Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis

Anne R Mason; James Mason; Michael Cork; Gordon Dooley; Helen Hancock

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005028.pub3

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Figure 1

Chronic plaque psoriasis
Source: Dermis Dermatology Atlas Online (used with permission)

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Figure 2

The epidermis in the skin of people with and without psoriasis

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Figure 3

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other treatments: complex regimens, outcome: 13.5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other treatment: long term studies (>24wks), outcome: 14.5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, outcome: 18.5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Vitamin D analogues versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 3.9

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 3.10

Comparison 3 Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 4.7

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 4.8

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 4.9

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 4.10

Comparison 4 Dithranol versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 5.7

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 5.8

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 5.9

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 5.10

Comparison 5 Vitamin D combination products versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 6.6

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 6.7

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 6.8

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 6.9

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 6.10

Comparison 6 Other treatment versus placebo, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 7.2

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 7.3

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 7.4

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 7.5

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 7.6

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 7.7

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 7.8

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 7.9

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 7.10

Comparison 7 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent), Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 8.3

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 8.4

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 8.5

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 8.6

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 8.7

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 8.8

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 8.9

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 8.10

Comparison 8 Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent), Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 9.1

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 9.2

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 9.3

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 9.4

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 9.5

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 9.6

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 9.7

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 9.8

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 9.9

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 9.10

Comparison 9 Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 10.1

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 10.2

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 10.3

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 10.4

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 10.5

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 10.6

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 10.7

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 10.8

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 10.9

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 10.10

Comparison 10 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 11.1

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 11.2

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 11.3

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 11.4

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 11.5

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 11.6

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 11.7

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 11.8

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 11.9

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 11.10

Comparison 11 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 12.1

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 12.2

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 12.3

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 12.4

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 12.5

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 12.6

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 12.7

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 12.8

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 12.9

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 12.10

Comparison 12 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 13.1

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 13.2

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 13.3

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 13.4

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 13.5

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 13.6

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 13.7

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 13.8

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 13.9

Comparison 13 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 14.1

Comparison 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks), Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 14.5

Comparison 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks), Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 14.6

Comparison 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks), Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 14.7

Comparison 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks), Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 14.8

Comparison 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks), Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 14.9

Comparison 14 Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks), Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 15.1

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 15.2

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 15.3

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 15.4

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 15.5

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 15.6

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 15.7

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 15.8

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 15.9

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 15.10

Comparison 15 Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 16.1

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 16.2

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 16.3

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 16.4

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 16.5

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 16.6

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 16.7

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 16.8

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 16.9

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 16.10

Comparison 16 Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 17.1

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 17.2

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 17.3

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 3 PASI.

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Analysis 17.5

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 17.6

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 17.7

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 17.8

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 17.9

Comparison 17 Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 18.1

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 18.2

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 18.4

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 18.5

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 18.6

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 18.7

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 18.8

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 18.9

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 18.10

Comparison 18 Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Analysis 19.1

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 1 IAGI.

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Analysis 19.2

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 2 TSS.

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Analysis 19.4

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 4 PAGI.

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Analysis 19.5

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI).

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Analysis 19.6

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 6 Total withdrawals.

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Analysis 19.7

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 7 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

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Analysis 19.8

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure.

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Analysis 19.9

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 9 Adverse events (local).

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Analysis 19.10

Comparison 19 Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments, Outcome 10 Adverse events (systemic).

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Table 1. List of acronyms

Acronym	Full name
BC	baseline comparability demonstrated (clinical/demographic)
BD	twice daily
BMD	betamethasone dipropionate
BMV	betamethasone valerate
BSA	Body Surface Area
Btw‐patient	Between‐patient
CI	confidence interval
dys	days
EQ‐5D	EuroQOL
FU	follow up (includes treatment period)
I²	heterogeneity statistic
IAGI	Investigator Assessment of Global Improvement (change score)
IGA	Investigator Global Assessment (static score)
IQR	interquartile range
ISGA	Investigator's Static Global Assessment Score
LAE	local adverse effects
LCD	liquor carbonis distillate
LF	loss to follow up (per cent of participants randomised, not contributing to primary outcome measure)
MEMS	Medication Event Monitoring System
mPASI	modified Psoriasis Area Severity Index
NA	not available/not applicable
NR	not reported
OD	once daily
OM	once in the morning
ON	once at night
ODS	overall disease severity
PAGI	Patient Assessment of Global Improvement (change score)
PASI	Psoriasis Area Severity Index
PDI	Psoriasis Disability Index
PGA	Patient Global Assessment (static score)
PMAQ‐3w	Medication Adherence Questionnaire, version 3W
pt	point
QOL	quality of life
RD	risk difference
SD	standard deviation
SMD	standardised mean difference
TCP	two‐compound product
TD	three times daily
TLPSS	Total Local Psoriasis Severity Score
TSS	Total Severity Score/total sum score
UV	ultra violet
VDRE	Vitamin D‐Responsive Element
wks	weeks
yrs	years

Table 1. List of acronyms

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Table 2. Overview of outcome measures on effectiveness

Outcome	Acronym	Construct	Scale, minimum	Scale, maximum	Notes
* Investigator's Assessment of Overall Global Improvement	IAGI	Improvement from baseline variably defined. Common taxonomy ranges from worse to cleared	4‐pt	7‐pt	Calculated means and standard deviations by assigning zero to 'worse' (or equivalent). Higher scores indicate greater improvement
Investigator's Global Assessment of Disease Severity	IGA	Static equivalent of the IAGI	4‐pt	7‐pt	Calculated means and standard deviations by assigning zero to 'clear' (or equivalent). Higher scores indicate more severe disease
Total Severity Score	TSS	Redness (erythema), thickness (infiltration) and scaling (sometimes also itching (pruritis)) of target plaque(s). Scored separately then summed	0 to 3	0 to 24	Also known as the Local Psoriasis Severity Index or the Total Sum Score. Higher scores indicate more severe disease
Psoriasis Area and Severity Index	PASI	Redness, thickness, and scaliness of the lesions (each graded on a 0 to 4 scale), weighted by the area of involvement (0 to 6) and summed	0 to 68 (without head)	0 to 72 (including head)	Higher scores indicate more severe disease
* Patient's Assessment of Overall Global Improvement	PAGI	Assessed as IAGI	4‐pt	7‐pt	Less often reported than IAGI. Majority of included trials use 5‐pt scale
Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Severity	PGA	Assessed as IGA	4‐pt	5‐pt	Rarely reported (5/177 studies)
* IAGI/PAGI data are entered as a negative values; thus, a reduction denotes a positive improvement for the active treatment consistent with TSS and PASI measures.

Table 2. Overview of outcome measures on effectiveness

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Table 3. Summary of imputed standard deviation values

Type of study/score	Placebo IAGI (change)/IGA (end point)	Placebo TSS	Placebo PASI	Placebo PAGI (change)/PGA (end point)	H2H IAGI (change)/IGA (end point)	H2H TSS	H2H PASI	H2H PAGI (change)/PGA (end point)
Between‐patient (end point)	0.93	1.33	3.76	1.13	1.01	1.65	3.61	1.12
Within‐patient (end point)	1.08	1.49	7.17	NA	NA	1.50	2.58	NA
Between‐patient (change)	1.17	1.52	5.75	1.31	1.10	1.73	7.85	1.20
Within‐patient (change)	1.02	1.58	NA	1.53	0.96	1.94	NA	0.83
Within‐patient (% change)	NA	0.18	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Between‐patient (% change)	NA	NA	0.37	NA	NA	0.13	0.33	NA
Scalp between‐patient (end point)	1.08	1.74	NA	1.06	1.06	1.94	NA	1.18
Scalp within‐patient (end point)	1.33	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Scalp between‐patient (change)	1.20	NA	NA	1.28	1.30	1.75	NA	1.20
Scalp between‐patient (% change)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.25	NA	NA
NA: not available; H2H: head‐to‐head; IGA [PGA]: Investigator [Patient] Global Assessment of Disease Severity; IAGI [PAGI]: Investigator (patient) Assessment of Global Improvement; TSS: Total Severity Score; PASI: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index

Table 3. Summary of imputed standard deviation values

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Table 4. Overview of analyses: evidence of effectiveness outcomes

Comparison No.	Comparison Label	No. studies (NB: a study may contribute to more than one comparison)	Per cent studies with between‐patient design	No. participants
01	Vitamin D analogues vs. placebo	30	60%	4986
02	Corticosteroid (potent) vs. placebo	13	85%	2216
03	Corticosteroid (very potent) vs. placebo	10	70%	1264
04	Dithranol vs. placebo	3	0%	47
05	Vitamin D combination products vs. placebo	5	100%	2058
06	Other treatment vs. placebo	26	46%	1450
07	Vitamin D analogues vs. corticosteroid (potent)	14	64%	3542
08	Vitamin D analogues vs. corticosteroid (very potent)	2	100%	82
09	Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid	5	100%	2113
10	Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. dithranol	8	88%	1284
11	Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other vitamin D analogue	4	75%	513
12	Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid	17	94%	5856
13	Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other treatments: complex regimens	9	89%	2936
14	Vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks)	1	100%	297
15	Vitamin D analogues vs. other treatment	19	68%	2364
16	Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials	2	100%	122
17	Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other treatment	4	75%	588
18	Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials	14	93%	3011
19	Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination vs. other treatments	12	100%	5413

Table 4. Overview of analyses: evidence of effectiveness outcomes

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Table 5. Analysis 01: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. placebo

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol OD/BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.93; 95% CI ‐1.17 to ‐0.68)	(SMD ‐1.15; 95% CI ‐1.41 to ‐0.89)	(SMD ‐0.65; 95% CI ‐0.75 to ‐0.55)	(SMD ‐0.64; 95% CI ‐0.97 to ‐0.30)	(SMD ‐0.96; 95% CI ‐1.15 to ‐0.77)
02 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	Effect size [CI]	NA	(SMD ‐0.15; 95% CI ‐0.44 to 0.14)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.15; 95% CI ‐0.44 to 0.14)
03 Calcitriol OD/BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.03; 95% CI ‐1.71 to ‐0.36)	(SMD ‐1.22; 95% CI ‐2.38 to ‐0.07)	‐	(SMD ‐0.59; 95% CI ‐0.76 to ‐0.41)	(SMD ‐0.92; 95% CI ‐1.54 to ‐0.29)
04 Tacalcitol OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.84; 95% CI ‐1.41 to ‐0.26)	(SMD ‐0.66; 95% CI ‐0.95 to ‐0.36)	(SMD ‐0.27; 95% CI ‐0.56 to 0.03)	(SMD ‐0.24; 95% CI ‐0.53 to 0.05)	(SMD ‐0.73; 95% CI ‐1.09 to ‐0.37)
05 Maxacalcitol OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.43; 95% CI ‐1.91 to ‐0.96)	(SMD ‐1.61; 95% CI ‐2.10 to ‐1.12)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.43; 95% CI ‐1.91 to ‐0.96)
06 Paricalcitol OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.66; 95% CI ‐2.66 to ‐0.67)	(SMD ‐2.15; 95% CI ‐3.24 to ‐1.06)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.66; 95% CI ‐2.66 to ‐0.67)
07 Becocalcidiol OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.22; 95% CI ‐0.58 to 0.14)	(SMD ‐0.02; 95% CI ‐0.37 to 0.34)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.22; 95% CI ‐0.58 to 0.14)
08 Becocalcidiol BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.67; 95% CI ‐1.04 to ‐0.30)	(SMD ‐0.46; 95% CI ‐0.83 to ‐0.10)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.67; 95% CI ‐1.04 to ‐0.30)
All treatments	Effect size [CI]; I² statistic	(SMD ‐0.95; 95% CI ‐1.17 to ‐0.74): I² statistic: 89.0%	(SMD ‐1.04; 95% CI ‐1.33 to ‐0.74) I² statistic: 93.0%	(SMD ‐0.58; 95% CI ‐0.71 to ‐0.45): I² statistic: 42.3%	(SMD ‐0.54; 95% CI ‐0.72 to ‐0.36): I² statistic: 55.5%	(SMD ‐0.90; 95% CI ‐1.07 to ‐0.72); I² statistic: 87.5%
‐	No. participants	3771	2647	2357	1467	4986
‐	Between‐patient design	13	9	8	5	18
‐	Within‐patient design	7	10	1	0	12
‐	Treatment duration	4 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 12 wks	3 wks to 8 wks	8 wks to 8 wks	3 wks to 12 wks
Sensitivity analyses	Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.11; 95% CI ‐1.58 to ‐0.64)
‐	Between‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.80; 95% CI ‐0.96 to ‐0.63)
‐	Calcitriol, Perez 1996 removed	‐	‐	‐		(SMD ‐0.60; 95% CI ‐0.78 to ‐0.41)
‐	Calcipotriol BD	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.02; 95% CI ‐1.23 to ‐0.82)
‐	Calcipotriol OD	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.76; 95% CI ‐1.13 to ‐0.40)
‐	correlation coefficient (rho) = 0 All trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.85; 95% CI ‐1.00 to ‐0.71); I² statistic: 87.8%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.25 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.87; 95% CI ‐1.01 to ‐0.72); I² statistic: 88.8%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.50 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.88; 95% CI ‐1.03 to ‐0.73); I² statistic = 90.3%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.75 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.91; 95% CI ‐1.07 to ‐0.75); I² statistic: 93.2%
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 5. Analysis 01: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. placebo

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Table 6. Analysis 02: Trial characteristics and outcomes: potent steroids vs. placebo

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.81; 95% CI ‐0.98 to ‐0.64)	(SMD ‐0.74; 95% CI ‐1.16 to ‐0.32)	(SMD ‐0.79; 95% CI ‐1.44 to ‐0.14)	‐	(SMD ‐0.80; 95% CI ‐0.96 to ‐0.64)
02 Betamethasone dipropionate BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.35; 95% CI ‐1.56 to ‐1.15)	(SMD ‐0.77; 95% CI ‐1.48 to ‐0.06)	(SMD ‐1.21; 95% CI ‐1.44 to ‐0.97)	‐	(SMD ‐1.35; 95% CI ‐1.56 to ‐1.15)
03 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	Effect size [CI]		(SMD ‐0.95; 95% CI ‐1.62 to ‐0.27)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.95; 95% CI ‐1.62 to ‐0.27)
04 Betamethasone valerate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.41; 95% CI ‐1.92 to ‐0.90)	(SMD ‐1.09; 95% CI ‐2.00 to ‐0.18)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.33; 95% CI ‐1.78 to ‐0.89)
05 Budesonide	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
06 Desonide	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.81; 95% CI ‐1.34 to ‐0.28)	(SMD ‐1.16; 95% CI ‐1.70 to ‐0.61)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.81; 95% CI ‐1.34 to ‐0.28)
07 Diflorasone diacetate	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.32; 95% CI ‐0.73 to 0.09)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.32; 95% CI ‐0.73 to 0.09)
08 Fluticasone propionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.93; 95% CI ‐1.14 to ‐0.72)	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.93; 95% CI ‐1.14 to ‐0.72)
09 Hydrocortisone buteprate	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.46; 95% CI ‐0.77 to ‐0.15)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.46; 95% CI ‐0.77 to ‐0.15)
10 Mometasone furoate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.75; 95% CI ‐1.17 to ‐0.34)	(SMD ‐1.12; 95% CI ‐1.55 to ‐0.68)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.75; 95% CI ‐1.17 to ‐0.34)
All treatments	Effect size [CI]; I² statistic	(SMD ‐1.00; 95% CI ‐1.18 to ‐0.82); I² statistic: 57.6%	(SMD ‐0.77; 95% CI ‐1.01 to ‐0.52); I² statistic: 46.7%	(SMD ‐0.97; 95% CI ‐1.31 to ‐0.62); I² statistic: 79.6%	‐	(SMD ‐0.89; 95% CI ‐1.06 to ‐0.72); I² statistic: 65.1%
‐	No. participants	1867	553	1158	0	2216
‐	Between‐patient design	8	6	3	0	11
‐	Within‐patient design	1	1	0	0	2
‐	Treatment duration	3 wks to 12 wks	2 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 8 wks	‐	2 wks to 12 wks
Sensitivity analyses	Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.33; 95% CI ‐1.78 to ‐0.89)
‐	Between‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.85; 95% CI ‐1.03 to ‐0.67)
‐	correlation coefficient (rho) = 0 All trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.89; 95% CI ‐1.06 to ‐0.72) I² statistic: 77.7%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.25 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.89; 95% CI ‐1.06 to ‐0.72) I² statistic: 78.0%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.50 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.90; 95% CI ‐1.07 to ‐0.73) I² statistic: 78.6%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.75 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.91; 95% CI ‐1.08 to ‐0.74) I² statistic: 80.2%
For acronyms, see Table 1. Both within‐patient trials compared betamethasone valerate with placebo.

Table 6. Analysis 02: Trial characteristics and outcomes: potent steroids vs. placebo

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Table 7. Analysis 03: Trial characteristics and outcomes: v. potent steroids vs. placebo

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Clobetasol propionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.89; 95% CI ‐2.53 to ‐1.24)	(SMD ‐1.35; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐0.89)	‐	(SMD ‐1.01; 95% CI ‐1.55 to ‐0.47)	(SMD ‐1.65; 95% CI ‐2.10 to ‐1.20)
02 Halcinonide	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
03 Halobetasol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.81; 95% CI ‐2.37 to ‐1.24)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.25; 95% CI ‐1.46 to ‐1.04)	(SMD ‐1.36; 95% CI ‐1.65 to ‐1.07)
All treatments	Effect size [CI], N, I²	(SMD ‐1.87; 95% CI ‐2.38 to ‐1.36); I² statistic: 78.7%	(SMD ‐1.35; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐0.89); I² statistic: 75.3%	‐	(SMD ‐1.22; 95% CI ‐1.42 to ‐1.02); I² statistic: 0%	(SMD ‐1.56; 95% CI ‐1.87 to ‐1.26); I² statistic: 81.7%
‐	No. participants	515	545	0	283	1264
‐	Between‐patient design	4	3	0	1	7
‐	Within‐patient design	1	0	0	2	3
‐	Treatment duration	2 wks to 4 wks	2 wks to 4 wks		2 wks to 2 wks	2 wks to 4 wks
Sensitivity analyses	Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.52; 95% CI ‐2.02 to ‐1.02)
‐	Between‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.58; 95% CI ‐1.99 to ‐1.17)
‐	correlation coefficient (rho) = 0 All trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.52; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐1.24) I² statistic: 81.6%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.25 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.52; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐1.25) I² statistic: 82.2%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.50 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.53; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐1.26) I² statistic: 83.3%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.75 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.55; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐1.29) I² statistic: 85.9%
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 7. Analysis 03: Trial characteristics and outcomes: v. potent steroids vs. placebo

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Table 8. Analysis 05: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D combination vs. placebo

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.21; 95% CI ‐1.50 to ‐0.91)	‐	(SMD ‐1.14; 95% CI ‐1.57 to ‐0.70)	(SMD ‐0.69; 95% CI ‐0.98 to ‐0.40)	(SMD ‐1.21; 95% CI ‐1.50 to ‐0.91)
02 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.90; 95% CI ‐2.09 to ‐1.71)	‐	(SMD ‐1.41; 95% CI ‐1.86 to ‐0.97)	‐	(SMD ‐1.90; 95% CI ‐2.09 to ‐1.71)
All treatments	Effect size [CI], N, I² statistic	(SMD ‐1.44; 95% CI ‐1.76 to ‐1.12); I² statistic: 89.4%	‐	(SMD ‐1.24; 95% CI ‐1.53 to ‐0.95); I² statistic: 87.6%	(SMD ‐0.69; 95% CI ‐0.98 to ‐0.40); I² statistic: NA	(SMD ‐1.44; 95% CI ‐1.76 to ‐1.12); I² statistic: 89.4%
‐	No. participants	2058	0	2056	235	2058
‐	Between‐patient design	5	0	5	1	5
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Treatment duration	4 wks to 8 wks	‐	4 wks to 8 wks	8 wks	4 wks to 8 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 8. Analysis 05: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D combination vs. placebo

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Table 9. Analysis 06: Trial characteristics and outcomes: other treatments vs. placebo

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Aloe vera extract	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.58; 95% CI ‐2.16 to ‐0.99)	‐	(SMD ‐1.58; 95% CI ‐2.16 to ‐0.99)
02 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.59; 95% CI ‐1.01 to ‐0.16)	(SMD ‐0.70; 95% CI ‐1.13 to ‐0.27)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.59; 95% CI ‐1.01 to ‐0.16)
03 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoine plus salicylic acid	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.76; 95% CI ‐1.21 to ‐0.31)	‐	(SMD ‐0.54; 95% CI ‐0.99 to ‐0.10)	(SMD ‐0.80; 95% CI ‐1.26 to ‐0.35)	(SMD ‐0.76; 95% CI ‐1.21 to ‐0.31)
04 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.39; 95% CI ‐0.84 to 0.06)	‐	(SMD ‐0.39; 95% CI ‐0.84 to 0.06)
05 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.48; 95% CI ‐0.81 to ‐0.15)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.48; 95% CI ‐0.81 to ‐0.15)
06 Dead sea salts emollient lotion	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.57; 95% CI ‐0.36 to 1.51)	‐	(SMD 0.57; 95% CI ‐0.36 to 1.51)
07 Fish oil plus occlusion	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐1.05; 95% CI ‐1.64 to ‐0.46)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.05; 95% CI ‐1.64 to ‐0.46)
08 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), BD	Effect size [CI]			(SMD ‐2.96; 95% CI ‐4.19 to ‐1.74)	‐	(SMD ‐2.96; 95% CI ‐4.19 to ‐1.74)
09 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.62; 95% CI ‐1.35 to 0.12)	(SMD ‐1.13; 95% CI ‐1.91 to ‐0.35)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.62; 95% CI ‐1.35 to 0.12)
10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐2.14; 95% CI ‐2.74 to ‐1.53)	(SMD ‐1.64; 95% CI ‐2.13 to ‐1.15)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐2.09; 95% CI ‐2.62 to ‐1.56)
11 Kukui nut oil, TD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.00; 95% CI ‐0.80 to 0.80)	(SMD 0.33; 95% CI ‐0.48 to 1.14)	(SMD ‐0.03; 95% CI ‐0.84 to 0.77)	(SMD 0.00; 95% CI ‐0.80 to 0.80)	(SMD 0.00; 95% CI ‐0.80 to 0.80)
12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.77; 95% CI ‐1.06 to ‐0.48)
13 Methotrexate gel	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.56; 95% CI ‐1.01 to ‐0.12)	(SMD ‐0.48; 95% CI ‐0.92 to ‐0.04)	(SMD ‐1.58; 95% CI ‐2.16 to ‐0.99)	‐	(SMD ‐1.05; 95% CI ‐2.04 to ‐0.06)
14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐1.44; 95% CI ‐2.67 to ‐0.22)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.44; 95% CI ‐2.67 to ‐0.22)
15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.08; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.75)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.08; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.75)
16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.20; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.20)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.20; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.20)
17 Oleum horwathiensis	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.02; 95% CI ‐0.63 to 0.58)	(SMD ‐0.77; 95% CI ‐1.40 to ‐0.14)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.02; 95% CI ‐0.63 to 0.58)
18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF) (Ro 24‐0238)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.07; 95% CI ‐0.50 to 0.37)	‐		‐	(SMD ‐0.07; 95% CI ‐0.50 to 0.37)
20 Polymyxin B cream, 200,000 U/g	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.13; 95% CI ‐0.59 to 0.85)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.13; 95% CI ‐0.59 to 0.85)
21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐2.31; 95% CI ‐3.26 to ‐1.36)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐2.31; 95% CI ‐3.26 to ‐1.36)
22 Sirolimus (topical), 2.2% for 6 wks, then 8% for a further 6 wks	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.39; 95% CI ‐0.98 to 0.21)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.39; 95% CI ‐0.98 to 0.21)
23 Tacrolimus ointment	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.06; 95% CI ‐0.52 to 0.63)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.06; 95% CI ‐0.52 to 0.63)
24 Tar	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.45; 95% CI ‐1.11 to 0.22)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.45; 95% CI ‐1.11 to 0.22)
25 Tazarotene	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.86; 95% CI ‐1.11 to ‐0.62)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.86; 95% CI ‐1.11 to ‐0.62)
26 Theophylline 1% ointment, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐2.87; 95% CI ‐4.13 to ‐1.62)	‐	(SMD ‐2.87; 95% CI ‐4.13 to ‐1.62)
All treatments	(not pooled)	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
‐	No. participants	364	907	529	105	1450
‐	Between‐patient design	4	5	8	2	12
‐	Within‐patient design	4	12	1	0	14
‐	Treatment duration	3 wks to 12 wks	3 wks to 12 wks	2 wks to 12 wks	3 wks to 12 wks	2 wks to 12 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 9. Analysis 06: Trial characteristics and outcomes: other treatments vs. placebo

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Table 10. Analysis 07: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. potent steroids

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.43; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.58)	‐	(SMD 0.36; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.51)	‐	(SMD 0.43; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.58)
02 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.02; 95% CI ‐0.21 to 0.17)	(SMD ‐0.26; 95% CI ‐0.41 to ‐0.11)	(SMD ‐0.12; 95% CI ‐0.22 to ‐0.02)	(SMD ‐0.26; 95% CI ‐0.38 to ‐0.14)	(SMD ‐0.12; 95% CI ‐0.26 to 0.02)
03 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.15; 95% CI ‐0.73 to 1.02)	‐	(SMD 0.15; 95% CI ‐0.73 to 1.02)
04 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.52)	(SMD 0.40; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.65)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.52)
05 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.58; 95% CI ‐0.99 to ‐0.18)	(SMD ‐0.50; 95% CI ‐0.92 to ‐0.07)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.58; 95% CI ‐0.99 to ‐0.18)
06 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.21; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.45)	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.51)	(SMD 0.39; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.63)	‐	(SMD 0.21; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.45)
07 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.19; 95% CI ‐0.91 to 0.53)	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.19; 95% CI ‐0.91 to 0.53)
08 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.41; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.41; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74)
All treatments	Effect size [CI]; I² statistic	(SMD 0.17; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.37); I² statistic: 83.4%	(SMD 0.11; 95% CI ‐0.22 to 0.44); I² statistic: 86.7%	(SMD 0.12; 95% CI ‐0.07 to 0.32); I² statistic: 86.2%	(SMD ‐0.26; 95% CI ‐0.38 to ‐0.14); I² statistic: 0%	(SMD 0.11; 95% CI ‐0.07 to 0.30); I² statistic: 85.6%
‐	No. participants	2655	891	3185	738	3542
‐	Between‐patient design	7	2	7	1	9
‐	Within‐patient design	1	4	2	1	5
‐	Treatment duration	3 wks to 8 wks	3 wks to 6 wks	4 wks to 8 wks	6 wks	3 wks to 8 wks
Sensitivity analyses	Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD 0.17; 95% CI ‐0.20 to 0.54)
‐	Between‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD 0.10; 95% CI ‐0.11 to 0.31)
‐	correlation coefficient (rho) = 0 All trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD 0.10; 95% CI ‐0.08 to 0.28); I² statistic: 90.5%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.25 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD 0.10; 95% CI ‐0.07 to 0.28) I² statistic: 91.3%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.50 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD 0.11; 95% CI ‐0.07 to 0.29) I² statistic: 92.4%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.75 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD 0.12; 95% CI ‐0.06 to 0.30) I² statistic: 94.3%
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 10. Analysis 07: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. potent steroids

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Table 11. Analysis 08: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. v. potent steroids

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.19; 95% CI ‐0.42 to 0.80)	‐	(SMD ‐0.32; 95% CI ‐0.95 to 0.30)	(SMD 0.42; 95% CI ‐0.20 to 1.03)	(SMD ‐0.06; 95% CI ‐0.57 to 0.44); I² statistic: 25.7%
All treatments	No. participants	42	0	40	42	82
‐	Between‐patient design	1	0	1	1	2
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Treatment duration	2 wks	‐	6 wks	2 wks	2 wks to 6 wks

Table 11. Analysis 08: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. v. potent steroids

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Table 12. Analysis 09: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D + steroid vs. steroid

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.40; 95% CI ‐0.52 to ‐0.27)	‐	(SMD ‐0.44; 95% CI ‐0.55 to ‐0.33)	‐	(SMD ‐0.40; 95% CI ‐0.52 to ‐0.27)
02 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.81)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.81)
03 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.69; 95% CI ‐1.22 to ‐0.15)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.28; 95% CI ‐0.80 to 0.24)	(SMD ‐0.69; 95% CI ‐1.22 to ‐0.15)
‐	Effect size [CI], I²	(SMD ‐0.41; 95% CI ‐0.53 to ‐0.29); I² statistic: 32.0%	(SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.81): I² statistic: NA	(SMD ‐0.44; 95% CI ‐0.55 to ‐0.33) I² statistic: 22.4%	(SMD ‐0.28; 95% CI ‐0.80 to 0.24) I² statistic: NA	(SMD ‐0.26; 95% CI ‐0.52 to ‐0.00); I² statistic: 84.4%
‐	No. participants	1991	122	1876	65	2113
‐	Between‐patient design	4	1	3	1	5
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Treatment duration	2 wks to 8 wks	4 wks	4 wks to 8 wks	2 wks	2 wks to 8 wks

Table 12. Analysis 09: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D + steroid vs. steroid

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Table 13. Analysis 10: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. dithranol

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.43; 95% CI ‐0.85 to ‐0.01)	(SMD ‐0.54; 95% CI ‐1.16 to 0.08)	(SMD 0.73; 95% CI ‐0.55 to 2.00)	(SMD ‐0.05; 95% CI ‐0.90 to 0.80)	(SMD 0.07; 95% CI ‐0.57 to 0.71)
02 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.51; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.88)	(SMD 0.13; 95% CI ‐0.24 to 0.50)	(SMD ‐0.21; 95% CI ‐0.58 to 0.16)	‐	(SMD 0.51; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.88)
03 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.25)	(SMD ‐0.07; 95% CI ‐0.50 to 0.36)	‐	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.25)
All treatments	Effect size [CI], I² statistic	(SMD ‐0.24; 95% CI ‐0.72 to 0.25); I² statistic:93.0%	(SMD ‐0.27; 95% CI ‐0.73 to 0.20); I² statistic: 80.6%	(SMD 0.36; 95% CI ‐0.33 to 1.04); I² statistic: 94.5%	(SMD ‐0.05; 95% CI ‐0.90 to 0.80); I² statistic: 92.5%	(SMD 0.09; 95% CI ‐0.44 to 0.63); I² statistic: 94.9%
‐	No. participants	1108	386	796	544	1284
‐	Between‐patient design	5	3	5	2	7
‐	Within‐patient design	0	1	0	0	1
‐	Treatment duration	8 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 8 wks	8 wks to 12 wks	8 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 12 wks

Table 13. Analysis 10: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. dithranol

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Table 14. Analysis 11: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. vitamin D

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.00; 95% CI ‐0.25 to 0.25)	(SMD ‐0.32; 95% CI ‐0.57 to ‐0.07)	(SMD ‐1.11; 95% CI ‐2.22 to 0.01)	(SMD 0.04; 95% CI ‐0.21 to 0.29)	(SMD ‐0.41; 95% CI ‐1.46 to 0.64)
02 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.47; 95% CI ‐0.73 to ‐0.21)	(SMD ‐0.45; 95% CI ‐0.68 to ‐0.22)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.47; 95% CI ‐0.73 to ‐0.21)
03 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.43; 95% CI ‐0.12 to 0.98)	(SMD 0.13; 95% CI ‐0.41 to 0.68)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.43; 95% CI ‐0.12 to 0.98)
All treatments	Effect size [CI], I²	(SMD ‐0.06; 95% CI ‐0.51 to 0.38); I² statistic: 82.2%	(SMD ‐0.31; 95% CI ‐0.55 to ‐0.06); I² statistic: 46.9%	(SMD ‐1.11; 95% CI ‐2.22 to 0.01); I² statistic: NA	(SMD 0.04; 95% CI ‐0.21 to 0.29); I² statistic: NA	(SMD ‐0.17; 95% CI ‐0.62 to 0.27); I² statistic: 78.5%
‐	No. participants	498	563	15	250	513
‐	Between‐patient design	2	2	1	1	3
‐	Within‐patient design	1	1	0	0	1
‐	Treatment duration	8 wks to 12 wks	8 wks to 12 wks	8 wks	12 wks	8 wks to 12 wks
Sensitivity analyses	TSS data from Ji 2008 used in combined end point: 01 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol		‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.52; 95% CI ‐1.19 to 0.15; I² statistic: 44.9%)
‐	TSS data from Ji 2008 used in combined end point: all treatments		‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.28; 95% CI ‐0.66 to 0.10; I² statistic: 70.6%)

Table 14. Analysis 11: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. vitamin D

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Table 15. Analysis 12: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. vitamin D + steroid

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol BD vs. calcipotriol OM, BMD ON	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.88)	‐	(SMD 0.46; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.82)	‐	(SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.88)
02 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.66; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.02)	‐	(SMD 0.67; 95% CI 0.23 to 1.11)	‐	(SMD 0.66; 95% CI 0.31 to 1.02)
03 Calcipotriol BD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.48)	(SMD 0.25; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.48)	(SMD 0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.67)	‐	(SMD 0.43; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.66)
04 Calcipotriol BD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.66; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.93)	‐	(SMD 0.64; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.83)	‐	(SMD 0.66; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.93)
05 Calcipotriol BD vs. calcipotriol OM, BMV ON	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI ‐0.19 to 0.74)	‐	(SMD 0.43; 95% CI ‐0.07 to 0.93)	‐	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI ‐0.19 to 0.74)
06 Calcipotriol BD vs. calcipotriol OM, clobetasone butyrate ON	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.48)	‐	(SMD 0.17; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.38)	‐	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.48)
07 Calcipotriol BD vs. calcipotriol BD + clobetasol propionate BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.88; 95% CI 0.34 to 1.42)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.16 to 1.23)	(SMD 0.88; 95% CI 0.34 to 1.42)
08 Calcipotriol BD vs. calcipotriol OM, diflucortolone valerate ON	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.08; 95% CI ‐0.29 to 0.44)	‐	(SMD 0.08; 95% CI ‐0.29 to 0.44)
09 Calcipotriol OD vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.53; 95% CI ‐0.11 to 1.18)	‐	(SMD 0.53; 95% CI ‐0.11 to 1.18)
10 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + hydrocortisone OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.14; 95% CI ‐0.06 to 0.33)	‐	(SMD 0.08; 95% CI ‐0.11 to 0.28)	‐	(SMD 0.14; 95% CI ‐0.06 to 0.33)
11 calcitriol BD vs. diflucortolone valerate OM, calcitriol ON	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.24; 95% CI ‐0.09 to 0.57)	‐	(SMD 0.24; 95% CI ‐0.09 to 0.57)
12 Tacalcitol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.70)	‐	(SMD 0.47; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.69)	(SMD 0.46; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.68)	(SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.70)
All treatments	Effect size [CI], I² statistic	(SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.65), I² statistic: 86.9%	(SMD 0.25; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.48)	(SMD 0.47; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.59), I² statistic: 82.3%	(SMD 0.49; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.69), I² statistic: 0%	(SMD 0.46; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.59), I² statistic: 83.3%
‐	No. participants	4791	301	5703	399	5856
‐	Between‐patient design	11	1	15	2	16
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	1	0	1
‐	Treatment duration	2 wks to 8 wks	4 wks	2 wks to 12 wks	2 wks to 8 wks	2 wks to 12 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 15. Analysis 12: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. vitamin D + steroid

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Table 16. Analysis 13: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. other treatments: complex regimens

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.12; 95% CI ‐0.29 to 0.04)	‐	(SMD ‐0.04; 95% CI ‐0.19 to 0.11)	(SMD ‐0.14; 95% CI ‐0.30 to 0.02)	(SMD ‐0.12; 95% CI ‐0.29 to 0.04)
02 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.29; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.62)	‐	(SMD 0.29; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.62)
03 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.13; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.29)	‐	(SMD 0.10; 95% CI ‐0.05 to 0.25)	(SMD 0.10; 95% CI ‐0.06 to 0.26)	(SMD 0.13; 95% CI ‐0.04 to 0.29)
04 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.60; 95% CI 0.18 to 1.02)	(SMD 0.63; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.05)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.60; 95% CI 0.18 to 1.02)
05 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol BD (4 wks)	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 0.66; 95% CI 0.01 to 1.32)	‐	(SMD 0.66; 95% CI 0.01 to 1.32)
06 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol BD (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol BD (2wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.41; 95% CI ‐0.05 to 0.86)	‐	(SMD 1.13; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.62)	‐	(SMD 0.41; 95% CI ‐0.05 to 0.86)
07 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol BD (to wk12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol BD (to wk12)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.19; 95% CI ‐0.54 to 0.16)	‐	(SMD ‐0.27; 95% CI ‐0.62 to 0.09)	‐	(SMD ‐0.19; 95% CI ‐0.54 to 0.16)
08 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment BD (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment BD (8 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.41)	‐	(SMD 0.25; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.39)	(SMD 0.28; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.42)	(SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.41)
09 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment BD (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy)+ combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.51; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.66)	‐	(SMD 0.59; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.74)	(SMD 0.71; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.85)	(SMD 0.51; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.66)
10 combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment BD (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.26; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.40)	‐	(SMD 0.30; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.45)	(SMD 0.44; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.58)	(SMD 0.26; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.40)
11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.24; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40)	‐	(SMD 0.15; 95% CI ‐0.01 to 0.30)	(SMD 0.23; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.39)	(SMD 0.24; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.40)
12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.54; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.72)	‐	(SMD 0.49; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.67)	(SMD 0.54; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.72)	(SMD 0.54; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.72)
All treatments	(not pooled)	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
‐	No. participants	2755	46	2991	2508	2936
‐	Between‐patient design	6	0	8	4	8
‐	Within‐patient design	1	1	0	0	1
‐	Treatment duration	6 wks to 12 wks	6 wks	2 wks to 12 wks	8 wks to 12 wks	2 wks to 12 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 16. Analysis 13: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. other treatments: complex regimens

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Table 17. Analysis 14: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks)

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.09; 95% CI ‐0.36 to 0.18)	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.09; 95% CI ‐0.36 to 0.18)
02 Combined calcipotriol+BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol+ BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐0.47 to 0.10)	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐0.47 to 0.10)
03 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.09; 95% CI ‐0.37 to 0.19)	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.09; 95% CI ‐0.37 to 0.19)
All treatments	(no pooling)	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
‐	No. participants	297	0	0	0	297
‐	Between‐patient design	1	0	0	0	1
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Treatment duration	52 wks	‐	‐	‐	52 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 17. Analysis 14: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D vs. other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks)

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Table 18. Analysis 15: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D/other treatment

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.53; 95% CI ‐1.74 to 0.68)	‐	(SMD ‐0.10; 95% CI ‐1.54 to 1.35)	(SMD ‐0.10; 95% CI ‐1.54 to 1.35)	(SMD ‐0.53; 95% CI ‐1.74 to 0.68)
02 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.59; 95% CI ‐0.87 to ‐0.31)	(SMD ‐0.51; 95% CI ‐0.86 to ‐0.16)	(SMD ‐0.63; 95% CI ‐1.06 to ‐0.20)	(SMD ‐0.63; 95% CI ‐1.06 to ‐0.20)	(SMD ‐0.59; 95% CI ‐0.87 to ‐0.31)
03 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.09; 95% CI ‐0.49 to 0.31)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.09; 95% CI ‐0.49 to 0.31)
04 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide 1.4%, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.19; 95% CI ‐0.14 to 0.52)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.19; 95% CI ‐0.14 to 0.52)
05 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.06; 95% CI ‐0.33 to 0.22)	‐	(SMD ‐0.05; 95% CI ‐0.36 to 0.26)	(SMD ‐0.49; 95% CI ‐0.79 to ‐0.20)	(SMD ‐0.05; 95% CI ‐0.26 to 0.15)
06 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐2.24; 95% CI ‐3.23 to ‐1.25)	‐	(SMD ‐2.24; 95% CI ‐3.23 to ‐1.25)
07 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.35; 95% CI ‐1.51 to 0.81)		(SMD ‐0.13; 95% CI ‐0.51 to 0.24)	(SMD ‐0.55; 95% CI ‐1.28 to 0.17)
08 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.22; 95% CI ‐0.60 to 0.16)	(SMD ‐0.05; 95% CI ‐0.33 to 0.23)	‐	(SMD ‐0.35; 95% CI ‐0.99 to 0.29)	(SMD ‐0.10; 95% CI ‐0.35 to 0.16)
09 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.55; 95% CI ‐1.33 to 0.24)	‐	(SMD ‐0.01; 95% CI ‐0.78 to 0.75)	(SMD ‐0.55; 95% CI ‐1.33 to 0.24)	(SMD ‐0.55; 95% CI ‐1.33 to 0.24)
11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: dosing	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.24; 95% CI ‐0.38 to ‐0.09)	‐	(SMD ‐0.12; 95% CI ‐0.25 to 0.00)	‐	(SMD ‐0.20; 95% CI ‐0.32 to ‐0.07)
12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: occlusion	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐2.04 to 1.68)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐2.04 to 1.68)
All treatments	(not pooled)	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
‐	No. participants	1386	898	1228	456	2364
‐	Between‐patient design	8	5	6	3	13
‐	Within‐patient design	2	2	3	3	6
‐	Treatment duration	4 wks to 12 wks	6 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 12 wks	4 wks to 12 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 18. Analysis 15: Trial characteristics and outcomes: vitamin D/other treatment

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Table 19. Analysis 16: Trial characteristics and outcomes: flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo trials

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐2.83; 95% CI ‐3.79 to ‐1.88)	‐	(SMD ‐2.83; 95% CI ‐3.79 to ‐1.88)
02 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.08; 95% CI ‐1.77 to ‐0.40)	‐	(SMD ‐1.08; 95% CI ‐1.77 to ‐0.40)
03 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/BD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.07; 95% CI ‐1.69 to ‐0.45)	(SMD ‐1.37; 95% CI ‐1.95 to ‐0.79)	(SMD ‐0.62; 95% CI ‐1.27 to 0.02)	(SMD ‐0.65; 95% CI ‐1.24 to ‐0.06)	(SMD ‐0.86; 95% CI ‐1.30 to ‐0.41)
04 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, BD	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
All treatments	(no pooling)	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
‐	No. participants	47	57	75	47	122
‐	Between‐patient design	1	1	1	1	2
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Treatment duration	8 wks	8 wks	4 wks	8 wks	4 wks to 8 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 19. Analysis 16: Trial characteristics and outcomes: flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo trials

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Table 20. Analysis 17: Trial characteristics and outcomes: flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D vs. other treatment

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD 2.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.84)	‐	(SMD 2.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.84)
02 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.30; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.50)	‐	(SMD 0.32; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.51)	‐	(SMD 0.30; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.50)
03 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.61; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.94)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.61; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.94)
04 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	Effect size [CI]	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.53; 95% CI ‐1.17 to 0.11)		(SMD ‐0.53; 95% CI ‐1.17 to 0.11)
05 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.42; 95% CI ‐0.15 to 0.98)	(SMD 0.29; 95% CI ‐0.27 to 0.85)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.42; 95% CI ‐0.15 to 0.98)
All treatments	(no pooling)	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
‐	No. participants	457	124	464	0	588
‐	Between‐patient design	2	1	2	0	3
‐	Within‐patient design	0	1	0	0	1
‐	Treatment duration	6 wks to 8 wks	6 wks	4 wks to 8 wks	0	4 wks to 8 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 20. Analysis 17: Trial characteristics and outcomes: flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D vs. other treatment

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Table 21. Analysis 18: Trial characteristics and outcomes: scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.72; 95% CI ‐1.28 to ‐0.16)	(SMD ‐0.44; 95% CI ‐0.64 to ‐0.25)	‐	(SMD ‐0.66; 95% CI ‐1.28 to ‐0.05)	(SMD ‐0.72; 95% CI ‐1.28 to ‐0.16)
02 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.09; 95% CI ‐1.29 to ‐0.90)	(SMD ‐1.00; 95% CI ‐1.19 to ‐0.81)	‐	(SMD ‐1.23; 95% CI ‐1.43 to ‐1.03)	(SMD ‐1.09; 95% CI ‐1.29 to ‐0.90)
03 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐1.40; 95% CI ‐1.75 to ‐1.05)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.40; 95% CI ‐1.75 to ‐1.05)
04 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.42; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐1.04)	(SMD ‐1.58; 95% CI ‐1.98 to ‐1.18)	‐	(SMD ‐0.97; 95% CI ‐1.33 to ‐0.61)	(SMD ‐1.42; 95% CI ‐1.80 to ‐1.04)
05 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.73; 95% CI ‐1.99 to ‐1.48)	(SMD ‐1.53; 95% CI ‐1.77 to ‐1.28)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.57; 95% CI ‐1.81 to ‐1.34)
06 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.11; 95% CI ‐1.69 to ‐0.53)	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.11; 95% CI ‐1.69 to ‐0.53)
07 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.97; 95% CI ‐1.61 to ‐0.32)	(SMD ‐0.92; 95% CI ‐1.42 to ‐0.43)	‐	(SMD ‐1.00; 95% CI ‐1.79 to ‐0.22)	(SMD ‐0.97; 95% CI ‐1.61 to ‐0.32)
08 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.48; 95% CI ‐2.50 to ‐0.47)	(SMD ‐1.15; 95% CI ‐2.11 to ‐0.19)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.48; 95% CI ‐2.50 to ‐0.47)
09 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD ‐0.07; 95% CI ‐0.82 to 0.68)	‐	(SMD ‐0.11; 95% CI ‐0.86 to 0.64)	(SMD ‐0.07; 95% CI ‐0.82 to 0.68)
10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐1.22; 95% CI ‐1.69 to ‐0.76)	(SMD ‐0.89; 95% CI ‐1.34 to ‐0.44)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.22; 95% CI ‐1.69 to ‐0.76)
11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.86; 95% CI ‐1.79 to 0.06)	(SMD ‐0.57; 95% CI ‐1.47 to 0.32)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.86; 95% CI ‐1.79 to 0.06)
All treatments	No. participants	2472	2897	0	1875	3011
‐	Between‐patient design	9	12	0	5	13
‐	Within‐patient design	1	0	0	0	1
‐	Treatment duration	2 wks to 8 wks	2 wks to 8 wks	‐	3 wks to 8 wks	2 wks to 8 wks
Sensitivity analysis: potent corticosteroids	Effect size [CI]; I² statistic	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.18; 95% CI ‐1.40 to ‐0.96); I² statistic: 19.9%
Sensitivity analysis: very potent corticosteroids	Effect size [CI]; I² statistic	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.51; 95% CI ‐1.70 to ‐1.31); I² statistic: 37.5%
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 21. Analysis 18: Trial characteristics and outcomes: scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials

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Table 22. Analysis 19: Trial characteristics and outcomes: scalp psoriasis: vitamin D vs. other treatment

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.64)	(SMD 0.45; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.63)	‐	(SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.81)	(SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.64)
02 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.37; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.55)	(SMD 0.09; 95% CI ‐0.09 to 0.27)	‐	(SMD 0.41; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.59)	(SMD 0.37; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.55)
03 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	Effect size [CI]	‐	(SMD 0.37; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.69)	‐	‐	(SMD 0.37; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.69)
04 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐0.26 to ‐0.10)	(SMD ‐0.19; 95% CI ‐0.27 to ‐0.11)	‐	(SMD ‐0.17; 95% CI ‐0.25 to ‐0.09)	(SMD ‐0.18; 95% CI ‐0.26 to ‐0.10)
05 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	Effect size [CI]	(SMD 0.64; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.84)	(SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84)	‐	(SMD 0.84; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.08)	(SMD 0.64; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.84)
06 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	Effect size [CI]	(SMD ‐0.24; 95% CI ‐0.73 to 0.25)	(SMD ‐0.30; 95% CI ‐0.84 to 0.24)	‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.45; 95% CI ‐0.92 to 0.02)
All treatments	No. participants	5175	4877	0	3742	5413
‐	Between‐patient design	10	11	0	6	12
‐	Within‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Treatment duration	4 wks to 52 wks	4 wks to 8 wks	0	4 wks to 8 wks	4 wks to 52 wks
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 22. Analysis 19: Trial characteristics and outcomes: scalp psoriasis: vitamin D vs. other treatment

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Table 23. Analysis 04: Trial characteristics and outcomes: dithranol vs. placebo

Subcategory	Measure	01 IAGI/IGA	02 TSS	03 PASI	04 PAGI/PGA	05 Combined end point
01 Dithranol	Effect size [CI], N, I² statistic	‐	(SMD ‐1.06; 95% CI ‐1.66 to ‐0.46); I² statistic: 37.4%	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.06; 95% CI ‐1.66 to ‐0.46); I² statistic: 37.4%
‐	No. participants	0	47	0	0	47
‐	Between‐patient design	0	0	0	0	0
‐	Within‐patient design	0	3	0	0	3
‐	Treatment duration		3 wks to 8 wks	‐	‐	3 wks to 8 wks
‐	correlation coefficient (rho) = 0 All trials	‐		‐	‐	(SMD ‐0.98; 95% CI ‐1.56 to ‐0.41) I² statistic: 13.9%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.25 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.05; 95% CI ‐1.67 to ‐0.44) I² statistic: 35.4%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.50 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.12; 95% CI ‐1.75 to ‐0.48) I² statistic: 56.9%
‐	rho = 0 Btw‐patient trials rho = 0.75 Within‐patient trials	‐	‐	‐	‐	(SMD ‐1.17; 95% CI ‐1.81 to ‐0.52) I² statistic: 78.5%
For acronyms, see Table 1.

Table 23. Analysis 04: Trial characteristics and outcomes: dithranol vs. placebo

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Table 24. Included studies of adverse events

Study	Methods	Participants	Intervention(s)	Outcomes (AEs)	Summary findings	Notes	Allocation concealment
Andres 2006	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: computer‐generated list Concealment: unclear BLINDING: single‐blind (investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 26 TD: 4 wks; FU: 4 wks LF: 0 (0%) BC: characteristics reported, but not demonstrated to be comparable (shampoo group had more severe disease and higher proportion of males) Age: 34.3 (9.5SD) Gender (per cent men): 58% Severity: DSS: 5.3 (1.3SD) % scalp affected: 63.8% INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with scalp psoriasis affecting > = 25% scalp; DSS > = 3 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; lactation; ophthalmological disorder; contact lens wearer	Clobetasol propionate 0.05% shampoo, OD. Applied to dry scalp, rinsed off after 15 minutes Clobetasol propionate 0.05% gel, OD. Applied to dry scalp and left in.	Serum cortisol atrophogenicity (ultrasound measurement of skin thickness (epidermis + dermis) (mm), averaged over 3 sites of the scalp) ocular safety (intraocular pressure) DSS (10‐pt; sum of erythema, adherent desquamation, and plaque thickening; 0 (none) to 3 (severe) with half‐point ratings permitted) Patient‐reported ocular stinging (0 to 3) Compliance	Neither formulation had an impact on ocular safety, no report of ocular stinging. LAE: CS: 1/14; CG: 2/14 HPA suppression: CS: 0/14; CG: 2/14 Atrophy: CS: 0/14; CG: 0/14 Decrease in skin thickness from baseline: mean difference: CS: 0.04 mm CG: ‐0.24 mm (difference: P < = 0.025) Efficacy results of the 2 formulations were similar. Compliance with protocol was good in both groups.	Exploratory safety study Sponsored by Galderma Laboratories	Unclear
Barnes 2000	DESIGN: within‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 202 TD: 52 wks; FU: 52 wks LF: 64 (32%) BC: NA Age: 46 (14.5SD) Gender (per cent men): 60% Severity: Scalp: TSS (0 to 12): 5.9; Overall assessment (investigator): mild (31%); moderate (58%); severe (11%) Body: PASI (modified): 6.8 Overall assessment (investigator): mild (41.5%); moderate (55%); severe (3.5%) INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronic plaque psoriasis on scalp and body; adult (≥18); outpatient EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; severe (i.e. requiring additional therapy) or unstable psoriasis; hypercalcaemia; history of hypo‐ or hyperparathyroidism, renal/hepatic disease; systemic or phototherapies within previous 6 wks; other medication that could affect course of disease	Calcipotriol scalp solution 50 mcg/ml BD plus calcipotriol cream 50 mcg/g BD (up to 70 g/wk) No control	Local AEs: number of AEs/participant % severe AEs withdrawals due to adverse events (WA) Systemic AEs: serum calcium serum PTH urinary calcium/creatinine ratio	Local AEs: the most common local AE was facial irritation (60/202 participants at wk 2), though the incidence declined rapidly over time (1/141 at wk 46). 20% of local AEs considered by investigator to be 'severe'. 14% of participants withdrew because of adverse events Systemic AEs: no significant changes observed	Sponsored by Leo Pharmaceuticals	Not applicable
Berth‐Jones 1993; Berth‐Jones 1992c	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: NA	STUDY A: N: 20 TD: 52 wks; FU: 52 wks LF: 0 (0%) BC: NA Age: 43 Gender (per cent men): 65% Severity: mean PASI: 7.6 (3.5SD) STUDY B: N: intervention: 10 {32 controls} TD: 4 wks; FU: 4 wks LF: 0 (0%) BC: not demonstrated Age: 48 {42} Gender (per cent men): 50% {44%} Severity: mean PASI: 18.0 (13.9SD) {NR} INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with chronic plaque psoriasis; aged ≥18; under long‐term care of investigators. Study A: compliant patients, responsive to calcipotriol. Study B: more extensive disease, failing to respond to low doses of topical agents. Controls received no calcipotriol. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy	Study A: calcipotriol ointment 50 mcg/g BD up to 100 g/wk No control Study B: calcipotriol ointment 50 mcg/g BD, using 100 g/wk for 4 wks Control: people using alternative therapies	Local AEs: not assessed Systemic AEs: urine calcium and phosphate excretion; serum total calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase	Study A: no significant trend in urine calcium excretion Study B: significant increase in urine calcium excretion (relative to controls and to baseline)	Sponsorship not reported For study B, baseline comparability of intervention and control groups not demonstrated. Berth Jones 1992 reports findings for study A at 10 mths	Not applicable
Bleiker 1998	DESIGN: uncontrolled study Delivery: unclear ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: not described	N: 28 TD: 2 wks; FU: 26 wks LF: unclear BC: NA Age: 47 (range: 18 to 83) Gender (per cent men): 50% Severity: PASI: 21.4 (range: 8.2 to 53.7) INCLUSION CRITERIA: inpatients with severe chronic plaque psoriasis (> 15% BSA) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: renal impairment, pregnancy, lactation, systemic treatment, diuretics	STUDY A: 200 g calcipotriol ointment 50 mcg/g (wk 1) plus 300 g 50 mcg/g calcipotriol (wk 2) STUDY B: Calcipotriol 50 mcg/g PRN < = 360 g/wk	Local AEs: not assessed Systemic AEs: serum total adjusted calcium urinary calcium	5 participants developed hypercalcaemia during treatment, all had received a dose > 5 g/kg 9 participants became hypercalciuric during treatment; this was uncorrelated with dose	Sponsorship not reported	Not applicable
Brodell 2011b	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐randomised BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: not described	N: 305 TD: 12 wks; FU: 12 LF: unclear BC: NA Age: 50.3 (13.7SD); range: 22 to 84 Gender (per cent men): 61.8% Severity: ODS: all patients scored as moderate/severe/very severe % BSA: 7.1% % white: 91.8% INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis; affected; aged 18 to 80 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: not stated	Clobetasol propionate 0.05% spray BD (2 to 4 wks); treatment responders (ODS < = 3) then treated with calcitriol 3 mg/g ointment (8 wks)	Pruritis, telangiectasias, burning/stinging (0 to 3), skin atrophy, folliculitis Overall disease severity (ODS) (5‐pt: 0 = clear to 4 = severe/very severe) based on erythema, scaling, and plaque elevation. Treatment success (change from baseline ODS > = 1 at wk 12)	At 4 wks: skin atrophy 7/285 telangiectasias 2/285 stinging/Burning 39/285 folliculitis 11/285 At 12 wks: skin atrophy 2/235 telangiectasias 5/235 stinging/Burning 35/235 folliculitis 3/235 Any adverse event: 100/305	Sponsored by Galderma laboratories	Not applicable
Corbett 1976	DESIGN: within‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: NR Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: not described	N: 14 TD: 26 wks; FU: 26 wks LF: 2 (14.3%) BC (clinical): NR Age: 44 (18.4SD) Gender (per cent men): 64% Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: bilateral psoriasis involving < = 15% BSA; willing to participate for 6 months EXCLUSION CRITERIA: NR	Clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment, BD Betamethasone valerate 0.1% ointment, BD	Local AEs: NR Systemic AEs: synacthen test for function of pituitary‐adrenal axis at 0, 3, and 6 months	Quantities used by study participants were small (mean: 7 g/wk) No pituitary‐adrenal suppression observed	Sponsorship not reported	Unclear
Gerritsen 2001; Langner 1996; van de Kerkhof 1996c	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: NA Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 257 TD: < = 78 wks; FU: <= 78 wks LF: 4 (1.6%) BC: NA Age: 42 (13SD) Gender (per cent men): 61.3% Severity: BSA: 14.0% (14.2%SD); PASI: 9.7; 47% had severe disease INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronic plaque psoriasis; aged ≥18 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: non‐compliant; pregnancy; use of systemic/phototherapy within previous 2 mths; use of topical therapy within previous 1 wk; concomitant disease; clinically relevant abnormality in laboratory assessments; known hypersensitivity to vitamin D/vehicle	Calcitriol 3 mcg/g BD No control	Local AEs: serious AEs reported; withdrawals due to adverse events (WA) Systemic AEs: laboratory levels for: protein albumin; calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, plasma calcitriol Urinary calcium, creatinine, phosphorus; creatinine clearance; urinary calcium/creatinine ratio	Local AEs: WA: 7/253; AEs: 37/353; no serious local adverse events Systemic AEs: WA: 1/253. 4 additional participants experienced hypercalcaemia. All mean values for all parameters remained within normal levels. Mean use: 6 g/day (range: 1 to 24 g/day)	Sponsored by Solvay‐Duphar BV Excludes scalp	Not applicable
Guzzo 1996	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: NR Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 78 TD: 8 wks; FU: 8 wks LF: 2 (2.6%) BC: no (1 statistically significant difference (% BSA higher in intervention group) Age: 48 Gender (per cent men): 67% Severity: mean BSA: 9% INCLUSION CRITERIA: aged ≥18; stable plaque psoriasis; BSA: 5% to 20% EXCLUSION CRITERIA: hypercalcaemia, bone, thyroid or parathyroid disease; topical therapy within previous 2 wks; systemic/phototherapy within previous 8 wks	Calcipotriol 50 mcg/g ointment BD, up to 120 g/wk Placebo	Local AEs: not assessed Systemic AEs: blood and urine chemistry analysis: parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase, urinary hyroxyproline, 24‐hr urinary calcium excretion. Bone densitometry	No adverse effects on bone metabolism or calcium	Sponsored by Bristol‐Myers Squibb	Unclear
Heng 1990	DESIGN: between‐patient (retrospective study) patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: NA WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: NA	N: 28 TD: 6 mths to 12 ys; FU: 6 mths to 12 years LF: NA BC: demographic: yes; clinical: not demonstrated Age: 49 (13SD) Gender (per cent men): 82% Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: psoriasis (any severity; types include plaque (16), generalised, seborrhoeic, guttate, erythrodermic); previous prolonged treatment with topical fluorinated steroids (range: 6 mths to 12 years). Control group matched for age and gender EXCLUSION CRITERIA: NR	Previous prolonged treatment with topical fluorinated steroids Control: 'steroid‐negative' group ‐ previous tar/UVB/sunlight or no treatment	Local AEs: light/electron microscopy for examination of basal keratinocyte herniation (BKH); layers of basement membrane Systemic AEs: NR	Local AEs: light microscopy revealed no between‐group differences. Electron microscopy revealed multi‐layered, fragmented and disorganised basal laminae in the steroid group, which appeared to be correlated with duration of treatment. Fragmentation was not observed in the control group	Sponsorship not reported Non‐psoriatic control group also considered 16/28 participants had plaque psoriasis	Not applicable
Katz 1987b	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: NS Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 40 TD: 3 wks; FU: 3 wks LF: NA BC: demographic: yes; clinical: yes (gender imbalance) Age: 44 (range: 18 to 66) Gender (per cent men): 53% Severity: 55% moderate disease; 45% severe disease INCLUSION CRITERIA: aged ≥ 18; stable or worsening, moderate or severe chronic plaque psoriasis; baseline laboratory values within normal range (5 to 25 mcg%) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; lactation; hypersensitivity to study medications; concurrent medication that could affect study outcomes; use of systemic therapies within previous 4 wks; use of topical therapies within previous 2 wks	Betamethasone dipropionate (0.05%) in optimised vehicle BD; Clobetasol 17 propionate (0.05%) ointment BD	Local AEs: not assessed Systemic AEs: morning plasma cortisol levels; 24‐hr urine steroid levels; FBC, blood chemistry, urinalysis	Temporary reversible suppression of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in 8/40 participants	Sponsorship not reported; 1 author from Schering Corporation	Unclear
Katz 1989	DESIGN: within‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: unclear Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 30 TD: 2 wks; FU: 4 wks LF: 0 (0%) BC: yes Age: 55 (range: 36 to 69) Gender (per cent men): 53% Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: bilateral symmetric chronic plaque psoriasis EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; people with overt signs of atrophy	Betamethasone dipropionate (0.05%) in optimised vehicle BD (BMD) Clobetasol propionate (0.05%) ointment BD (CP) Uninvolved (non‐psoriatic) area used as test area for each participant	Local AEs: skin surface microscopic examination with photographic documentation; oil and magnifying (8 x) lens to detect 'preatrophy' (visibility of subpapillary vascular plexus caused by thinning of epidermis and papillary dermis) Systemic AEs: NR	Local AEs: no serious adverse events observed with either treatment. Preatrophy identified in 20% of involved plaques (BMD: 11/59; CP: 12/59) and was more likely in females. In the test area (non‐psoriatic skin), 5% of plaques showed preatrophy (BMD: 2/30; CP: 1/30). Preatrophy appeared to be usually reversible following treatment cessation.	Sponsored by Schering Corporation	Unclear
Kimball 2008 Phase II	DESIGN: uncontrolled patient delivery ALLOCATION: unclear BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 32 TD: 2 wks; FU: NS LF: 1 (3.1%) BC: NA Age: 24 to 72 Gender (per cent men): NS Severity: NS % white: 94% INCLUSION CRITERIA people with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis; aged > = 12 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: NS	Clobetasol 0.05% foam BD Clobetasol 0.05% ointment BD (= 7 g/day, up to 50 g/wk)	Maximal plasma concentration of clobetasol propionate	Higher but non‐significant levels of clobetasol in ointment group	Supported by Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. Review of phase II studies on AD and psoriasis (clobetasol foam)	Not applicable
Kimball 2008 Phase III	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: not stated Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 497 TD: 2 wks; FU: NS LF: 16 (3%) BC: NS Age: NS Gender (per cent men): NS Severity: most had baseline ISGA of 3 INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis; aged > = 12 EXCLUSION CRITERIA: NS	Clobetasol 0.05% foam BD Clobetasol 0.05% ointment BD Placebo foam BD Face, scalp, and intertriginous areas excluded from treatment	Treatment‐related adverse events: all atrophy burning pruritis folliculitis ISGA (investigator's static global assessment score)(scale NR)	Atrophy: C foam: 2% (N = 253) C ointment: NS (N = 121) Placebo foam: 1% (N = 123) Burning: C foam: 2% (N = 253) C ointment: NS (N = 121) Placebo foam: 2% (N = 123) All treatment‐related adverse events: C foam: 8% (N = 253) C ointment: 2% (N = 121) Placebo foam: 7% (N = 123)	Supported by Stiefel Laboratories Inc. Review of phase III studies on AD and psoriasis (clobetasol foam).	Unclear
Kragballe 1991b	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 15 TD: 26 wks; FU: 26 wks LF: 1(6.7%) BC: NA Age: 42 (range: 21 to 71) Gender (per cent men): 53% Severity: % BSA: 14% (range: 5% to 30%) Most 'moderate' severity INCLUSION CRITERIA: participants previously responding to calcipotriol during 8‐wk clinical trial, but who had since relapsed EXCLUSION CRITERIA: hypercalcaemia, impaired renal/hepatic function, daily receiving > 400 i.u. vitamin D	Calcipotriol ointment 50 mcg/g BD (max: 100 g/wk) No control	Local AEs: patient report of adverse events Investigator report of adverse events (skin examination). Skin biopsies to determine histologic signs of epidermal and dermal atrophy. Systemic AEs: laboratory tests: FBC, serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatinine, total calcium, total phosphate	Local AEs: AE(L): 3/15 (reported to be transient & mild). Cases of mild to moderate atrophy found in 4/8 participants Systemic AEs: no consistent changes in laboratory analyses, with no clinically important changes in serum calcium	Sponsorship not reported. Leo Pharmaceuticals supplied study medication Face and scalp treated with emollient or hydrocortisone cream 1% (not calcipotriol)	Not applicable
Lambert 2002	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 157 TD: 26 wks; FU: 26 wks LF: 8 (5.1%) BC: NA Age: 44.4 (14.0SD) Gender (per cent men): 57% Severity: mean BSA: 13%; mean PASI: 9.4 (5.4SD) INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronic plaque psoriasis; aged 18 to 70; BSA 7% to 20%; laboratory parameters normal at baseline EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; topical antipsoriatic therapy within previous 2 wks; systemic antipsoriatic therapy within previous 6 wks; retinoids within previous 52 wks.; history of hyperparathyroidism; concomitant use of drugs affecting calcium metabolism	Tacalcitol ointment, 4 mcg/g OD. No control	Local AEs: participants asked about adverse events. Tolerability assessed by investigator (4‐pt: 1 = excellent to 4 = poor). Systemic AEs: Routine haematology and biochemistry: FBC, haemoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, glucose, urea, albumin. Urinalysis: calcium, creatinine, phosphate.	Local AEs: WA: 5/157 (3.4%) (treatment‐related). AE(L): 26/157 (transient skin irritation) Tolerability at least moderate in 95% of participants Systemic AEs: no serious adverse events and no hypercalcaemia	Sponsored by Hermal/BHI, Germany Scalp excluded Similar study to van de Kerkhof 2002, but unclear whether Lambert 2002 is a report of a subgroup or a distinct study	Not applicable
Lebwohl 1998b	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random. Method of randomisation: unclear Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 40 TD: 26 wks; FU: 26 wks LF: 4 (10%) BC: no (Group A had less severe disease at baseline) Age: NR Gender (per cent men): NR Severity: mild to moderate psoriasis INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with at least moderate improvement in response to initial 2‐wk therapy regimen; aged ≥18; stable disease; BSA < = 20% (excluding face/scalp); plaque elevation at least moderate; willing to comply with study protocol EXCLUSION CRITERIA: history of sensitivity to study ingredients; topical antipsoriatics within previous 2 wks; UVB/PUVA within previous 8 wks; history of hypercalcaemia, recurrent illness	Initial regimen: all participants received 2 wks of calcipotriol (OM), halobetasol ointment (ON) Group A: Calcipotriol ointment 50 mcg/g (weekdays) plus halobetasol 0.05% ointment BD (weekends) Group B: Placebo ointment (weekdays) plus halobetasol 0.05% ointment BD (weekends)	Local AEs: treatment‐related adverse events Systemic AEs: not assessed	Local AEs: AE(L) (treatment‐related; all irritant contact dermatitis): Group A: 4/17 Group B: 1/20 No cutaneous atrophy observed	Sponsored by Westwood Squibb Pharmaceuticals	Unclear
Lebwohl 2001	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: NR Concealment: unclear BLINDING: double‐blind (participant/investigator) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: not described	N: 50 TD: 26 wks; FU: 26 wks LF: NR BC: NR Age: 55 Gender (per cent men): NR Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: moderate to severe plaque psoriasis; BSA < = 15%. All participants participated in an open‐label treatment phase for 6 wks (tazarotene gel 0.1% OM, clobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% ON) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: topical antipsoriatic treatment within previous 2 wks; UV treatment within previous 4 wks; systemic antipsoriatic treatment within previous 8 wks	Open‐label phase: tazarotene 0.1% gel plus clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment for 6 wks. Once daily initially, then 'tapered'. Maintenance phase (20 wks): tazarotene gel, 0.1%, OM (3/7 days), plus clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment ON (2/7days) (TC) Tazarotene gel, 0.1%, OM (3/7 days), placebo ointment OM (2/7 days), placebo ointment ON (2/7 days) (TP) Placebo gel OM (3/7 days), placebo ointment ON (2/7 days) (P)	Local AEs: no. steroid‐specific side‐effects Withdrawals due to adverse events (WA) Drug‐related adverse events Systemic AEs: not assessed	Local AEs: no steroid‐specific side‐effects WA: 0/50 AE(L) (treatment‐related): TC: 24% TP: 29% P: 0%	Sponsorship: not reported No adequate effectiveness data reported. Numbers of participants in each group NR	Unclear
Menter 2007; Feldman 2007a	DESIGN: uncontrolled patient delivery ALLOCATION: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 1423 TD: 4 wks; FU: 4 wks LF: 2 (0.1%) BC: NA Age: 49.7 (14.7SD) Gender (per cent men): NS Severity: Duration (yrs): 12.5 (13SD) BSA: 10.6% (5.75% SD) INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis; 3% to 20% BSA involvement EXCLUSION CRITERIA: current systemic therapy, phototherapy or topical therapy	Clobetasol 0.05% foam BD, up to 50 g/wk either as monotherapy or adjunctive to existing therapy	Erythema, peeling/scaling, dryness, stinging/burning (0 none to 3 severe). Telangiectasia, skin atrophy, pruritus, folliculitis (absent/present) Also assessed efficacy and QoL	Erythema: 23.7% peeling/scaling: 21.0% dryness: 28.3% stinging/burning: 15.1% Telangiectasia, skin atrophy, folliculitis: present in less than 1% of participants (findings not reported separately) Pruritus: 5.7%	Clobex Spray Community‐Based Research Assessment (COBRA) Sponsorship not reported	Not applicable
Miyachi 2002	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 160 TD: 54 wks; FU: 54 wks LF: 6 (3.8%) BC: NA Age: 48.2 (16.1SD) Gender (per cent men): 82% Severity: mean PASI: 22.49 (10.2SD) INCLUSION CRITERIA: inpatients and outpatients with BSA ≥10% EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy; lactation; severe liver disease, heart disease, impaired renal function, hypercalcaemia; treatment with topical, UV or systemic antipsoriatics within previous 2 wks	Tacalcitol ointment 20 mcg/g OD (max: 10 g/day) No control	Local AEs: treatment‐related adverse events Systemic events: haematological tests (FBC), blood biochemical tests (calcium, inorganic phosphorus, albumin, protein, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, GP/AST, GPT/ALT, alkaline phosphatase, LDH, intact PTH), urinalysis (glucose, protein); serum tacalcitol and vitamin D₃ levels.	Local AEs: AE(L): 16/154 (29 events, all mild to moderate) Systemic AEs: AE(S): 85/154 (155 events, of which 6 were considered treatment‐related). Serum levels of intact PTH and tacalcitol decreased, suggesting percutaneous absorption of tacalcitol. However, mean levels of serum calcium remained within the standard level. Data on individual responses not reported. High‐dose tacalcitol affected serum calcium in participants with reduced renal function	Sponsorship: not reported Scalp treated in 74/154 participants Usual dosing regimen for tacalcitol is 4 mcg/g OD	Not applicable
Poyner 1993	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 203 TD: 48 wks; FU: 48 wks LF: 59 (29.1%) BC: NA Age: 43.8 (range: 17 to 80) Gender (per cent men): 52.7% Severity (assessment methods NR): mild (8%); moderate (63%); severe (30%) INCLUSION CRITERIA: aged ≥18; chronic plaque psoriasis ≥ 100 cm². EXCLUSION CRITERIA: PUVA within previous 8 wks; elevated serum calcium, unstable disease, impaired hepatic/renal function' pregnancy; concomitant oral calcium/vitamin D. topical antipsoriatics, lithium, systemic steroids	Calcipotriol 50 mcg/g ointment No control	Loca AEs: self report of adverse events. Withdrawals due to adverse events (WA) Systemic AEs: biochemical and haematological tests Compliance: self‐reported usage at each visit; weighing of ointment tubes	Local AEs: WA: 8/203 AE(L): 83/203 142 events reported by 83 (41%) participants with 20.2% being lesional/perilesional irritation Systemic AEs: no significant changes in haematological values. Mean serum calcium did not change significantly over study period. Significant fall in serum urate in those treated ≥ 36 wks Compliance: median weekly use (wks 0 to 5): 16.5g; (wks 43 to 48): 11.6g	Sponsored by Leo Pharmaceuticals Face/scalp excluded	Not applicable
Ramsay 1994	DESIGN: uncontrolled open study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 167 TD: 52 wks; FU: 52 wks LF: 39 (23.4%) BC: NA Age: 49 (range: 20 to 85) Gender (per cent men): 60% Severity: PASI (modified): 8.1 (6.7SD) INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronic plaque psoriasis; previous response to calcipotriol; managed by specialists EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; abnormal serum calcium or phosphate; impaired hepatic/renal function; concomitant oral calcium/vitamin D; systemic therapy within previous 8 wks; topical therapy within previous 4 wks	Calcipotriol 50 mcg/g ointment. Max dose: 100 g/wk; 2500 g/pa Face/scalp/neck excluded No control	Local AEs: self report of adverse events: mild, moderate, severe; unlikely, possibly, or probably treatment‐related Systemic AEs: haematology (erythrocyte, haemoglobin, leukocyte, platelet counts) and biochemistry (bilirubin, AST/ALT, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, urate, creatinine, phosphate, total calcium) tests Compliance: self report of number tubes used and number daily doses	AE(L): 52/161 60 (46 considered to be treatment‐related) events reported by 52 of 161 participants. 1 participant developed a significant rise in serum calcium. No other abnormalities in haematology or biochemistry tests. 118/161 participants reported continuous medication use and 80% to 90% used it twice daily. Mean use: 35.1 g/wk ('initially') to 23.4 g/wk during last 6 mths	Sponsored by Leo Pharmaceuticals	Not applicable
Roelofzen 2010	DESIGN: observational study using retrospective data (medical records, cancer registry) and prospective (survey) data (treatments/lifestyle). Multivariate proportional hazards regression. ALLOCATION: NA BLINDING: NA WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 4315 TD: pix lithantracis (med): 4 mths (1 to 300 mths) liquor carbonis detergens (med): 6 mths (1 to 500 mths) FU: (med) 21 yrs LF: 329 (7.6%) BC: NA Age (at diagnosis): 31 (0 to 95.7) Gender (per cent men): 52% Severity: % BSA < 1%: 9% % BSA 2% to 9%: 30% % BSA 10% to 30%: 39% % BSA > 30%: 22% INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with psoriasis or eczema, diagnosed 1960 to 1990 and treated in 1 of 3 Dutch hospitals; EXCLUSION CRITERIA: people who could not be traced	All topical, phototherapy, and systemic therapies. Focus of study is on coal tar: Liquor carbonis only (LCD) Pix lithantiacis (PL)	Any cancer Skin cancer Internal malignancies Specific tumour groups: haematological breast lung gastrointestinal bladder/urinary tract prostate female reproductive organs No statistically significant increased risk of any cancer. Hazard ratios: Any cancer: LCD: 0.85 (95% CI 0.60 to 1.19) PL: 0.64 (95% CI 0.40 to 1.03) Skin cancer: LCD: 1.35 (95% CI 0.53 to 3.44) PL: 0.33 (95% CI 0.07 to 1.69)	Analysis adjusted for smoking status, other treatments, skin type, alcohol consumption. However, data on duration of tar therapy, smoking status and alcohol consumption were missing for most participants	Not applicable‐
van de Kerkhof 1997b	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 58 TD: < = 60 wks; FU: < = 60 wks LF: 16 (27.6%) BC: NA Age: 45 (range: 19 to 78) Gender (per cent men): 69.0% Severity: BSA: 8.6% (3.9SD); TSS (0 to 12):7.9 (2.1SD) INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with chronic plaque psoriasis participating in previous double‐blind study (Van de Kerkhof 1996b); aged 25 to 80; normal serum calcium/phosphate. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; topical therapy within previous 4 wks; systemic therapy within previous 8 wks; serious disease; known allergy to study medication; concomitant medication that could interfere with study drug or systemic calcium metabolism	Part 1: double‐blind study (8 wks): tacalcitol 4 mcg/g ointment OD Placebo Part 2: open follow‐up study (4 wk wash‐out period): tacalcitol 4 mcg/g ointment OD, < = 20 mg/day and < 2000 g per participant over study period. Participants could discontinue treatment after 12 wks No control	Local AEs: occurrence of adverse events (duration, severity, and whether treatment‐related) Participant and investigator assessments of tolerability (4‐pt: v. good (3) to insufficient (0)) Systemic AEs: haematology (erythrocytes, platelets, haemoglobin, haematocrit); blood chemistry (serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, ASAT, alkaline phosphatase, LDH)	Local AEs: WA: 0/58 AE(L): 10/58 (19 events) AE(L)(treatment‐related): 8/58 Tolerability: investigator assessment: 2.60 (0.53SD, N = 58); participant assessment: 2.53 (0.63SD, N = 58) Systemic AEs: AE(S): 0/58 No case of hypercalcaemia	Sponsorship not reported Follow‐up study to Van de Kerkhof 1996b ‐ 3 of 15 centres participated Scalp excluded	Not applicable
van de Kerkhof 2002c (see also Lambert 2002)	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	Part 1: N: 304 TD: 13 wks; FU: 13 wks LF: 47 (15.5%) BC: NA Age: 44 (range: 15 to 76) Gender (per cent men): 57% Severity: median PASI (modified to exclude head): 9.5 (range: 2.2 to 24.4); TSS (0 to 12): 6.0 Part 2: n: 197 TD: 65 wks; FU: 65 wks LF: 83 (42.1%) BC: NA Age: NR Gender (per cent men): NR Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronic plaque psoriasis; BSA 7% to 20% (excluding scalp); aged 18 to 70; normal baseline laboratory values Part 2 of study: responders to part 1 (≥ 30% reduction in sum score (TSS) from baseline) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: topical steroids in previous 2 wks; systemic antipsoriatics within previous 6 wks; retinoids within previous 52 wks; known hypersensitivity to vitamin D₃ analogues; serious concomitant disease; disease that might interfere with study assessments; concomitant use of oral calcium/vitamin D; pregnancy or risk thereof	Tacalcitol 4 mcg/g OD. Treatment discontinued during remission and restarted if relapse No control	Local AEs: number treatment‐related adverse events; withdrawals due to adverse events (WA); investigator assessment of tolerability; participant assessment of tolerability Systemic AEs: Haematology: serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, calcitriol Urine: calcium, creatinine, calcium/creatinine ratio. Compliance with medication	Local AEs: WA: 18/304 AE(L): 65/304 Tolerability excellent/good in 76% (patient assessment) to 92% (investigator assessment) of participants at final assessment. Systemic AEs: No clinically significant changes in routine haematology, urinalysis or serum chemistry. Compliance with treatment regimen varied between 82% and 92%. However, 54% of those with BSA 10% to 20% exceeded recommended daily dose of 5 g (up to 13 g daily), but there was no effect on calcium homeostasis. Duration of excess dosing not reported	Sponsored by Hermal/BHI, Germany Scalp excluded	Not applicable
Vazquez‐Lopez 2004	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 20 TD: 26 wks; FU: 34 wks LF: 0 (0%) BC: NA Age: 28.2 (range: 20 to 55) Gender (per cent men): 40% Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: absence of visible or dermascopic red lines (linear telangiectasias) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: use of topical steroids in previous 2 mths	Clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream, OD (weekends) plus calcipotriol 50 mcg/g ointment BD (weekdays) No control	Local AEs: clinical (naked eye) examination of psoriatic plaque and surrounding area Dermoscopic examination of psoriatic plaque and surrounding area Systemic AEs: NR Compliance: quantity and frequency of study drug use (tubes weighed)	Overuse of topical steroids resulted in appearance of clinically unapparent but dermoscopically apparent linear telangiectasias. 7/20 participants failed to adhere to recommended steroid dosing schedules. Dermoscopic red lines not apparent in 15/20 participants. Dermoscopic red lines apparent in 5/20 participants, of whom 4 had overused topical steroid cream. Steroid discontinued in participants with red lines and there was complete resolution within 2 mths	Links compliance with adverse events Study received no funding	Not applicable
Veraldi 2006	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: sequential recruitment BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 48 TD: 45 dys; FU: 45 dys LF: 5 (10.4%) BC: NA Age: 48.9 (range: 21 to 71) Gender (per cent men): 62.5% Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: people with chronic stable plaque psoriasis; % BSA < = 20% EXCLUSION CRITERIA: use of antipsoriatic therapy within previous 2 wks; concurrent use of other topical, photo or systemic therapies	0.1% tazarotene gel, short contact therapy (applied OD for 20 minutes then rinsed off with water)	Pruritis (4‐pt: 0 = absent to 3 = severe) Burning (4‐pt: 0 = absent to 3 = severe)	At day 45: pruritis (0 to 3): 0.17 (0.38SD) 14/43 had mild pruritis Burning (0 to 3) 0.17 (0.38SD) 14/43 14/43 had mild burning No participant withdrew because of irritation on treated lesion	Sponsorship not reported	Not applicable
Wishart 1994	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: groups determined according to BSA affected. BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 30 TD: 6 wks; FU: 6 wks LF: 1 (3%) BC: NA Age: 42.5 (13.2SD) Gender (per cent men): 47% Severity: Duration (mths): 202 (176SD) INCLUSION CRITERIA: people aged >18 with severe chronic plaque psoriasis; lesion severity > = 3 (GSS 0 to 4) EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy, other type of psoriasis, concurrent use of medicines containing calcium or vitamin D, antacids or digitalis	Calcitriol 15 mcg/g ointment OD Quantity of study drug varied by group: Group 1 (N =12): 4% to 8% BSA treated (300 to 600 cm^2) Group 2 (N = 10): 8% to 15% BSA treated (600 to 1200 cm^2) Group 3 (N = 8): 15% to 30% BSA treated (1200 to 2400 cm^2)	IAGI (6‐pt) ECG Haematology, biochemistry, urine protein and glucose. Serum calcium, phosphorus, plasma PTH, serum 25‐hydroxyvitaim D, 1‐alpha,25dihydroxy‐vitaim D, 24 hr urine tests for calcium, creatinine and phosphorus. Compliance also assessed (medication weight)	Mean daily usage: 74.0 to 306.1 mcg. No systemic adverse events, no skin irritation. No clinically relevant changes in vital signs, haematology, biochemistry, urine or ECGs. IAGI (0 to 5): ‐3.57 (1.01SD, N = 30)	Usual dose is 3 mcg/g BD, max. 30 g daily Sponsored by Solvay Duphar	Not applicable
per cent men: per cent male; AE(L): number local adverse events/number participants; AE(S): number systemic adverse events/number participants; AE: adverse events; BC: baseline comparability; BD: twice daily; BSA: body surface area; FU: follow up (includes TD); N: number enrolled; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; OD: once daily; PASI: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; PRN: as required; TD: treatment duration; TSS: Total Severity Score; WA: withdrawal due to adverse events

Table 24. Included studies of adverse events

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Table 25. Excluded studies of adverse events

Study	Reason for exclusion
Aste 2004	Follow‐up under 12 wks and not focused on adverse events
Bos 2002	Not psoriasis, short review (letter)
Breneman 2007	Not a product included in our review (bexarotene gel 1%)
Carboni 2005	Not focused on adverse events
Feldman 2007a	Evaluated add‐on clobetasol for participants treated concurrently with topical or systemic therapy
Floden 1975	Inadequate reporting of adverse events
Franssen 1999	Small (N = 54) retrospective study using participant questionnaires ‐ aimed to identify teratogenetic effects of tar, but many women unable to recall whether tar used in pregnancy
Hong 2010; Hong 2011	Not chronic plaque psoriasis: paediatric dermatology participants had eczema or "eczema–psoriasis overlap (atopic dermatitis with associated features of psoriasis)"
Jacobi 2008	Small uncontrolled short‐term and already reflected in results from main review
Kang 1998	Short‐term and already reflected in results from main review
Lebwohl 1996	Follow‐up under 12 wks and not focused on adverse events
Park 2002	Case study
Senter 1983	Adverse events not reported
Singh 2000	Short‐term (4 weeks) and brief mention of adverse events
Stevanovic 1977	Short‐term, unclear if psoriasis, small numbers (N = 6)
Traulsen 2003	Participants were healthy volunteers
Uhoda 2003	Not about adverse events
Vissers 2004	Not about adverse events

Table 25. Excluded studies of adverse events

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Table 26. Included studies of compliance

Study	Methods	Participants	Interventions	Outcomes (compliance	Summary findings	Notes	Allocation concealment
Balkrishnan 2003	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: single‐blind (participants unaware of electronic compliance assessment) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 10 TD: 1 wk; FU: 1 wk LF: 0 (0%) BC: NA Age: NR Gender (per cent men): NR Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: participants with psoriasis who already enrolling in a study with salicylic acid and topical tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) combination therapy. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: NR	Topical salicylic acid 6% No control	Medication adherence: (1) MEMS cap: medication bottle cap with microprocessor to record time/date of every opening of the bottle. (2) Patient log (self report) of compliance Mean adherence rate: method 1: 67% (32% SD); method 2: 92% (7% SD)	Medication adherence measured by method 1 (electronic) much lower than by method 2 (patient log)	Sponsorship not reported	D
Carroll 2004a; Carroll 2004b; Carroll 2005	DESIGN: within‐patient patient delivery ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: NR Concealment: unclear BLINDING: Single‐blind (participants unaware of electronic compliance assessment) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 30 TD: 8 wks; FU: 12 wks LF: 6 (20%) BC: Yes Age: 43.6 (range 18 to 70) Gender (per cent men): 50% Severity: TSS (0 to 8): 5.3 INCLUSION CRITERIA: participants aged ≥18; symmetrical plaque‐type psoriasis; BSA < = 10%; symmetrical target plaque 1cm² with each with a score of at least 1 for erythema, thickness, and scale EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or risk thereof; topical treatment within previous 2 wks; phototherapy or systemic therapy within previous 4 wks	Topical salicylic acid 6% plus 0.1% tacrolimus ointment BD Topical salicylic acid 6% plus placebo BD	Medication adherence: (1) MEMS cap: medication bottle cap with microprocessor to record time/date of every opening of the bottle. (2) Patient log (self report) of compliance (3) medication weights	Adherence decreased over time. On the intervention side, a decrease in adherence rate of 10% was associated with a 1‐point increase in severity (P < 0.05). For the placebo‐treated side, adherence was not significantly correlated with changes in severity. Poor compliance appears to have an impact on treatment outcomes in psoriasis Mean adherence (method 1): % (doses taken/doses expected): 55%; % (days with twice‐daily dose/total days): 39.1% Higher adherence rate for women and older participants	Sponsored by Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. and by Wake Forest University School of Medicine. Excluded from effectiveness review (comparator is not placebo)	B
Feldman 2007	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: single‐blind (participants unaware of electronic compliance assessment) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 29 TD: 8 wks; FU: 8 wks LF: NR BC: NA Age: 43.5 Gender (per cent men): NR Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: NR EXCLUSION CRITERIA: NR	6% salicylic acid gel BD No control	Impact of office visits on participants' adherence to topical treatment. Adherence assessed using MEMS cap: medication bottle cap	Adherence statistically significantly higher at time of office visit. Mean adherence over the study duration was 55%. Mean applications/day: 1.1 (range: 0.72 to 1.4)	Sponsored in part by Astellas Pharma US, Inc. The Center for Dermatology Research is funded by a grant from GaldermaLaboratories, LP. (see also Balkrishnan 2003; Carroll 2004a, 2004b, 2005)	D
Ferrandiz 1998	DESIGN: between‐patient patient delivery (therapy) Clinician delivery (programme) ALLOCATION: random Method of randomisation: NR Concealment: unclear BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 881 TD: 16 wks; FU: 16 wks LF: 127 (12.6%) BC: Yes Age: 43.3 (16.9SD) Gender (per cent men): NR Severity: mean PASI: 7.0 INCLUSION CRITERIA: moderately severe chronic plaque psoriasis; BSA < = 30%; aged 18 to 70; under specialist supervision EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy or lactation; history of intolerance to calcipotriol/excipients; concurrent vitamin D (> 400 units/day) or calcium tablets; psoriasis mainly on face or hirsute areas	Calcipotriol plus reinforcement programme Calcipotriol without reinforcement programme	Reinforcement therapeutic programme to enhance adherence: dermatologist provided participant education with explanation of disease characteristics and treatment efficacy and application, plus written information card	The reinforcement programme had no effect on treatment efficacy	Sponsorship not reported	B
Fouere 2005	DESIGN: questionnaire survey (observational cross‐sectional study) ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: response rate not reported	N: 1281 TD: NA; FU: NA LF: NA BC: NA Age: 51.9 (SD 14.8) Gender (per cent men): 48% Severity: 74% considered their psoriasis as at least moderately severe INCLUSION CRITERIA: members of the national psoriasis patient associations in France, UK, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: not stated	Any antipsoriatic therapy	Compliance measured against PMAQ‐3w scale (patient medication adherence questionnaire): strict adherence to prescribed regimen over previous 3 days and last weekend Reasons for non‐compliance Perceived necessary measures to increase compliance	73% reported non‐compliance with current treatment Main reasons for non‐compliance: lack of efficacy, messiness, and time constraints To improve compliance, patients suggested improved efficacy, less greasy, sticky and smelly treatment, and fewer side‐effects.	Sponsorship not reported. 70% of responders used topical therapy	D
Gokdemir 2008	DESIGN: open uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 109 TD: 8 wks; FU: 8 wks LF: 6 (6%) BC: NA Age: 40 (range: 16 to 70) Gender (per cent men): 43% Severity: PASI: 9.1 (range: 1.2 to 35) INCLUSION CRITERIA: chronic plaque psoriasis; received prescribed antipsoriatic therapy; aged ≥16; attending outpatient clinic in Istanbul. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: other types of psoriasis; hospitalised; pregnancy	Any prescribed antipsoriatic therapy	Medication adherence: number prescribed doses taken/number prescribed doses prescribed (see Zaghloul 2004).	Mean adherence for topical therapy: 72% (31%SD) Adherence rate was correlated with being unmarried, more highly educated, and being satisfied with treatment Main reasons for non‐adherence were busyness and 'being fed up'	Findings relate to any treatment for psoriasis (not just topical therapy) Sponsorship not reported	D
Richards 1999	DESIGN: questionnaire survey (cross‐sectional uncontrolled study) patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: Response rate not reported	N: 120 TD: NA; FU: NA LF: NA BC: NA Age: 49 (18 to 84) Gender (per cent men): 54% Severity: Duration: range: 1 to 63 yrs INCLUSION CRITERIA: consecutive participants attending tertiary psoriasis specialty clinic; psoriasis. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: not stated	Any antipsoriatic therapy	Per cent complying with treatment (self report): scale not reported	39 per cent reported non‐compliance (sometimes/never complying) with prescribed treatment. The non‐compliant group had a higher self‐rated disease severity, were younger, and had a younger age at onset. The non‐compliant group reported that psoriasis had a greater impact on daily life Factors affecting compliance included the doctor‐participant relationship; optimism with the treatment prescribed; and a limited 'nuisance' value of treatment in terms of side‐effects and hassle of use	Sponsorship not reported 55% of participants were using topical therapies	D
van de Kerkhof 1998	DESIGN: questionnaire survey (uncontrolled study) patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: NA WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: Response rate reported	N: 972 TD: NA; FU: NA Response rate: 13% BC: NA Age: 45.8 (range: 5 to 87) Gender (per cent men): 43% Severity: duration of psoriasis > 10 yrs in 67% of responders INCLUSION CRITERIA: subscribers to 'Psoriasis', the journal of the Dutch Psoriasis Patient Organisation EXCLUSION CRITERIA: none stated	Any topical antipsoriatic therapy	Per cent complying with frequency of application of prescribed topical therapies Reason for non‐compliance	29% of responders reported that the prescriber did not specify dosage frequency. Where dosage frequency was specified, 33% (39%) complied with twice (once) daily regimens Main reasons for non‐adherence were preference for less frequent dosage; greasiness; lack of efficacy; and higher‐than expected efficacy	Sponsorship not reported. 14‐item questionnaire mailed in 1996 to 6100 subscribers of Psoriasis, the Journal of the Dutch Psoriasis Patient Organisation Responders asked to report on compliance over past 6 mths	D
van de Kerkhof 2000	DESIGN: questionnaire survey (uncontrolled study) ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: single‐blind WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: response rate reported	N: 839 TD: NA; FU: NA LF: NA Response rate: 14% BC: NA Age: 48.5 (range: 4 to 91) Gender (per cent men): 46% Severity: duration of psoriasis ≥ 11 years in 62% of responders INCLUSION CRITERIA: subscribers to 'Psoriasis', the Journal of the Dutch Psoriasis Patient Organisation EXCLUSION CRITERIA: none stated	Any antipsoriatic therapy including topical treatments, photo(chemo)therapy and systemic therapy	Per cent complying with duration of prescribed treatment (topical therapies) Per cent complying with frequency of application of prescribed treatment (topical therapies) Reason for non‐compliance	Per cent complying with duration of prescribed treatment (topical therapies): 71% Per cent complying with frequency of application of prescribed treatment (topical therapies): 51% Main reasons for non‐adherence were preference for minimum dosage; time constraints; and lack of confidence in efficacy	Sponsorship not reported 41‐item questionnaire mailed to 6100 subscribers of Psoriasis, the Journal of the Dutch Psoriasis Patient Organisation Responders asked to report on compliance over past 6 mths	D
van de Kerkhof 2001	DESIGN: within‐patient (see Notes) patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA concealment: NA BLINDING: open WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 976 TD: 8 wks; FU: 8 wks LF: 93 (9.5%) BC: NR Age: 45.6 (range: 7.4 to 88.4) Gender (per cent men): 52% Severity: BSA ≥ 10% in 51% of participants INCLUSION CRITERIA: psoriasis (type NR); eligible for treatment with calcipotriol EXCLUSION CRITERIA: concomitant topical or systemic antipsoriatic therapy; co‐existing skin disorder other than psoriasis	Calcipotriol cream OM plus calcipotriol ointment ON Calcipotriol ointment BD	Compliance: self‐reported number of days cream/ointment regimen applied	At wk 3, 72% of participants applied the regimen on most days. By wk 8, this statistic had fallen to 61% 51% of the 309 participants with previous experience of calcipotriol ointment monotherapy reported that their compliance with the cream/ointment regimen was higher	Sponsorship not reported Control group comprised retrospective self‐reported experience of calcipotriol ointment monotherapy by 35% of participants in the intervention group	D
Zaghloul 2004	DESIGN: uncontrolled study patient delivery ALLOCATION: non‐random Method of randomisation: NA Concealment: NA BLINDING: single‐blind (participants unaware that study focused on compliance) WITHDRAWAL/DROPOUT: described	N: 294 TD: 12 wks; FU: 12 wks LF: 93 (31.6%) BC: NA Age: 45.1 (range: 20 to 65) Gender (per cent men): 44.3% Severity: NR INCLUSION CRITERIA: psoriasis (unclear if chronic plaque only); aged 18 to 65; prescribed oral, topical or combined treatment EXCLUSION CRITERIA: pregnancy, lactation, concomitant disease	Topical, oral, or combined antipsoriatic medication No control	Medication adherence: (1) number prescribed doses taken/number prescribed doses prescribed (2) patient self‐report Quality of Life (DLQI) (0 to 30; higher score implies lower quality of life)	Medication adherence measured by method 1 (objective) much lower than by method 2 (patient self report). Mean rate: 60.6% (33.0%SD); (range: 0% to169%) Direct correlation observed between medication adherence and quality of life Adherence rate higher for participants who were women, married, employed, or not paying for prescriptions Adherence greater for topical (vs. systemic) therapy, once daily, or first‐time use	Authors report no relevant financial interests	D
per cent men: per cent male; AE(L): number local adverse events/number participants; AE(S): number systemic adverse events/number participants; AE: adverse events; BC: baseline comparability; BD: twice daily; BSA: body surface area; FU: follow up (includes TD); N: number enrolled; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; OD: once daily; PASI: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; PRN: as required; TD: treatment duration; TSS: Total Severity Score; WA: withdrawal due to adverse events

Table 26. Included studies of compliance

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Table 27. Excluded studies of compliance

Study	Reason for exclusion
Atkinson 2004	Adherence not assessed
Chu 2000	Treatment guideline (not primary study)
Gupta 2007	Review/think piece
Lee 2006	Review
Osborne 2002	Study focused on non‐responsive participants rather than those that are specifically non‐compliant
Richards 2006	Review
Szeimies 2004	Think piece (not primary study)

Table 27. Excluded studies of compliance

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Comparison 1. Vitamin D analogues versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	20		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol	10	2287	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.93 [‐1.17, ‐0.68]
1.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Calcitriol	6	1120	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.03 [‐1.71, ‐0.36]
1.4 Tacalcitol	2	433	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.84 [‐1.41, ‐0.26]
1.5 Maxacalcitol	1	103	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.43 [‐1.91, ‐0.96]
1.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.66 [‐2.66, ‐0.67]
1.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	121	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.22 [‐0.58, 0.14]
1.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	119	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.67 [‐1.04, ‐0.30]
2 TSS Show forest plot	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Calcipotriol	10	1208	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.15 [‐1.41, ‐0.89]
2.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	1	187	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.44, 0.14]
2.3 Calcitriol	4	1027	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.22 [‐2.38, ‐0.07]
2.4 Tacalcitol	3	496	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.66 [‐0.95, ‐0.36]
2.5 Maxacalcitol	1	103	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.61 [‐2.10, ‐1.12]
2.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.15 [‐3.24, ‐1.06]
2.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	121	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.37, 0.34]
2.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	119	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.83, ‐0.10]
3 PASI Show forest plot	9	2422	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.58 [‐0.71, ‐0.45]

3.1 Calcipotriol	8	2195	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.65 [‐0.75, ‐0.55]
3.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Calcitriol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Tacalcitol	1	227	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.27 [‐0.56, 0.03]
3.5 Maxacalcitol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 Paricalcitol OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.7 Becocalcidiol OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	5	1467	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.54 [‐0.72, ‐0.36]

4.1 Calcipotriol	2	439	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.64 [‐0.97, ‐0.30]
4.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Calcitriol	2	801	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.59 [‐0.76, ‐0.41]
4.4 Tacalcitol	1	227	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.24 [‐0.53, 0.05]
4.5 Maxacalcitol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Paricalcitol OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Becocalcidiol OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	30		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol	17	3269	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.96 [‐1.15, ‐0.77]
5.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	1	187	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.44, 0.14]
5.3 Calcitriol	7	1140	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.92 [‐1.54, ‐0.29]
5.4 Tacalcitol	4	723	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.73 [‐1.09, ‐0.37]
5.5 Maxacalcitol	1	103	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.43 [‐1.91, ‐0.96]
5.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.66 [‐2.66, ‐0.67]
5.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	121	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.22 [‐0.58, 0.14]
5.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	119	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.67 [‐1.04, ‐0.30]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	25	4715	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.05, 0.00]

6.1 Calcipotriol	14	3132	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.06, 0.00]
6.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.3 Calcitriol	5	339	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.02]
6.4 Tacalcitol	4	857	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.14, 0.05]
6.5 Maxacalcitol	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [‐0.01, 0.23]
6.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
6.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.12, 0.11]
6.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	121	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.13, 0.10]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	23	4463	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]

7.1 Calcipotriol	12	2880	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.04, 0.00]
7.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Calcitriol	5	339	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.02]
7.4 Tacalcitol	4	857	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.01, 0.02]
7.5 Maxacalcitol	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.08, 0.06]
7.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
7.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.02, 0.08]
7.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	121	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	14	2752	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.05, 0.00]

8.1 Calcipotriol	7	1770	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.08, 0.01]
8.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Calcitriol	4	281	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.12, 0.05]
8.4 Tacalcitol	1	314	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
8.5 Maxacalcitol	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.11, 0.04]
8.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
8.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.07, 0.04]
8.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	121	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.09, 0.02]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	19	4402	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.01, 0.02]

9.1 Calcipotriol	11	2652	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.03, 0.05]
9.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.3 Calcitriol	4	917	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.03, 0.02]
9.4 Tacalcitol	2	566	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.03, 0.03]
9.5 Maxacalcitol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
9.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.06, 0.08]
9.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	121	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [0.00, 0.19]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	14	2463	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]

10.1 Calcipotriol	8	1182	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.2 Calcipotriol plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Calcitriol	3	647	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.4 Tacalcitol	1	244	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
10.5 Maxacalcitol	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
10.6 Paricalcitol OD	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
10.7 Becocalcidiol OD	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
10.8 Becocalcidiol twice daily	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]

Comparison 1. Vitamin D analogues versus placebo

Ir a la tabla de la revisión

Comparison 2. Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	11	1904	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.00 [‐1.18, ‐0.82]

1.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	2	739	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.81 [‐0.98, ‐0.64]
1.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	4	537	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.35 [‐1.56, ‐1.15]
1.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Betamethasone valerate	1	74	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.41 [‐1.92, ‐0.90]
1.5 Budesonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.6 Desonide	1	76	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.81 [‐1.34, ‐0.28]
1.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.8 Fluticasone propionate	2	383	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.93 [‐1.14, ‐0.72]
1.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.10 Mometasone furoate	1	95	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.75 [‐1.17, ‐0.34]
2 TSS Show forest plot	7	611	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.77 [‐1.01, ‐0.52]

2.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	1	93	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.74 [‐1.16, ‐0.32]
2.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	1	33	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.77 [‐1.48, ‐0.06]
2.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.95 [‐1.62, ‐0.27]
2.4 Betamethasone valerate	1	22	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.09 [‐2.00, ‐0.18]
2.5 Budesonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.6 Desonide	1	76	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.16 [‐1.70, ‐0.61]
2.7 Diflorasone diacetate	1	93	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.32 [‐0.73, 0.09]
2.8 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	1	161	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.77, ‐0.15]
2.10 Mometasone furoate	1	95	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.12 [‐1.55, ‐0.68]
3 PASI Show forest plot	3	1158	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.97 [‐1.31, ‐0.62]

3.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	2	739	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.79 [‐1.44, ‐0.14]
3.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	1	419	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.21 [‐1.44, ‐0.97]
3.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Budesonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 Desonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.10 Mometasone furoate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Budesonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Desonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.8 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.10 Mometasone furoate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	15	2311	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.89 [‐1.06, ‐0.72]

5.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	3	832	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.80 [‐0.96, ‐0.64]
5.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	4	537	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.35 [‐1.56, ‐1.15]
5.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.95 [‐1.62, ‐0.27]
5.4 Betamethasone valerate	2	96	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.33 [‐1.78, ‐0.89]
5.5 Budesonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.6 Desonide	1	76	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.81 [‐1.34, ‐0.28]
5.7 Diflorasone diacetate	1	93	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.32 [‐0.73, 0.09]
5.8 Fluticasone propionate	2	383	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.93 [‐1.14, ‐0.72]
5.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	1	161	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.77, ‐0.15]
5.10 Mometasone furoate	1	95	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.75 [‐1.17, ‐0.34]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	9	1673	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.14 [‐0.22, ‐0.05]

6.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	2	756	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.16 [‐0.28, ‐0.04]
6.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	1	421	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.12, 0.01]
6.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	2	134	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.45 [‐0.60, ‐0.30]
6.4 Betamethasone valerate	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
6.5 Budesonide	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
6.6 Desonide	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐0.38, 0.02]
6.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.8 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	1	180	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.09, 0.10]
6.10 Mometasone furoate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	9	1292	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.02]

7.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	1	633	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.11, ‐0.02]
7.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	1	33	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
7.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	2	134	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
7.4 Betamethasone valerate	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.02, 0.17]
7.5 Budesonide	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
7.6 Desonide	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.1 [‐0.24, 0.04]
7.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.8 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	1	190	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
7.10 Mometasone furoate	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.11, 0.01]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	6		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	2	130	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.46 [‐0.61, ‐0.31]
8.4 Betamethasone valerate	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
8.5 Budesonide	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
8.6 Desonide	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
8.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.8 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	1	190	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
8.10 Mometasone furoate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	10	2117	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.08, ‐0.00]

9.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	2	756	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.15, ‐0.04]
9.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	2	454	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.12, 0.03]
9.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	2	134	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
9.4 Betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.5 Budesonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.6 Desonide	1	80	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
9.7 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.8 Fluticasone propionate	1	383	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.05, 0.05]
9.9 Hydrocortisone buteprate	1	190	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.18, 0.07]
9.10 Mometasone furoate	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.23, 0.02]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	4	675	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]

10.1 Betamethasone dipropionate OD	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Betamethasone dipropionate twice daily	1	421	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.3 Betamethasone dipropionate, maintenance	2	134	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.07, 0.10]
10.4 Budesonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Desonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.6 Diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.7 Fluticasone propionate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.8 Hydrocortisone buteprate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.9 Betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.10 Mometasone furoate	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]

Comparison 2. Corticosteroid (potent) versus placebo

Ir a la tabla de la revisión

Comparison 3. Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	5	540	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.87 [‐2.38, ‐1.36]

1.1 Clobetasol propionate	4	471	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.89 [‐2.53, ‐1.24]
1.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Halobetasol	1	69	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.81 [‐2.37, ‐1.24]
2 TSS Show forest plot	3	545	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.35 [‐1.80, ‐0.89]

2.1 Clobetasol propionate	3	545	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.35 [‐1.80, ‐0.89]
2.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Halobetasol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.1 Clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Halobetasol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	3	487	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.22 [‐1.42, ‐1.02]

4.1 Clobetasol propionate	1	79	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.01 [‐1.55, ‐0.47]
4.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Halobetasol	2	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.25 [‐1.46, ‐1.04]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	10	1493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.56 [‐1.87, ‐1.26]

5.1 Clobetasol propionate	7	1016	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.65 [‐2.10, ‐1.20]
5.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.3 Halobetasol	3	477	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.36 [‐1.65, ‐1.07]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	8	1181	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.10, 0.01]

6.1 Clobetasol propionate	7	1037	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.13, 0.01]
6.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.3 Halobetasol	1	144	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	10	1601	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]

7.1 Clobetasol propionate	7	1037	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]
7.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Halobetasol	3	564	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	8	1189	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]

8.1 Clobetasol propionate	6	845	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.03, 0.01]
8.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Halobetasol	2	344	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	8	1265	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.02, 0.02]

9.1 Clobetasol propionate	6	845	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.03, 0.03]
9.2 Halcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.3 Halobetasol	2	420	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	6	1056	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]

10.1 Clobetasol propionate	3	480	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.02, 0.01]
10.2 Halcinonide	1	156	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
10.3 Halobetasol	2	420	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]

Comparison 3. Corticosteroid (very potent) versus placebo

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Comparison 4. Dithranol versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS Show forest plot	3	94	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.06 [‐1.66, ‐0.46]

3 PASI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	3	94	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.06 [‐1.66, ‐0.46]

6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	4	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]

7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	3	104	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]

8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	2	44	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]

9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	3	94	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [‐0.30, 0.82]

10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	1	20	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.35, 0.35]

Comparison 4. Dithranol versus placebo

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Comparison 5. Vitamin D combination products versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	5	2264	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.44 [‐1.76, ‐1.12]

1.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	4	1416	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.21 [‐1.50, ‐0.91]
1.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	2	848	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.90 [‐2.09, ‐1.71]
2 TSS	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	5	2263	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.24 [‐1.53, ‐0.95]

3.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	4	1414	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.14 [‐1.57, ‐0.70]
3.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	2	849	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.41 [‐1.86, ‐0.97]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	5	2264	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.44 [‐1.76, ‐1.12]

5.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	4	1416	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.21 [‐1.50, ‐0.91]
5.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	2	848	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.90 [‐2.09, ‐1.71]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	5	2340	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.17, ‐0.07]

6.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	4	1483	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.22, ‐0.09]
6.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	2	857	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.12, ‐0.03]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	3	1723	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.11, ‐0.04]

7.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	3	1280	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.11, ‐0.03]
7.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	1	443	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.14, ‐0.05]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	1	802	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.12, ‐0.06]

8.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	1	359	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.13, ‐0.05]
8.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	1	443	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.13, ‐0.05]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	5	2334	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.08, ‐0.02]

9.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	4	1479	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.11, ‐0.02]
9.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	2	855	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.08, 0.01]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	1	412	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]

10.1 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, once daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Combination calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, twice daily	1	412	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]

Comparison 5. Vitamin D combination products versus placebo

Ir a la tabla de la revisión

Comparison 6. Other treatment versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	8		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.13 Methotrexate gel	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.17 Oleum horwathiensis (Psoricur®)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.22 Sirolimus (topical), 2.2% for 6 wks, then 8% for a further 6 wks	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.24 Tar	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.25 Tazarotene	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS Show forest plot	17		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	1	89	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.70 [‐1.13, ‐0.27]
2.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	1	192	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.48 [‐0.81, ‐0.15]
2.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	1	50	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.05 [‐1.64, ‐0.46]
2.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, twice daily	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.13 [‐1.91, ‐0.35]
2.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	2	88	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.64 [‐2.13, ‐1.15]
2.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1	24	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.33 [‐0.48, 1.14]
2.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.13 Methotrexate gel	1	82	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.48 [‐0.92, ‐0.04]
2.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	1	14	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.44 [‐2.67, ‐0.22]
2.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.60, 0.75]
2.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.60, 0.20]
2.17 Oleum horwathiensis (Psoricur®)	1	42	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.77 [‐1.40, ‐0.14]
2.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.59, 0.85]
2.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.31 [‐3.26, ‐1.36]
2.22 Sirolimus (topical), 2.2% for 6 wks, then 8% for a further 6 wks	1	44	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.39 [‐0.98, 0.21]
2.23 Tacrolimus ointment	1	47	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [‐0.52, 0.63]
2.24 Tar	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.45 [‐1.11, 0.22]
2.25 Tazarotene	1	318	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.86 [‐1.11, ‐0.62]
2.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion, 30%	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.11 Kukui nut oil, twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.13 Methotrexate gel	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.17 Oleum horwathiensis (Psoricur®)	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.22 Sirolimus (topical), 2.2% for 6 wks, then 8% for a further 6 wks	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.24 Tar	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.25 Tazarotene	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion, 30%	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.13 Methotrexate gel	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.17 Oleum horwathiensis (Psoricur®)	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.22 Sirolimus (topical), 2.2% for 6 wks, then 8% for a further 6 wks	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.24 Tar	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.25 Tazarotene	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	26		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	1	60	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.58 [‐2.16, ‐0.99]
5.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	1	89	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.59 [‐1.01, ‐0.16]
5.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1	81	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.76 [‐1.21, ‐0.31]
5.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	1	78	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.39 [‐0.84, 0.06]
5.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	1	192	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.48 [‐0.81, ‐0.15]
5.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion, 30%	1	19	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [‐0.36, 1.51]
5.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	1	50	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.05 [‐1.64, ‐0.46]
5.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	1	24	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.96 [‐4.19, ‐1.74]
5.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.62 [‐1.35, 0.12]
5.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	2	88	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.09 [‐2.62, ‐1.56]
5.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1	24	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.80, 0.80]
5.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	1	200	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.77 [‐1.06, ‐0.48]
5.13 Methotrexate gel	2	142	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.05 [‐2.04, ‐0.06]
5.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	1	14	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.44 [‐2.67, ‐0.22]
5.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.60, 0.75]
5.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.60, 0.20]
5.17 Oleum horwathiensis (Psoricur®)	1	42	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.63, 0.58]
5.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	1	80	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.50, 0.37]
5.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.59, 0.85]
5.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.31 [‐3.26, ‐1.36]
5.22 Sirolimus (topical), 2.2% for 6 wks, then 8% for a further 6 wks	1	44	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.39 [‐0.98, 0.21]
5.23 Tacrolimus ointment	1	47	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [‐0.52, 0.63]
5.24 Tar	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.45 [‐1.11, 0.22]
5.25 Tazarotene	1	318	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.86 [‐1.11, ‐0.62]
5.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	1	22	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.87 [‐4.13, ‐1.62]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	23		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
6.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.12, 0.08]
6.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1	85	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.09, 0.09]
6.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	1	78	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
6.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.01, 0.08]
6.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	1	24	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.25 [‐0.06, 0.56]
6.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
6.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
6.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	2	112	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.15, 0.15]
6.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.13 [‐0.42, 0.15]
6.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	1	200	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.23 [‐0.32, ‐0.14]
6.13 Methotrexate gel	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
6.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	1	14	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.24, 0.24]
6.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
6.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08]
6.17 Oleum horwathiensis	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.16 [‐0.04, 0.36]
6.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	1	146	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.15, 0.15]
6.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	1	104	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
6.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.24, 0.24]
6.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
6.22 Sirolimus (topical)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.24 Tar	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.25 Tazarotene	2	1627	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
6.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	19		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
7.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1	85	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.07, 0.06]
7.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	1	78	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
7.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
7.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	1	24	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.18, 0.35]
7.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
7.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
7.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	2	112	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
7.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
7.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.13 Methotrexate gel	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
7.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	1	14	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.24, 0.24]
7.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
7.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
7.17 Oleum horwathiensis	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
7.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	1	146	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
7.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
7.22 Sirolimus (topical)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.24 Tar	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.25 Tazarotene	2	1627	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [0.05, 0.10]
7.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	18		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
8.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1	85	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08]
8.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	1	78	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
8.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
8.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	1	24	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.12, 0.29]
8.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
8.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
8.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	1	28	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.13, 0.13]
8.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
8.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.13 Methotrexate gel	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
8.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	1	14	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.24, 0.24]
8.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
8.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
8.17 Oleum horwathiensis	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
8.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	1	146	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
8.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
8.22 Sirolimus (topical)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.24 Tar	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.25 Tazarotene	2	1627	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.04, 0.01]
8.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	21		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
9.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	1	92	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.10, 0.14]
9.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1	85	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.07, 0.06]
9.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	1	78	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.03, 0.13]
9.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.02, 0.27]
9.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	1	24	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.18, 0.35]
9.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.06, 0.14]
9.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	1	24	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.44, 0.27]
9.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.06, 0.33]
9.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	2	88	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
9.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
9.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	1	200	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.02]
9.13 Methotrexate gel	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
9.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	1	14	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.24, 0.24]
9.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
9.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.07, 0.28]
9.17 Oleum horwathiensis	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.06, 0.14]
9.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	1	146	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.02, 0.05]
9.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	1	104	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.19, 0.19]
9.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
9.22 Sirolimus (topical)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.24 Tar	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.25 Tazarotene	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	1	22	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.16, 0.16]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	12		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

10.1 Aloe vera extract 0.5% hydrophilic cream, three times per day	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Anti‐IL‐8 monoclonal antibody cream	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Betamethasone 17‐valerate 21‐acetate plus tretinoin plus salicylic acid	1	85	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
10.4 Caffeine (topical) 10%, TD	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Calcipotriene 0.005% ointment + nicotinamide 0.05% or 0.1% or 0.7% or 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.6 Dead Sea salts emollient lotion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.7 Fish oil plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.8 Herbal skin care (Dr Michaels® cleansing gel, ointment and skin conditioner), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.9 Hexafluoro‐1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
10.10 Indigo naturalis 1.4% ointment	2	88	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
10.11 Kukui nut oil, TD	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.12 Mahonia aquifolium (Reliéva™), twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.13 Methotrexate gel	2	166	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
10.14 Mycophenolic acid ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.15 NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) cream	1	34	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
10.16 Nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.17 Oleum horwathiensis	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
10.18 Omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.19 Platelet aggregation activating factor (PAF)(Ro 24‐0238)	1	104	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
10.20 Polymyxin B cream 200,000 U/g	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.21 PTH (1‐34) in Novasome A® liposomal cream, twice daily	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
10.22 Sirolimus (topical)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.23 Tacrolimus ointment	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.24 Tar	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.25 Tazarotene	2	414	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.26 Theophylline 1% ointment, twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 6. Other treatment versus placebo

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Comparison 7. Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent)

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	8		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1728	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.28, 0.58]
1.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	412	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.21, 0.17]
1.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	1	256	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.02, 0.52]
1.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	1	99	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.58 [‐0.99, ‐0.18]
1.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [‐0.04, 0.45]
1.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.91, 0.53]
1.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS Show forest plot	6		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	684	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.26 [‐0.41, ‐0.11]
2.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	1	256	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.40 [0.15, 0.65]
2.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	1	89	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.50 [‐0.92, ‐0.07]
2.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.02, 0.51]
2.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	2	148	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.09, 0.74]
3 PASI Show forest plot	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

3.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1728	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.22, 0.51]
3.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	4	1505	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.22, ‐0.02]
3.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.73, 1.02]
3.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.14, 0.63]
3.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	2	1080	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.26 [‐0.38, ‐0.14]

4.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	2	1080	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.26 [‐0.38, ‐0.14]
4.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	14		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1728	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.28, 0.58]
5.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	4	1557	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.26, 0.02]
5.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.73, 1.02]
5.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	1	256	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.02, 0.52]
5.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	1	99	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.58 [‐0.99, ‐0.18]
5.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [‐0.04, 0.45]
5.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	30	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.91, 0.53]
5.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	2	148	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.09, 0.74]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	11	3995	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [0.00, 0.03]

6.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1739	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [0.01, 0.06]
6.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	3	1520	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.01, 0.04]
6.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	1	268	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
6.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.08, 0.03]
6.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.10, 0.23]
6.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	2	180	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	9	3058	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.00, 0.01]

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	956	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [0.00, 0.04]
7.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	3	1520	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.00, 0.01]
7.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	1	114	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.03]
7.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.02, 0.03]
7.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.10, 0.23]
7.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	2	180	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	5	1500	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	2	1099	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]
8.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	1	113	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
8.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.03, 0.05]
8.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	30	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.12, 0.12]
8.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	9	3778	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [0.02, 0.11]

9.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1739	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [0.04, 0.09]
9.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	3	1516	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.02, 0.26]
9.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	1	113	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.02, 0.22]
9.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.05, 0.06]
9.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	152	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.07, 0.04]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	6	2547	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.00, 0.00]

10.1 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	621	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.2 Calcipotriol vs. betamethasone valerate	3	1516	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.00, 0.00]
10.3 Calcipotriol vs. desoxymetasone	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Calcipotriol vs. diflorasone diacetate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Calcipotriol vs. fluocinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.6 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1	258	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.04, 0.03]
10.7 Calcitriol vs. betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.8 Tacalcitol vs. betamethasone valerate	1	152	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]

Comparison 7. Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (potent)

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Comparison 8. Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent)

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	2	82	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.57, 0.44]

5.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	2	82	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.57, 0.44]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

9.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

10.1 Calcipotriol vs. Clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 8. Vitamin D analogues versus corticosteroid (very potent)

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Comparison 9. Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	4		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1926	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.52, ‐0.27]
1.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1	65	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.69 [‐1.22, ‐0.15]
2 TSS Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	3	1876	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.44 [‐0.55, ‐0.33]

3.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1876	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.44 [‐0.55, ‐0.33]
3.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1926	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.40 [‐0.52, ‐0.27]
5.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1	122	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.09, 0.81]
5.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1	65	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.69 [‐1.22, ‐0.15]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	5	2135	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]

6.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1948	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.03, 0.03]
6.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1	122	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
6.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1	65	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	3		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	2		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

8.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	4		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	3	1946	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.00, 0.04]
9.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	1	122	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.13, 0.06]
9.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

10.1 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. betamethasone dipropionate	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Calcipotriol + betamethasone dipropionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Calcipotriol + clobetasol propionate vs. clobetasol propionate	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 9. Vitamin D combined with corticosteroid versus corticosteroid

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Comparison 10. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	4	994	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.43 [‐0.85, ‐0.01]
1.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.13, 0.88]
1.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS Show forest plot	4		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	2	210	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.54 [‐1.16, 0.08]
2.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.24, 0.50]
2.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	1	84	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐0.60, 0.25]
3 PASI Show forest plot	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	3		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	2	544	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.90, 0.80]
4.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	8		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	6		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	7	615	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.01]

6.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	5	417	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.07, 0.04]
6.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.25, 0.06]
6.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	1	84	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.16, 0.11]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	7	1265	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.06, ‐0.00]

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	6	1151	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.06, 0.00]
7.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.13, 0.02]
7.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	5	788	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.02]

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	4	674	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.02, 0.02]
8.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.08, 0.04]
8.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	9	1543	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.32 [‐0.43, ‐0.20]

9.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	7	1345	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.25 [‐0.32, ‐0.17]
9.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.67 [‐0.80, ‐0.54]
9.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	1	84	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.36 [‐0.52, ‐0.20]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	4	746	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]

10.1 Calcipotriol vs. dithranol	2	548	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]
10.2 Calcitriol vs. dithranol	1	114	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
10.3 Tacalcitol vs. dithranol	1	84	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]

Comparison 10. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus dithranol

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Comparison 11. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	3		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	246	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.25, 0.25]
1.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	1	226	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.47 [‐0.73, ‐0.21]
1.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	52	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [‐0.12, 0.98]
2 TSS Show forest plot	3	589	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.31 [‐0.55, ‐0.06]

2.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	250	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.32 [‐0.57, ‐0.07]
2.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	1	287	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.45 [‐0.68, ‐0.22]
2.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	52	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.41, 0.68]
3 PASI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

4.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	4	539	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.17 [‐0.62, 0.27]

5.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	2	261	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.41 [‐1.46, 0.64]
5.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	1	226	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.47 [‐0.73, ‐0.21]
5.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	52	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [‐0.12, 0.98]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	3	334	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08]

6.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	2	274	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.04, 0.09]
6.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	3	334	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.01, 0.06]

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	2	274	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.01, 0.07]
7.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	3	334	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	2	274	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.08, 0.07]
8.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	2	537	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.05, 0.12]

9.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	250	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [0.01, 0.14]
9.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	1	287	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.09, 0.07]
9.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	3	597	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]

10.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	250	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
10.2 Calcipotriol vs. tacalcitol	1	287	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.3 Calcipotriol vs. maxacalcitol	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]

Comparison 11. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other vitamin D analogue

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Comparison 12. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	11		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMD ON	1	154	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.23, 0.88]
1.2 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	2	1194	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.31, 1.02]
1.3 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	1	377	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.06, 0.48]
1.4 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD twice daily	3	1804	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.40, 0.93]
1.5 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMV ON	2	510	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [‐0.19, 0.74]
1.6 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, clobetasone butyrate ON	1	344	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.05, 0.48]
1.7 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol twice daily + clobetasol propionate twice daily	1	65	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.34, 1.42]
1.8 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, diflucortolone valerate ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.9 Calcipotriol OD vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.10 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + hydrocortisone OD	1	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.06, 0.33]
1.11 Calcitriol twice daily vs. diflucortolone valerate OM, calcitriol ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.12 Tacalcitol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	1	334	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.26, 0.70]
2 TSS Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMD ON	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.5 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMV ON	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.6 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, clobetasone butyrate ON	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.7 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol twice daily + clobetasol propionate twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.8 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, diflucortolone valerate ON	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.9 Calcipotriol OD vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.10 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + hydrocortisone OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.11 Calcitriol twice daily vs. diflucortolone valerate OM, calcitriol ON	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.12 Tacalcitol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	16		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

3.1 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMD ON	1	124	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.10, 0.82]
3.2 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	2	1191	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.23, 1.11]
3.3 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	4	1204	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.38, 0.67]
3.4 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD twice daily	3	1744	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.46, 0.83]
3.5 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMV ON	2	515	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [‐0.07, 0.93]
3.6 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, clobetasone butyrate ON	1	344	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.17 [‐0.04, 0.38]
3.7 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol twice daily + clobetasol propionate twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, diflucortolone valerate ON	1	116	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.29, 0.44]
3.9 Calcipotriol OD vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.53 [‐0.11, 1.18]
3.10 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + hydrocortisone OD	1	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.11, 0.28]
3.11 Calcitriol twice daily vs. diflucortolone valerate OM, calcitriol ON	1	142	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [‐0.09, 0.57]
3.12 Tacalcitol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	1	334	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.47 [0.25, 0.69]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	2	399	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.29, 0.69]

4.1 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMD ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMV ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, clobetasone butyrate ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol twice daily + clobetasol propionate twice daily	1	65	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.70 [0.16, 1.23]
4.8 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, diflucortolone valerate ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.9 Calcipotriol OD vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.10 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + hydrocortisone OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.11 Calcitriol twice daily vs. diflucortolone valerate OM, calcitriol ON	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.12 Tacalcitol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	1	334	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.24, 0.68]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	17		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMD ON	1	154	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.23, 0.88]
5.2 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	2	1194	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.31, 1.02]
5.3 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	4	1204	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.20, 0.66]
5.4 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD twice daily	3	1804	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.40, 0.93]
5.5 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, BMV ON	2	510	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [‐0.19, 0.74]
5.6 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, clobetasone butyrate ON	1	344	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.05, 0.48]
5.7 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol twice daily + clobetasol propionate twice daily	1	65	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.34, 1.42]
5.8 Calcipotriol twice daily vs. calcipotriol OM, diflucortolone valerate ON	1	116	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.29, 0.44]
5.9 Calcipotriol OD vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.53 [‐0.11, 1.18]
5.10 Calcipotriol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + hydrocortisone OD	1	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [‐0.06, 0.33]
5.11 Calcitriol twice daily vs. diflucortolone valerate OM, calcitriol ON	1	142	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [‐0.09, 0.57]
5.12 Tacalcitol OD vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD OD	1	334	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.26, 0.70]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	15	5494	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [0.02, 0.05]

6.1 Talcipotriol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	13	4985	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [0.01, 0.05]
6.2 Calcitriol vs. calcitriol and corticosteroid	1	142	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.08, 0.10]
6.3 Tacalcitol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	1	367	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	13	4081	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [0.01, 0.03]

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	11	3572	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [0.01, 0.03]
7.2 Calcitriol vs. calcitriol and corticosteroid	1	142	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.02, 0.07]
7.3 Tacalcitol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	1	367	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.02, 0.03]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	7	1925	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.00, 0.02]

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	7	1925	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.00, 0.02]
8.2 Calcitriol vs. calcitriol and corticosteroid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Tacalcitol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	15	5581	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.05, 0.08]

9.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	13	5084	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.04, 0.08]
9.2 Calcitriol vs. calcitriol and corticosteroid	1	131	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [0.02, 0.19]
9.3 Tacalcitol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	1	366	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.02, 0.15]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	6	2099	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.00, 0.00]

10.1 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	5	1968	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.00, 0.00]
10.2 Calcitriol vs. calcitriol and corticosteroid	1	131	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
10.3 Tacalcitol vs. calcipotriol and corticosteroid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 12. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus vitamin D + corticosteroid

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Comparison 13. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	7		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	577	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.29, 0.04]
1.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	585	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.04, 0.29]
1.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	92	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.18, 1.02]
1.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2wks)	1	76	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [‐0.05, 0.86]
1.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.16]
1.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	759	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.12, 0.41]
1.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy)+ combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	753	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.37, 0.66]
1.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy)+ combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	760	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [0.11, 0.40]
1.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	596	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.08, 0.40]
1.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.36, 0.72]
2 TSS Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	92	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.21, 1.05]
2.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	8		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

3.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	649	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.19, 0.11]
3.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	1	143	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.29 [‐0.04, 0.62]
3.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	650	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.05, 0.25]
3.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.01, 1.32]
3.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	1	76	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.13 [0.64, 1.62]
3.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.27 [‐0.62, 0.09]
3.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	759	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.10, 0.39]
3.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	753	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.45, 0.74]
3.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	760	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.16, 0.45]
3.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	645	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [‐0.01, 0.30]
3.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	501	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.31, 0.67]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	4		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	577	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.14 [‐0.30, 0.02]
4.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	585	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.06, 0.26]
4.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	759	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.13, 0.42]
4.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	753	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.56, 0.85]
4.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	760	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.29, 0.58]
4.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	596	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.07, 0.39]
4.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.36, 0.72]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	577	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.29, 0.04]
5.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	1	143	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.29 [‐0.04, 0.62]
5.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	585	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.04, 0.29]
5.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	92	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.18, 1.02]
5.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.01, 1.32]
5.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	1	76	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [‐0.05, 0.86]
5.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.16]
5.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	759	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.12, 0.41]
5.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy)+ combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	753	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.37, 0.66]
5.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	760	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [0.11, 0.40]
5.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	596	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.08, 0.40]
5.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	493	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.36, 0.72]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	9		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	649	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [0.00, 0.10]
6.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.09, 0.17]
6.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	649	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [0.03, 0.13]
6.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	98	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
6.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	1	38	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.10, 0.10]
6.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	1	76	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
6.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.12, 0.11]
6.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	759	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [0.03, 0.14]
6.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	753	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.17]
6.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	760	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.01, 0.07]
6.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	644	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.01, 0.07]
6.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	501	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.01, 0.12]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	8		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.09, 0.01]
7.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	98	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
7.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	1	38	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.10, 0.10]
7.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	1	76	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
7.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.03]
7.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	759	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.01, 0.02]
7.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	753	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.02]
7.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	760	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.03, 0.01]
7.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	501	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	6		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [0.10, 0.33]
8.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	98	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
8.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	1	38	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.10, 0.10]
8.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	1	76	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
8.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.04, 0.10]
8.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy)+ combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	501	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [0.02, 0.08]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	8		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	649	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.17]
9.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	649	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.05, 0.17]
9.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	98	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.08, 0.12]
9.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	1	38	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.14, 0.14]
9.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	1	76	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [0.07, 0.45]
9.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	1	125	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.10, 0.06]
9.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	1	752	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.07, 0.02]
9.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	743	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.03, 0.05]
9.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	749	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.00, 0.08]
9.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	1	644	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.04]
9.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1	501	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.01, 0.11]
10 Adverse events (systemic)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.1 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Calcipotriol (12 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. clobetasol propionate (2 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. calcipotriol OM, fluocinonide acetonide ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.6 Calcipotriol (6 wks) vs. halometasone OM, calcipotriol ON (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (w/dy), halometasone (w/e) (2 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (2 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.7 Calcipotriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcipotriol twice daily (to wk 12) vs. calcitriol ON, clobetasol propionate OM (2 to 4 wks); then calcitriol twice daily (to wk 12)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.8 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.9 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then placebo ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.10 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol ointment twice daily (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) + combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.11 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (8 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (w/dy) & combined calcipotriol + BMD (w/e) (8 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.12 Tacalcitol (8 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 13. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments: complex regimens

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Comparison 14. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks)

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

5.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

6.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

7.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

8.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

9.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Adverse events (systemic)	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Combined calcipotriol + BMD (52 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Alternating: combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (4 wks) vs. combined calcipotriol + BMD (4 wks); then calcipotriol (48 wks)	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 14. Vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment: long‐term studies (> 24 wks)

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Comparison 15. Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	10		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	3	139	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.53 [‐1.74, 0.68]
1.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	2	209	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.59 [‐0.87, ‐0.31]
1.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	200	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.33, 0.22]
1.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.7 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.8 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.22 [‐0.60, 0.16]
1.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.55 [‐1.33, 0.24]
1.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	2	728	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.24 [‐0.38, ‐0.09]
1.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS Show forest plot	7		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	132	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.51 [‐0.86, ‐0.16]
2.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.49, 0.31]
2.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol+nicotinamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.7%, or 1.4%), twice daily	1	192	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.19 [‐0.14, 0.52]
2.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	2	171	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.35 [‐1.51, 0.81]
2.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	1	199	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.33, 0.23]
2.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	2	247	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐2.04, 1.68]
3 PASI Show forest plot	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

3.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	2	109	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐1.54, 1.35]
3.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	87	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.63 [‐1.06, ‐0.20]
3.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	160	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.36, 0.26]
3.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	27	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.24 [‐3.23, ‐1.25]
3.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.78, 0.75]
3.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	3	989	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.25, 0.00]
3.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	6		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	1	54	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.51 [‐2.12, ‐0.90]
4.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	87	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.56 [‐0.99, ‐0.13]
4.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	186	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.49 [‐0.79, ‐0.20]
4.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.13 [‐0.51, 0.24]
4.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.35 [‐0.99, 0.29]
4.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.55 [‐1.33, 0.24]
4.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	3	139	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.53 [‐1.74, 0.68]
5.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	2	209	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.59 [‐0.87, ‐0.31]
5.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.49, 0.31]
5.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.7%, or 1.4%), twice daily	1	192	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.19 [‐0.14, 0.52]
5.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	2	360	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.26, 0.15]
5.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	27	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.24 [‐3.23, ‐1.25]
5.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	2	171	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.55 [‐1.28, 0.17]
5.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	2	237	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.35, 0.16]
5.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.55 [‐1.33, 0.24]
5.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	3	988	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.32, ‐0.07]
5.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	2	247	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐2.04, 1.68]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	15		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	2	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.12, 0.08]
6.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	2	220	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.10, 0.04]
6.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.05, 0.09]
6.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.7%, or 1.4%), twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.06, 0.07]
6.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	160	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.09, 0.17]
6.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	28	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.16, 0.30]
6.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.13 [‐0.25, ‐0.01]
6.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	2	254	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.01]
6.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.15, 0.08]
6.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.14, 0.14]
6.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	3	1001	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.03, 0.05]
6.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	15		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	2	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06]
7.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	2	210	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.07, 0.03]
7.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
7.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.7%, or 1.4%), twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
7.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	160	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.00, 0.10]
7.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	28	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.16, 0.30]
7.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.08, 0.11]
7.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	2	254	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.16, 0.05]
7.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.10, 0.07]
7.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.14, 0.14]
7.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	3	998	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.01, 0.02]
7.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	12		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
8.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	88	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.06, 0.07]
8.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
8.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.7%, or 1.4%), twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
8.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	160	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.07, 0.02]
8.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	28	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.25, 0.11]
8.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.07, 0.03]
8.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	1	208	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
8.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	1	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
8.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.14, 0.14]
8.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	3	998	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]
8.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	11		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	2	120	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.06, 0.10]
9.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	122	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [‐0.09, 0.20]
9.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	1	96	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.32, 0.03]
9.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.7%, or 1.4%), twice daily	1	192	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.17 [‐0.30, ‐0.03]
9.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	160	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.02, 0.15]
9.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	28	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.25, 0.11]
9.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.37, ‐0.01]
9.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	1	204	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.11, 0.06]
9.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	1	26	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.23 [‐0.06, 0.52]
9.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	2	731	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.06, 0.05]
9.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	8		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

10.1 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar	1	60	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
10.2 Calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	88	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
10.3 Calcipotriol vs. nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + nicotinamide 1.4%, twice daily	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Calcipotriol vs. corticosteroid + salicylic acid	1	160	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.02, 0.02]
10.6 Calcipotriol vs. propylthiouracil cream	1	28	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.13, 0.13]
10.7 Calcipotriol vs. tacrolimus ointment	1	124	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.04, 0.04]
10.8 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene	1	183	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.03]
10.9 Calcipotriol vs. tazarotene gel plus mometasone furoate cream	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.10 Calcipotriol vs. vitamin B12 cream	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.11 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: twice daily vs OD	1	264	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.12 Head‐to‐head vitamin D alone or in combination: no occlusion vs. occlusion	1	38	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.10, 0.10]

Comparison 15. Vitamin D analogues versus other treatment

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Comparison 16. Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

1.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2 TSS Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

2.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 PASI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

3.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	1	47	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.65 [‐1.24, ‐0.06]
4.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.83 [‐3.79, ‐1.88]
5.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	1	38	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.08 [‐1.77, ‐0.40]
5.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	2	86	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.86 [‐1.30, ‐0.41]
5.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	3		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.08, 0.28]
6.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.14, 0.14]
6.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	2	97	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.16, 0.04]
6.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	1	167	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.17 [‐0.30, ‐0.03]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	3		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
7.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
7.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	2	97	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]
7.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	1	167	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.03]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	3		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.18, 0.08]
8.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.18, 0.08]
8.3 Pimecrolimus cream, 1% OD/twice daily	2	97	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.13, 0.04]
8.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	1	167	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐0.19, ‐0.02]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	3		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.18, 0.08]
9.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.11, 0.21]
9.3 Pimecrolimus cream 1%, OD/twice daily	2	97	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [‐0.15, 0.31]
9.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	1	167	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.17 [‐0.30, ‐0.03]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected

10.1 Betamethasone valerate 0.1%, OD	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Calcipotriol ointment, OD	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Pimecrolimus cream 1%, OD/twice daily	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Tacrolimus ointment 0.1%, twice daily	1		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 16. Flexural/facial psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials

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Comparison 17. Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.11, 0.50]
1.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	1	49	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [‐0.15, 0.98]
2 TSS Show forest plot	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	150	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.28, 0.94]
2.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	1	49	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.29 [‐0.27, 0.85]
3 PASI Show forest plot	2		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

3.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.02 [1.20, 2.84]
3.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.12, 0.51]
3.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	1	39	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.53 [‐1.17, 0.11]
3.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	4		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	36	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	2.02 [1.20, 2.84]
5.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.11, 0.50]
5.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	150	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.28, 0.94]
5.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	1	39	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.53 [‐1.17, 0.11]
5.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	1	49	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [‐0.15, 0.98]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	4		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.28, 0.08]
6.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	408	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.03, 0.11]
6.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.11, 0.11]
6.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.08, 0.18]
6.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.02, 0.26]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	4		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
7.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	408	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.02, 0.11]
7.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.01, 0.18]
7.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
7.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	4		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
8.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	408	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05]
8.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
8.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.09, 0.09]
8.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	1	50	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.07, 0.07]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	3		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.05, 0.25]
9.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	1	404	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [0.08, 0.23]
9.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	1	150	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.02, 0.17]
9.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.38, 0.08]
9.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Adverse events (systemic)	0		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 Calcipotriol vs. BMV	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.2 Calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + hydrocortisone	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.3 Calcipotriol vs. calcitriol	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Calcipotriol vs. pimecrolimus	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Calcitriol vs. tacrolimus	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 17. Flexural/facial psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatment

Ir a la tabla de la revisión

Comparison 18. Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	2	457	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.72 [‐1.28, ‐0.16]
1.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	2	712	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.09 [‐1.29, ‐0.90]
1.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	132	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.42 [‐1.80, ‐1.04]
1.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	2	458	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.73 [‐1.99, ‐1.48]
1.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	1	54	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.11 [‐1.69, ‐0.53]
1.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	854	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.97 [‐1.61, ‐0.32]
1.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.48 [‐2.50, ‐0.47]
1.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	1	84	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.22 [‐1.69, ‐0.76]
1.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.86 [‐1.79, 0.06]
2 TSS Show forest plot	11		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	2	457	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.44 [‐0.64, ‐0.25]
2.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	2	712	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.00 [‐1.19, ‐0.81]
2.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	1	172	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.40 [‐1.75, ‐1.05]
2.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	126	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.58 [‐1.98, ‐1.18]
2.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	3	707	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.53 [‐1.77, ‐1.28]
2.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	854	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.92 [‐1.42, ‐0.43]
2.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.15 [‐2.11, ‐0.19]
2.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	37	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.82, 0.68]
2.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	1	84	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.89 [‐1.34, ‐0.44]
2.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.57 [‐1.47, 0.32]
3 PASI	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	2	450	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.66 [‐1.28, ‐0.05]
4.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	1	685	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.23 [‐1.43, ‐1.03]
4.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	132	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.97 [‐1.33, ‐0.61]
4.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	841	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.00 [‐1.79, ‐0.22]
4.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	37	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐0.86, 0.64]
4.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	13		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	2	457	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.72 [‐1.28, ‐0.16]
5.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	2	712	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.09 [‐1.29, ‐0.90]
5.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	1	172	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.40 [‐1.75, ‐1.05]
5.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	132	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.42 [‐1.80, ‐1.04]
5.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	4	788	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.57 [‐1.81, ‐1.34]
5.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	1	54	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.11 [‐1.69, ‐0.53]
5.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	854	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.97 [‐1.61, ‐0.32]
5.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.48 [‐2.50, ‐0.47]
5.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	37	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.82, 0.68]
5.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	1	84	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.22 [‐1.69, ‐0.76]
5.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	1	20	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.86 [‐1.79, 0.06]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	13		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	3	517	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.08, 0.05]
6.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	1	692	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.14 [‐0.21, ‐0.06]
6.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	165	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.11, 0.11]
6.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	5	1006	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.10, 0.04]
6.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	1	58	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.13, 0.13]
6.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	854	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.16, ‐0.03]
6.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
6.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.15 [‐0.38, 0.09]
6.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	1	89	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.13, 0.04]
6.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	13		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	3	517	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.02, 0.05]
7.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	2	712	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.08, ‐0.00]
7.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	1	172	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
7.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	165	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
7.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	5	1006	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]
7.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	1	58	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.06, 0.06]
7.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	1	677	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.08, 0.00]
7.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	1	20	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]
7.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐0.42, 0.05]
7.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	1	20	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	9		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	2	457	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.05 [‐0.11, 0.00]
8.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	1	692	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.10 [‐0.16, ‐0.05]
8.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	1	165	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.02]
8.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	5	1006	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.02]
8.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	1	677	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.11 [‐0.17, ‐0.06]
8.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.09 [‐0.28, 0.10]
8.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	12		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	3	510	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.05, 0.04]
9.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	2	703	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.07 [‐0.13, ‐0.01]
9.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	4	817	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.00 [‐0.03, 0.04]
9.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	1	58	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.03 [‐0.12, 0.06]
9.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	831	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.13, 0.02]
9.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	1	20	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]
9.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	1	40	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.24, 0.13]
9.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	1	89	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08]
9.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	1	20	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.17, 0.17]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	4		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

10.1 Vitamin D: calcipotriol	1	408	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.2 Potent steroid: betamethasone dipropionate	1	692	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.3 Potent steroid: betamethasone valerate	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.4 Very potent steroid: amcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.5 Very potent steroid: clobetasol propionate	2	385	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.03, 0.02]
10.6 Very potent steroid: halcinonide	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.7 Vitamin D in combination: calcipotriol + BMD	2	843	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.8 Other treatment: betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate plus salicylic acid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.9 Other treatment: ciclopirox olamine shampoo	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.10 Other treatment: fluocinolone acetonide, plus occlusion	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10.11 Other treatment: salicylic acid	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Comparison 18. Scalp psoriasis: placebo‐controlled trials

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Comparison 19. Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 IAGI Show forest plot	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

1.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1676	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.32, 0.64]
1.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	510	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.20, 0.55]
1.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2444	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐0.26, ‐0.10]
1.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	4	2581	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.44, 0.84]
1.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	2	748	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.24 [‐0.73, 0.25]
2 TSS Show forest plot	10		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

2.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1676	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.28, 0.63]
2.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	487	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.09, 0.27]
2.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	1	151	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.05, 0.69]
2.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2444	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.19 [‐0.27, ‐0.11]
2.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	3	1978	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.70 [0.56, 0.84]
2.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	3	925	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.84, 0.24]
3 PASI	0		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4 PAGI Show forest plot	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

4.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1654	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.31, 0.81]
4.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	468	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.22, 0.59]
4.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
4.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2414	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.17 [‐0.25, ‐0.09]
4.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	3	1952	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.61, 1.08]
4.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	0	0	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
5 Combined end point (IAGI/TSS/PASI/PAGI) Show forest plot	11		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

5.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1676	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.32, 0.64]
5.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	510	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.20, 0.55]
5.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	1	151	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.05, 0.69]
5.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2444	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.18 [‐0.26, ‐0.10]
5.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	4	2581	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.44, 0.84]
5.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	3	835	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.45 [‐0.92, 0.02]
6 Total withdrawals Show forest plot	10		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

6.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1676	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.04, 0.18]
6.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	516	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.00, 0.08]
6.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	2	194	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.07, 0.18]
6.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2444	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06]
6.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	4	2847	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.05, 0.18]
6.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	475	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.07, 0.09]
7 Withdrawals due to adverse events Show forest plot	10		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

7.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1676	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.04 [‐0.01, 0.09]
7.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	516	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [0.01, 0.06]
7.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	2	194	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [‐0.05, 0.15]
7.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2444	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]
7.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	4	2847	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [0.02, 0.09]
7.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	445	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [0.02, 0.14]
8 Withdrawals due to treatment failure Show forest plot	8		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

8.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1676	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.01, 0.07]
8.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	516	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.01, 0.03]
8.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	2	194	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.02, 0.04]
8.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2444	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.02, ‐0.00]
8.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	3	2535	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.05 [0.01, 0.10]
8.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	0	0	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
9 Adverse events (local) Show forest plot	10		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

9.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1652	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [0.04, 0.11]
9.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	2	516	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.17 [0.01, 0.33]
9.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	2	194	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.19 [0.10, 0.28]
9.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	3	2415	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.00 [‐0.02, 0.01]
9.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	4	2801	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.06, 0.12]
9.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	445	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.15, 0.33]
10 Adverse events (systemic) Show forest plot	6		Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only

10.1 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMD	2	1666	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.00, 0.00]
10.2 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (potent): calcipotriol vs. BMV	1	474	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]
10.3 Vitamin D vs. corticosteroid (very potent): calcipotriol vs. clobetasol propionate	1	151	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.03, 0.03]
10.4 Vitamin D + corticosteroid vs. corticosteroid: calcipotriol + BMD vs. BMD	2	2216	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.00, 0.00]
10.5 Vitamin D vs. vitamin D + corticosteroid: calcipotriol vs. calcipotriol + BMD	3	1970	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.00, 0.00]
10.6 Vitamin D vs. other treatments: calcipotriol vs. coal tar polytherapy	1	445	Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.01, 0.01]

Comparison 19. Scalp psoriasis: vitamin D alone or in combination versus other treatments

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