Leffler JN, Birch EE. Binocular iPad game vs patching for treatment of amblyopia in children: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmology 2016;134(12):1402‐8. CENTRAL

Kelly 2018 {published data only}

Kelly KR, Jost RM, Wang YZ, Dao L, Beauchamp CL, Leffler JN, et al. Improved binocular outcomes following binocular treatment for childhood amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2018;59(3):1221‐8. CENTRAL

Khan 2015 {published data only}

Khan MI, Ch'ng SW, Muhtaseb M. The use of toric intraocular lens to correct astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. Oman Journal of Ophthalmology 2015;8(1):38‐43. CENTRAL

Khodabakhsh 2018 {published data only}

Khodabakhsh AJ, Hofbauer J. Contralateral eye comparison of the phacoemulsification metrics, patient experience and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing bilateral cataract surgery with two commonly used femtosecond laser systems. Clinical Ophthalmology 2018;12:1391‐8. [DOI: 10.2147/opth.s164513]CENTRAL

Kim 2008 {published data only}

Kim YH, Choi MY. The prospective comparison of the efficacy of intermittent atropine penalization and part‐time occlusion therapy. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2008;49(6):958‐66. CENTRAL

Kim 2015 {published data only}

Kim M, Choi MY. Comparison of results after daily patching and alternate‐day patching to treat amblyopia. Journal of Korean Ophthalmological Society 2015;56(2):254‐62. CENTRAL

Kim 2018 {published data only}

Kim SJ, Jeon H, Jung JH, Lee KM, Choi HY. Comparison between over‐glasses patching and adhesive patching for children with moderate amblyopia: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2018;256(2):429‐37. CENTRAL

Kuming 1982 {published data only}

Kuming BS, Klugman M. The value of CAM visual stimulation. South African Archives of Ophthalmology 1982;9(3‐4):65‐70. CENTRAL

Lambert 2016 {published data only}

Lambert S, DuBois L, Cotsonis G, Hartmann E, Drews‐Botsch C. Factors associated with stereopsis and a good visual acuity outcome among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study. Eye 2016;30(9):1221‐8. CENTRAL

Lang 1965 {published data only}

Lang J. "Increasing occlusion" in the treatment of amblyopia with eccentric fixation [Die "Ansteigeokklusion" zur Behandlung der Amblyopie mit exzentrischer Fixation]. Ophthalmologica 1965;149(6):456‐62. CENTRAL

Lee 2018 {published data only}

Lee HJ, Kim SJ. Effectiveness of binocularity‐stimulating treatment in children with residual amblyopia following occlusion. BMC Ophthalmology 2018;18(1):253. CENTRAL

Lennerstrand 1983 {published data only}

Lennerstrand G. Recent advances in the management of amblyopia. International Rehabilitation Medicine 1983;5(3):128‐31. CENTRAL

Li 2014 {published data only}

Li JH, Feng YF, Zhao YE, Zhao YY, Lin L. Contrast visual acuity after multifocal intraocular lens implantation: aspheric versus spherical design. International Journal of Ophthalmology 2014;7(1):100‐3. CENTRAL

Liang 2016 {published data only}

Liang JL, Tian F, Zhang H, Teng H. Combination of Toric and multifocal intraocular lens implantation in bilateral cataract patients with unilateral astigmatism. International Journal of Ophthalmology 2016;9(12):1766‐71. CENTRAL

López 2015 {published data only}

López B, Fandiño A. Abordaje del paciente estrábico. Medicina Infantil 2015;22(2):184‐90. CENTRAL

Loudon 2006 {published data only}

Loudon SE, Fronius M, Looman CW, Awan M, Simonsz B, van der Maas PJ, et al. Predictors and a remedy for noncompliance with amblyopia therapy in children measured with the occlusion dose monitor. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2006;47(10):4393‐400. CENTRAL

Loudon 2009 {published data only}

Loudon SE, Passchier J, Chaker L, de Vos S, Fronius M, Harrad RA, et al. Psychological causes of non‐compliance with electronically monitored occlusion therapy for amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;93(11):1499‐503. CENTRAL

Lyon 2013 {published data only}

Lyon DW, Hopkins K, Chu RH, Tamkins SM, Cotter SA, Melia BM, et al. Feasibility of a clinical trial of vision therapy for treatment of amblyopia. Optometry and Vision Science 2013;90(5):475‐81. CENTRAL

Mackensen 1965 {published data only}

Mackensen G, Kroner B, Postic G. On the change of eccentric fixation under occlusion treatment [Zur Anderung der exzentrischen Fixation unter der Okklusionsbehandlung]. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 1965;147(2):213‐30. CENTRAL

Malik 1970 {published data only}

Malik SR, Gupta AK, Grover VK. Occlusion therapy in amblyopia with eccentric fixation. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1970;54(1):41‐5. CENTRAL

Medghalchi 2011 {published data only}

Medghalchi AR, Dalili S. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2011;13(8):578‐81. CENTRAL

Mehdorn 1981 {published data only}

Mehdorn E, Mattheus S, Schuppe A, Klein U, Kommerell G. Treatment for amblyopia with rotating gratings and subsequent occlusion: a controlled study. International Ophthalmology 1981;3(3):161‐6. CENTRAL

NCT00094744 {published data only}

NCT00094744. Trial comparing part‐time versus full‐time patching for severe amblyopia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00094744 (first received 25 October 2004). CENTRAL

NCT00212134 {published data only}

NCT00212134. Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00212134 (first received 21 September 2005). CENTRAL

NCT00315198 {published data only}

NCT00315198. Trial comparing near versus distance activities while patching for amblyopia in children 3 to <7 Years Old. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00315198 (first received 18 April 2006). CENTRAL

NCT00498641 {published data only}

NCT00498641. Anisometropia amblyopia improved by perceptual learning and patching. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00498641 (first received 10 July 2007). CENTRAL

NCT00525174 {published data only}

NCT00525174. Full‐time Bangerter filters versus part‐time daily patching for moderate amblyopia in children. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00525174 (first received 5 September 2007). CENTRAL

NCT00574717 {published data only}

NCT00574717. Enhancement of emmetropization in highly hyperopic infants. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00574717 (first received 17 December 2007). CENTRAL

NCT00945100 {published data only}

NCT00945100. Increasing patching for amblyopia in children 3 to < 8 years old. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00945100 (first received 23 July 2009). CENTRAL

NCT01032330 {published data only}

NCT01032330. Observation versus occlusion therapy for intermittent exotropia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01032330 (first received 15 December 2009). CENTRAL

NCT02200211 {published data only}

NCT02200211. Study of binocular computer activities for treatment of amblyopia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02200211 (first received 25 July 2014). CENTRAL

NCT02466659 {published data only}

NCT02466659. Controlled intermittent alternate occlusion (CIAO) therapy for intermittent exotropia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02466659 (first received 9 June 2015). CENTRAL

NCT02590744 {published data only}

NCT02590744. Effects of preoperative using of eye patches on prevention of emergence agitation after cataract surgery. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02590744 (first received 29 October 2015). CENTRAL

NCT02767856 {published data only}

NCT02767856. Regimens of intermittent occlusion therapy for amblyopia in children. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02767856 (first received 10 May 2016). CENTRAL

NCT02970708 {published data only}

NCT02970708. Efficacy and safety of Eyetronix flicker glasses to the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02970708 (first received 22 November 2016). CENTRAL

NCT03080285 {published data only}

NCT03080285. Efficacy of over‐glasses patch treatment for amblyopia in children: OPTA study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03080285 (first received 15 March 2017). CENTRAL

NCT03255707 {published data only}

NCT03255707. A comparative study between dissociative treatment and binocular interactive treatment in amblyopia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03255707 (first received 21 August 2017). CENTRAL

NCT03342235 {published data only}

NCT03342235. Excimer laser surgery for anisometropic amblyopia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03342235 (first received 14 November 2017). CENTRAL

NCT03655912 {published data only}

NCT03655912. Binocular visual therapy and video games for amblyopia treatment. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03655912 (first received 31 August 2018). CENTRAL

NCT03767985 {published data only}

NCT03767985. Patching or gaming as amblyopia treatment?. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03767985 (first received 7 December 2018). CENTRAL

Nyman 1983 {published data only}

Nyman KG, Singh G, Rydberg A, Fornander M. Controlled study comparing CAM treatment with occlusion therapy. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1983;67(3):178‐80. CENTRAL

Ott 2015 {published data only}

Ott P, Neely D, Wang J, Galli J, Smith H, Donaldson D, et al. Compliance with AmblyzTM liquid crystal glasses versus traditional adhesive patches. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2015;56:ARVO E‐abstract 2186. CENTRAL

Ott 2016 {published data only}

Ott P, Neely D, Galli J, Damarjian T, Schliesser J, Smith H, et al. A randomized trial of amblyz liquid crystal occlusion glasses vs traditional patching for treatment of moderate unilateral amblyopia in children: 6‐month outcome. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science2016; Vol. 57:ARVO E‐abstract 3079. CENTRAL

Parr 2018 {published data only}

Parr JR, Todhunter E, Pennington L, Stocken D, Cadwgan J, O'Hare AE, et al. Drooling Reduction Intervention randomised trial (DRI): comparing the efficacy and acceptability of hyoscine patches and glycopyrronium liquid on drooling in children with neurodisability. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2018;103(4):371‐6. CENTRAL

Pawar 2014 {published data only}

Pawar P, Mumbare S, Patil M, Ramakrishnan S. Effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia around visual maturity: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2014;62(2):124‐9. CENTRAL

Pieris 2014 {published data only}

Pieris N, Baldwin AD, DeSilva P, Wong M. Unequal pupils following removal of hyoscine patch. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2014;99(3):196. CENTRAL

Pistelka 1973 {published data only}

Pistelka Z. In‐patient pleoptic and orthoptic treatment and its results in pre‐school children [Ustavni pleopticko‐ortopticka lecba a jeji vysledky u deti predskolniho veku]. Ceskoslovenska Oftalmologie 1973;29(1):41‐9. CENTRAL

Prakash 1986 {published data only}

Prakash P, Karmacharya PC, Menon V. Evaluation of CAM vision stimulator in the therapy of amblyopia. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 1986;34:300‐3. CENTRAL

Priegnitz 1965 {published data only}

Priegnitz F, Zimmer R. On the occlusive treatment of amblyopia with eccentric fixation [Zur okklusivbehandlung von amblyopien mit exzentrischer fixation]. Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen 1965;20(42):1915‐8. CENTRAL

Procianoy 2000 {published data only}

Procianoy E, Fuchs FD, Procianoy F, Procianoy L. Levodopa use in amblyopia patients [Uso de levodopa em pacientes com ambliopia]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2000;63(5):399‐402. CENTRAL

Rajavi 2016 {published data only}

Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Amini Sharifi E, Behradfar N, Yaseri M. The role of Interactive Binocular Treatment system in amblyopia therapy. Journal of Current Ophthalmology 2016;28(4):217‐2. CENTRAL

Repka 2003 {published data only}

Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, Birch EE, Chandler DL, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Archives of Ophthalmology 2003;121(5):603‐11. CENTRAL

Repka 2007 {published data only}

Repka MX, Melia M, Eibschitz‐Tsimhoni M, London R, Magoon E, Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. The effect on refractive error of unilateral atropine as compared with patching for the treatment of amblyopia. Journal of AAPOS 2007;11(3):300‐2. CENTRAL

Repka 2010 {published data only}

Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, Atkinson SC, Bacal DA, Bremer DL, et al. A pilot study of levodopa as treatment for residual amblyopia in children 8 to 17 years old. Archives of Ophthalmology 2010;128:1215‐7. CENTRAL

Repka 2014 {published data only}

Repka M, Kraker R, Holmes J, Summers A, Glaser SR, Barnhardt C, et al. Atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow‐up at 15 years of age of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmology 2014;132(7):799‐805. CENTRAL

Roberts 2018 {published data only}

Roberts HW, Wagh VK, Sullivan DL, Archer TJ, O'Brart DPS. Refractive outcomes after limbal relaxing incisions or femtosecond laser arcuate keratotomy to manage corneal astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2018;44(8):955‐63. CENTRAL

Roberts 2019 {published data only}

Roberts HW, Wagh VK, Sullivan DL, Hidzheva P, Detesan DI, Heemraz BS, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing femtosecond laser‐assisted cataract surgery versus conventional phacoemulsification surgery. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery 2019;45(1):11‐20. CENTRAL

Roefs 2008 {published data only}

Roefs AM, Tjiam AM, Vukovic E, Loudon SE, Felius J, Simonsz HJ. Qol and compliance during occlusion therapy for amblyopia in a prospective, double blind study comparing four brands of occlusion patches. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008:ARVO E‐abstract 2583. CENTRAL

Rutstein 2010 {published data only}

Rutstein RP, Quinn GE, Lazar EL, Beck RW, Bonsall DJ, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial comparing Bangerter filters and patching for the treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 2010;117(5):998‐1004. CENTRAL

Schor 1983 {published data only}

Schor C, Wick B. Rotating grating treatment of amblyopia with and without eccentric fixation. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1983;54(6):545‐9. CENTRAL

Shroff 1983 {published data only}

Shroff AP, Billore OP, Dubey AK, Antani PR. A combined approach by spectacle correction, occlusion and active pleoptic treatment in management of amblyopia. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 1983;31(5):568‐9. CENTRAL

Sikder 2008 {published data only}

Sikder AM, Husain R, Islam S. A randomized trial of part‐time versus full‐time patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia. Al‐Shifa Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;4(1):9‐18. CENTRAL

Song 2018 {published data only}

Song H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Shi D, Li X. Bandage lenses in the postoperative care for cataract surgery patients: a substitute for eye patch?. Journal of Ophthalmology2018:1493967. [DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1493967]CENTRAL

Stangogiannis Druya 2006 {published data only}

Stangogiannis Druya C, Naranjo‐Tackman R, Hernández‐Quintela E, Beltrán F. Different strategies for the treatment of mixed astigmatism through biotic ablation with laser‐assisted in situ keratomiulesis (LASIK) [Diferentes estrategias de tratamiento del astigmatismo mixto mediante ablación bitórica con queratomiulesis in situ asistida con láser (LASIK)]. Revista Oftalmologica Venezolana 2006;62(1):10‐5. CENTRAL

Stankovic 2007 {published data only}

Stankovic B, Milenkovic S. Continuous full‐time occlusion of the sound eye vs full‐time occlusion of the sound eye periodically alternating with occlusion of the amblyopic eye in treatment of amblyopia: a prospective randomized study. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;17(1):11‐9. CENTRAL

Stewart 2007 {published data only}

Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, Moseley MJ, ROTAS Cooperative. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ 2007;335(7622):707. CENTRAL

Stojcevska 1975 {published data only}

Stojcevska V. Pleoptic orthoptic treatment of functional amblyopia [Pleopticko ortopticko lekuvanje na funkcionalnite amblyopii]. Godis̆en Zbornik na Medicinskiot Fakultet vo Skopje 1975;21:201‐5. CENTRAL

Thomas 2004 {published data only}

Thomas RB, Rao BV, Matalia J. Comparison of atropine and patching treatments. Ophthalmology 2004;111(2):407‐8. CENTRAL

Thompson 2014 {published data only}

Thompson B, Lagas A, Stinear C, Byblow W, Russel B, Kydd R. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to treat amblyopia in adulthood. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2014;55(13):801. CENTRAL

Tomlinson 1973 {published data only}

Tomlinson E, Jablonski M. Results of modified pleoptic therapy in eccentric fixation. American Orthoptic Journal 1973;23:60‐4. CENTRAL

Tommila 1969 {published data only}

Tommila V, Nordman E. Late results of pleoptic treatment. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1969;53(11):769‐72. CENTRAL

Tommila 1974 {published data only}

Tommila V. Occlusion therapy of amblyopia [Amblyopian peittohoito]. Duodecim 1974;90(4):295‐304. CENTRAL

Tytla 1981 {published data only}

Tytla ME, Labow‐Daily LS. Evaluation of the CAM treatment for amblyopia: a controlled study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1981;20(3):400‐6. CENTRAL

Valdez 2000 {published data only}

Valdez JE, Graue WE, Suárez SR, Ramírez T, Garza MM, Aguilar DB, et al. Analgesia in photorefractive procedures. A comparison between drops, collagen shields and disposable contact lenses [Analgesia en procedimientos fotorrefractivos. Una comparación entre gotas, escudos de colágeno y lentes de contacto desechables]. Revista Mexicana Oftalmologia 2000;74(5):211‐4. CENTRAL

Veronneau 1974 {published data only}

Veronneau Troutman S, Dayanoff SS, Stohler T, Clahane AC. Conventional occlusion vs. pleoptics in the treatment of amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1974;78(1):117‐20. CENTRAL

Vogel González 1998 {published data only}

Vogel González M. Ambliopía. Pediatria 1998;41(3/4):129‐30. CENTRAL

Wallace 2006 {published data only}

Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, Beck RW, Arnold RW, Astle WF, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology 2006;113(6):904‐12. CENTRAL

Wallace 2013 {published data only}

Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Holmes JM, Petersen D, Repka MX, Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of increased patching for amblyopia. Journal of AAPOS 2013;17(1):e10. CENTRAL

Walsh 2009 {published data only}

Walsh LA, Hahn EK, LaRoche GR. The method of treatment cessation and recurrence rate of amblyopia. Strabismus 2009;17(3):107‐16. CENTRAL

Widder 1967 {published data only}

Widder W. Experiences with occlusion therapy in the 5th‐7th years of age [Erfahrungen mit der Okklusionstherapie im 5.‐7. Lebensjahr]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 1967;151(5):684‐702. CENTRAL

Yan 2008 {published data only}

Yan JJ, Peng HC, Wu CX, Liu ZY, Wang YF. A clinical trial of atropine penalization vs patching for treatment of monocular amblyopia. International Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;8:777‐8. CENTRAL

Yin 2016 {published data only}

Yin Z, Xia XG, Huang MZ, Li T, Hao QQ, Jiang M, et al. Clinical observation of visual physiological stimulation with three‐dimensional visual training for amblyopia in children. International Eye Science 2016;16(5):927‐9. CENTRAL

Zang 1988 {published data only}

Zang YF, Guo JQ, Liu JQ. Occlusion therapy for amblyopia and stereopsis. Chinese Medical Journal 1988;101(10):719‐22. CENTRAL

Referencias de los estudios en espera de evaluación

Bicas 1991 {published data only}

Bicas HE. Ambliopia. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 1991;54(3):139‐47. CENTRAL

Buckley 2005 {published data only}

Buckley EG. Amblyopia treatment post cataract extraction. Archivos Chilenos de Oftalmología 2005;63(2):81‐4. CENTRAL

ChiCTR1800018182 {published data only}

ChiCTR1800018182. Therapeutic effect of virtual reality visual acuity training instrument on children with amblyopia. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=30374 (first received 4 September 2018). CENTRAL

Correa 1994 {published data only}

Correa BA, Almeida HC, Vasconcelos MG. Ambliopia; estudo comparativo entre dois métodos de oclusäo. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia 1994;53(4):77‐82. CENTRAL

France 2005 {published data only}

France TD. Amblyopia treatment modalities: a changing paradigm?. Archivos Chilenos de Oftalmología 2005;63(2):93‐5. CENTRAL

Haase 1993 {published data only}

Haase W, Fuisting B, Graefe S, Drobnig J. Disturbances of monocular localization in amblyopia and its relation to visual acuity. Archivos Chilenos de Oftalmología 1993;50(1):156‐64. CENTRAL

Metz 2005 {published data only}

Metz HS. Visual deficits in amblyopia. Archivos Chilenos de Oftalmología 2005;63(2):79‐80. CENTRAL

Orefice 1992 {published data only}

Orefice NL. Tratamento da ambliopia em crianças com idade acima dos 7 anos. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia 1992;51(6):387‐90. CENTRAL

Osorio 1988 {published data only}

Osorio LA. The problem of strabic amblyopia in preschoolers in children under 5 years [O problema da ambliopia estrábica nos pré escolares em crianças menores de 5 anos]. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia 1988;47(2):115‐6. CENTRAL

Pasmanik 1992 {published data only}

Pasmanik S. Visual sharpness in childhood [Agudeza visual en la infancia]. Diálogos en Pediatría 1992;6:22‐33. CENTRAL

Ramírez 1998 {published data only}

Ramírez C. Ambliopia. Actualidad Pediatrica 1998;8(2):71‐2. CENTRAL

Rosso 2005 {published data only}

Rosso R, Silva MI, Ibarra X, Salgado C. Amblyopia: an emergency in pediatrics [Ambliopía: una urgencia en pediatría]. Pediatría al dia 2005;21(1):42‐4. CENTRAL

NCT02236351 {published data only}

NCT02236351. New pediatric patching method to improve compliance. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02236351 (first received 10 September 2014). CENTRAL

NCT02687581 {published data only}

NCT02687581. Efficacy of intermittent occlusion therapy glasses for amblyopia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02687581 (first received 22 February 2016). CENTRAL

AAO 2002

American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: amblyopia. San Francisco, CA2002.

Adams 1999

Adams GG, Karas MP. Effect of amblyopia on employment prospects. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1999;83(3):380.

Awan 2005

Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. A randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors to record compliance. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science 2005;46(4):1435‐9.

Awaya 1973

Awaya S, Miyake Y, Imaizumi Y, Shinose Y, Kanda T, Komoru K. Amblyopia in man, suggestive of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 1973;17:69‐82.

Birch 1986

Birch EE, Stager DR, Wright WW. Grating acuity development after early surgery for congenital unilateral cataract. Archives of Ophthalmology 1986;104(12):1783‐7.

Birch 1988

Birch EE, Stager D. Prevalence of good visual acuity following surgery for congenital unilateral cataract. Archives of Ophthalmology 1988;106(1):40‐3.

Boothe 2000

Boothe RG, Fulton AB. Amblyopia. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA editor(s). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Co, 2000.

Brown 1999

Brown SM, Archer S, Del Monte MA. Stereopsis and binocular vision after surgery for unilateral infantile cataract. Journal of AAPOS 1999;3(2):109‐13.

Brown 2000

Brown SA, Weih LM, Fu CL, Dimitrov P, Taylor HR, McCarty CA. Prevalence of amblyopia and associated refractive errors in an adult population in Victoria, Australia. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2000;7(4):249‐58.

Buch 2001

Buch H, Vinding T, La Cour M, Nielsen NV. The prevalence and causes of bilateral and unilateral blindness in an elderly urban Danish population. The Copenhagen City Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2001;79(5):441‐9.

Dandona 2003

Dandona R, Dandona L. Childhood blindness in India: a population based perspective. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2003;87(3):263‐5.

Dray 2002

Dray JP, Leibovitch I. Congenital ptosis and amblyopia: a retrospective study of 130 cases. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2002;39(4):222‐5.

Drummond 1989

Drummond GT, Scott WE, Keech RV. Management of monocular congenital cataracts. Archives of Ophthalmology 1989;107(1):45‐51.

Duke‐Elder 1973

Duke‐Elder S, Wybar K. Ocular motility and strabismus. In: Duke‐Elder S editor(s). System of Ophthalmology. St Louis (MO): C.V. Mosby Co, 1973.

Enoch 1983

Enoch J, Hamer R. Image size correction of the unilateral aphakic infant. Ophthalmic Paediatrics and Genetics 1983;2:153‐65.

Fanz 1958

Fanz RL. Pattern vision in young infants. Psychological Research 1958;8:43‐7.

Ferrone 1994

Ferrone PJ, de Juan E. Vitreous hemorrhage in infants. Archives of Ophthalmology 1994;112(9):1185‐9.

Fulton 1978

Fulton AB, Manning KA, Dobson V. A behavioral method for efficient screening of visual acuity in young infants. II. Clinical application. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science 1978;17(12):1151‐7.

Glanville 2006

Glanville JM, Lefebvre C, Miles JN, Camosso‐Stefinovic J. How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(2):130‐6.

Gregg 1992

Gregg FM, Parks M. Stereopsis after congenital cataract extraction. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1992;114(3):314‐7.

Gusek‐Schneider 2000

Gusek‐Schneider GC, Martus P. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia in human congenital ptosis: a study of 100 patients. Strabismus 2000;8(4):261‐70.

Harwerth 1990

Harwerth RS, Smith EL, Crawford ML, von Noorden GK. Behavioral studies of the sensitive periods of development of visual functions in monkeys. Behavioural Brain Research 1990;41(3):179‐98.

Higgins 2019

Higgins JP, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JA. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane, 2019. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.

Hillis 1983

Hillis A, Flynn JT, Hawkins BS. The evolving concept of amblyopia: a challenge to epidemiologists. American Journal of Epidemiology 1983;118(2):192‐205.

Hockfield 1998

Hockfield S, Lombroso PJ. Development of the cerebral cortex: IX Cortical development and experience: I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998;37(9):992‐3.

Kanski 1994

Kanski JJ. Clinical Ophthalmology. 3rd Edition. Oxford (UK): Butterworth Heinemann, 1994.

Kvarnstrom 2001

Kvarnstrom G, Jakobsson P Lennerstrand G. Visual screening of Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2001;79(3):240‐4.

Li 2009

Li T, Shotton K. Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006460]

Loudon 2002

Loudon SE, Polling JR, Simonsz HJ. A preliminary report about the relation between visual acuity increase and compliance in patching therapy for amblyopia. Strabismus 2002;10(2):79‐82.

Lundvall 2002

Lundvall A, Kugelberg U. Outcome after treatment of congenital unilateral cataract. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandanavica 2002;80(6):588‐92.

Maurer 1989

Maurer D, Lewis TL, Brent HP. The effects of deprivation on human visual development: studies of children treated for cataracts. In: Morrison FJ, Lord C, Keating DP editor(s). Applied Developmental Psychology Vol 3: Psychological Development in Infancy. San Diego (CA): Academic Press, 1989:39‐227.

Mayer 1989

Mayer DL, Moore B, Robb RM. Assessment of vision and amblyopia by preferential looking tests after early surgery for unilateral congenital cataracts. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1989;26(2):61‐8.

McCulloch 1994

McCulloch DL, Skarf B. Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials following early treatment of unilateral, congenital cataract. Archives of Ophthalmology 1994;112(4):510‐8.

Mein 1991

Mein J, Trimble R. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders. 2nd Edition. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.

Moseley 2002

Moseley M, Neufield M, McCarry B, Charnock A, McNamara R, Rice T, et al. Remediation of refractive amblyopia by optical correction alone. Ophthalmology and Physiological Optics 2002;22(4):296‐9.

Newman 2000

Newman DK, East MM. Prevalence of amblyopia among defaulters of preschool vision screening. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2000;7(1):67‐71.

Pratt‐Johnson 2001

Pratt‐Johnson JA, Tillson G. Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia: a Practical Guide. 2nd Edition. New York (NY): Thieme, 2001.

Rahi 2002

Rahi J, Logan S, Timms C, Russell Eggitt I, Taylor D. Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non‐amblyopic eye: a population‐based study. Lancet 2002;360(9333):597‐602.

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Robb 1987

Robb RM, Mayer DL, Moore BD. Results of early treatment of unilateral congenital cataracts. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1987;24(4):178‐81.

Schmidt 1994

Schmidt PP. Vision screening with the RDE stereotest in pediatric populations. Optometry and Vision Science 1994;71(4):273‐81.

Schulz 1982

Schulz E. Amblyopia and refractive error in patients who suffered from eyelid haemangioma in early childhood [Deprivationsamblyopie und refraktionsanomalie bei fruhkindlichen lidhamangiomen]. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 1982;181(3):192‐4.

Sebris 1987

Sebris S, Dobson V, Macdonald M, Teller DY. Acuity cards for visual acuity assessment of infants and children in clinical settings. Clinical Vision Science 1987;2:45‐58.

Simon 1987

Simon JW, Parks MM, Price EC. Severe visual loss resulting from occlusion therapy for amblyopia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1987;24(5):244‐6.

Stewart 2003

Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Fielder A. Defining and measuring treatment outcomes in unilateral amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2003;87(10):1229‐31.

Stewart 2005

Stewart CE, Fielder AR, Stephens DA, Moseley MJ, MOTAS Cooperative. Treatment of unilateral amblyopia: factors influencing visual outcome. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science 2005;46(9):3152‐60.

Taylor 1997

Taylor D, Hoyt C. Practical Pediatric Ophthalmology. 1st Edition. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science, 1997.

Taylor 2011

Taylor K, Elliott S. Interventions for strabismic amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006461.pub3]

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Taylor K, Powell C, Hatt SR. Interventions for unilateral and bilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005137.pub3]

Von Noorden 1973

Von Noorden GK. Experimental amblyopia in monkeys. Further behavioral observations and clinical correlations. Investigative Ophthalmology 1973;12(10):721‐6.

Von Noorden 1981

Von Noorden GK. New clinical aspects of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1981;92(3):416‐21.

Wiesel 1963

Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. Journal of Neurophysiology 1963;28(6):1029‐40.

Wright 1986

Wright KW, Edelman PM, Walonker F, Yiu S. Reliability of fixation preference testing in diagnosing amblyopia. Archives of Ophthalmology 1986;104(4):549‐53.

Zipf 1976

Zipf FR. Binocular fixation pattern. Archives of Ophthalmology 1976;94(3):401‐5.

Referencias de otras versiones publicadas de esta revisión

Antonio‐Santos 2004

Antonio‐Santos A, Mathew M, Powell C, Hatt S. Interventions for stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005136]

Antonio‐Santos 2006

Antonio‐Santos A, Vedula SS, Hatt SR, Powell C. Interventions for stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005136.pub2]

Antonio‐Santos 2014

Antonio‐Santos A, Vedula SS, Hatt SR, Powell C. Occlusion for stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005136.pub3]

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Study

Reason for exclusion

Agafonov 2007

Not a randomized controlled trial

Almeida 1988

Not a randomized controlled trial

Arruga 1966

Not a randomized controlled trial

Botabekova 2004

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Brik 1996

Not population of interest

Clarke 2003

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Cramer 1966

Not a randomized controlled trial

CTRI/2018/04/012942

Not a randomized controlled trial

CTRI/2018/08/015346

Not population of interest

Cunha 2005

Not population of interest

Cuppers 1967

Not a randomized controlled triala

Curi 2002

Not a randomized controlled trial

Dadeya 2016

Not population of interest

Diez‐Ajenjo 2014

Not intervention of interest

Drews‐Botsch 2016

Not intervention of interest

Earl 2014

Not population of interest

Fletcher 1969a

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Fletcher 1969b

Not a randomized controlled trial

Flynn 1967

Not a randomized controlled trial

Flynn 1968

Not a randomized controlled trial

François 1955

Not a randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trial

Fu 2017

Not population of interest

Funghini 1973

Not a randomized controlled trial

Gao 2018

Not population of interest

Gernet 1958

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Griffin 2016

Not population of interest

Hamm 2017

Not a randomized controlled trial

Hartman 1982

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

He 2018

Not intervention of interest

Herbison 2016

Not population of interest

Hertle 2007

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Hillier 2019

Not population of interest

Holmes 2003a

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Holmes 2003b

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Holmes 2016

Not population of interest

Holmes 2019

Not population of interest

Iacobucci 1977

Not a randomized controlled trial

Irfani 2018

Not population of interest

Iturriaga 2012

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Iturriaga Valenzuela 1993

Not intervention of interest

Iwata 2018

Not population of interest

Jafari 2014

Not population of interest

Jauhari 2014

Not intervention of interest

JPRN‐UMIN000021628

Not a randomized controlled trial

JPRN‐UMIN000033195

Not population of interest

Kamlesh 2008

Conference abstract; study investigators contacted but no response; unlikely to be relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia.

Kampf 2008

Not a randomized controlled trial

Katz 2015

Not intervention of interest

Keith 1980

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Kelly 2016a

Not population of interest

Kelly 2016b

Not population of interest

Kelly 2018

Not a randomized controlled trial

Khan 2015

Not a randomized controlled trial

Khodabakhsh 2018

Not intervention of interest

Kim 2008

Not population of interest

Kim 2015

Not population of interest

Kim 2018

Not population of interest

Kuming 1982

Not a randomized controlled trial

Lambert 2016

Not intervention of interest

Lang 1965

Case‐series, non‐comparativea

Lee 2018

Not population of interest

Lennerstrand 1983

Not population of interest

Li 2014

Not intervention of interest

Liang 2016

Not intervention of interest

Loudon 2006

Not intervention of interest

Loudon 2009

Not intervention of interest

Lyon 2013

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

López 2015

Not a randomized controlled trial

Mackensen 1965

Not a randomized controlled triala

Malik 1970

Not a randomized controlled trial

Medghalchi 2011

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Mehdorn 1981

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

NCT00094744

Not population of interest

NCT00212134

Not intervention of interest

NCT00315198

Not population of interest

NCT00498641

Not population of interest

NCT00525174

Not population of interest

NCT00574717

Not population of interest

NCT00945100

Not population of interest

NCT01032330

Not population of interest

NCT02200211

Not population of interest

NCT02466659

Not intervention of interest

NCT02590744

Not population of interest

NCT02767856

Not population of interest

NCT02970708

Not population of interest

NCT03080285

Not population of interest

NCT03255707

Not population of interest

NCT03342235

Not population of interest

NCT03655912

Not population of interest

NCT03767985

Not population of interest

Nyman 1983

Data on stimulus deprivation amblyopia included but could not be extrapolated and no longer available.

Ott 2015

Not population of interest

Ott 2016

Not population of interest

Parr 2018

Not population of interest

Pawar 2014

Not population of interest

Pieris 2014

Not intervention of interest

Pistelka 1973

Not a randomized controlled trial

Prakash 1986

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Priegnitz 1965

Not a randomized controlled triala

Procianoy 2000

Not a randomized controlled trial

Rajavi 2016

Not population of interest

Repka 2003

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Repka 2007

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Repka 2010

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Repka 2014

Not population of interest

Roberts 2018

Not intervention of interest

Roberts 2019

Not intervention of interest

Roefs 2008

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Rutstein 2010

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Schor 1983

Not population of interest

Shroff 1983

Not a randomized controlled trial

Sikder 2008

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Song 2018

Not intervention of interest

Stangogiannis Druya 2006

Not intervention of interest

Stankovic 2007

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Stewart 2007

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Stojcevska 1975

Not a randomized controlled triala

Thomas 2004

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Thompson 2014

Not population of interest

Tomlinson 1973

Not a randomized controlled trial

Tommila 1969

Not a randomized controlled trial

Tommila 1974

Not a randomized controlled trial

Tytla 1981

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Valdez 2000

Not population of interest

Veronneau 1974

Used historical controls

Vogel González 1998

Not a randomized controlled trial

Wallace 2006

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Wallace 2013

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Walsh 2009

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopia

Widder 1967

Not a randomized controlled triala

Yan 2008

Not relevant to stimulus deprivation amblyopiaa

Yin 2016

Not population of interest

Zang 1988

Not a randomized controlled trial

aFull‐text articles of these studies published in non‐English languages were reviewed and are noted in this table.

Characteristics of studies awaiting assessment [ordered by study ID]

Bicas 1991

Methods

Title: Ambliopia

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Buckley 2005

Methods

Title: Amblyopia treatment post cataract extraction

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

ChiCTR1800018182

Methods

Title: Therapeutic effect of virtual reality visual acuity training instrument on children with amblyopia

Study design: parallel interventional study

Unit of randomization and analysis: individual

Number randomized: total 66, per group 33

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: China

Inclusion criteria: children ages 3–12 years old with diagnosed amblyopia who have not received amblyopia treatment before

Exclusion criteria: organic ophthalmopathy, occupying lesions in adjacent parts, unable to use the virtual reality vision trainers

Interventions

Intervention 1: virtual reality vision training instrument

Intervention 2: comprehensive treatment of traditional amblyopia

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: vision improvement

  • Secondary: visual function recovery

Notes

Funding source: company (no further details reported)

Correa 1994

Methods

Title: Amblyopia; comparative study between two occlusion methods

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: 59 participants (included, not clear if they were randomized)

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: occlusion for number of days corresponding with the age of the child.

Intervention 2: occlusion for number of weeks corresponding with the age of the child.

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

France 2005

Methods

Title: Amblyopia treatment modalities: a changing paradigm?

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Haase 1993

Methods

Title: Disturbances of monocular localization in amblyopia and its relation to visual acuity

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Metz 2005

Methods

Title: Visual deficits in amblyopia

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Orefice 1992

Methods

Title: Treatment of amblyopia in children over 7 years old

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: participants

Number randomized: 100 (included, not clear if they were randomized)

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: 9 participants in total

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Osorio 1988

Methods

Title: The problem of strabic amblyopia in preschoolers in children under 5 years

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Pasmanik 1992

Methods

Title: Visual acuity in childhood

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Ramírez 1998

Methods

Title: Ambliopia

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Rosso 2005

Methods

Title: Amblyopia: an emergency in pediatrics

Study design: not reported

Unit of randomization and analysis: not reported

Number randomized: not reported

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: not reported

Inclusion criteria: not reported

Exclusion criteria: not reported

Interventions

Intervention 1: not reported

Intervention 2: not reported

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes: not reported

  • Primary: not reported

  • Secondary: not reported

Notes

No full‐text available

Characteristics of ongoing studies [ordered by study ID]

NCT02236351

Trial name or title

New pediatric patching method to improve compliance

Methods

Study design: parallel randomized controlled trial

Unit of randomization and analysis: individual

Estimated enrolment: 156

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: US

Inclusion criteria: prescribed eye patch to treat strabismus, anisometropia, or deprivation amblyopia; ages birth to 7 years

Exclusion criteria: known skin reaction to patch or bandage adhesive

Interventions

Intervention 1: apply patches after pinching the middle of the superior and inferior edges of the patch so that the patch is convex and the center is raised above the eye.

Intervention 2: apply patches using the standard technique: applying the patch evenly and flatly around the orbit.

Length of follow‐up: not reported

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: survey responses

Starting date

June 2014

Contact information

Michael A Puente, Jr

Texas Children's Hospital

Notes

Source of funding: not reported

NCT02687581

Trial name or title

Efficacy of intermittent occlusion therapy glasses for amblyopia

Methods

Study design: parallel randomized controlled trial

Unit of randomization and analysis: individual

Estimated enrolment: 81

Sample size calculation: not reported

Participants

Country: US

Inclusion criteria: ages 3–7 years; amblyopia associated with strabismus, anisometropia, or both; visual acuity in the amblyopic eye between 20/100 and 20/400 inclusive; visual acuity in the sound eye 20/32 or better; wearing optimal spectacle correction for a minimum of 4 weeks at the time of enrolment; gestational age > 34 weeks and birth weight > 1500 g

Exclusion criteria: amblyopic eye has myopia worse than –3.00 D spherical equivalent; previous amblyopia treatment within 6 months; prior intraocular or refractive surgery; systematic diseases

Interventions

Intervention 1: 12‐hour IO‐therapy Glasses

Intervention 2: 6‐hour patching

Length of follow‐up: 13 weeks' post‐treatment

Outcomes

Measured outcomes

  • Primary: visual acuity

Starting date

April 2016

Contact information

Jingyun Wang

Salus University

[email protected]

Notes

Source of funding: Salus University

Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.