| Author | Cond/ IHCA | Country | Methods | PPT Characteristics | F/UP | Intervention Details | Intervention Group | Control Group | Outcome Measures |
| Andrewes 1996 | Eating Disorder / DIET | Australia | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 54 patients with DSM‐III‐R diagnosed eating disorders: 14 with anorexia, 9 with bulimia, 4 with both in each group. Mean age 22 years. | 54/54 = 100% | A computer based psycho‐educaton programme containing 11 educational modules about eating disorders. | Completed the DIET programme twice in a healthcare setting with an interval of 7 days between the 1st and 2nd sesssions. | Non‐directional computer based counselling programme | Eating Disorders Attitude Questionnaire, EATING DISORDERS KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE, evaluation of computer programme |
| Barrera 2002 | Diabetes / DNet 2002 | USA | RCT, 4 arms (control; coach; social support; social support + coach)
For the purpose of systematic review the comparison used = control (information only) vs. information + social support. | 160 patients with Type 2 DM. 47% male, mean age 59 years, mean education = high school graduate; 40 in each arm. | 123 / 160 = 77%. Dropouts divided equally among the four arms. | A computer system giving in home access via a provided Internet connection to electronic information on diabetes. Additional modules contained social support and dietary advice from a on‐line personal coach. | Received information + e‐mail forum (Diabetes Support Conference ‐ peer led but professionally mediated) and some e‐mail focus forums. | Completed non‐directional computer based counselling programme(CARL) twice in a health care setting with an interval of 7 days between the 1st and 2nd sessions. | Interpersonal support evaluation list (isel); DIABETES SUPPORT SCALE |
| Bartholomew 2000 | Asthma / WDTA | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 171 children with asthma and their primary caregivers, recruited from inner‐city asthma clinics. 112 males, 59 females; mean age 10.9 years (range 6 to 17 years); 42% Hispanic, 53% African‐American. | 133 / 171 = 78%. No information about distribution of dropouts. | An interactive multimedia computer game delivered via CD‐ROM, provides intensive, tailored, self‐management for children with asthma. Text, graphics, animation, sound, video clips. Data input = child's personal asthma symptoms, environmental triggers, medications, PEFR. | Played the game during scheduled visits to asthma or community pediatric clinics. Participation time in the study was from 4 to 15.6 months, mean = 7.6 months. | Received no intervention. | CHILD KNOWLEGE OF ASTHMA, CHILD SELF EFFICACY, symptoms, FUNCTIONAL STATUS and hospitalisation / ER visits |
| Brennan 1995 | Alzhemier's disease / ComputerLink | USA | Randomised field trial, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 102 caregivers with primary responsibility for a person with Alzheimer's disease. Intervention group = 51; 67% female; 72% white participants; median age = 68 years; education = completed high school. | 96 / 102 = 94%. 4 dropouts in intervention group, 2 in comparison group. | A specialised computer network ‐ ComputerLink. ComputerLink provides information, an electronic encyclopaedia, online discussion groups and decision support to caregivers of AD. | Received in‐home access to ComputerLink via a provided computer link for for 12 months. | Received a monthly telephone call. | Decision confidence, decision‐making skill, social isolation |
| Brennan 1998 | AIDS & HIV / ComputerLink | USA | Randomised field trial, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 57 people living with AIDS; 31 in intervention group. Mean age = 33 years; 93% male; 61% white participants; 34% working; mean years of education = 13.5 | 48 / 57 = 84%. 6 drop outs from intervention group, 3 from control group. | A specialised computer network ‐ ComputerLink ComputerLink provides information, an electronic encyclopaedia, online discussion groups and decision support to PLWA. | Received in‐home access to ComputerLink via a provided computer terminal for 6 months. | Received printed brochures and a monthly telephone call to maintain contact with research staff. | Decision making skill, decision making confidence, SOCIAL ISOLATION , PATIENT HEALTH STATUS |
| Brown 1997 | Diabetes / Packy and Marlon | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 59 children with DM, aged 8 to 16, recruited from two paediatric endocrinology outpatient clinics. 31 in intervention group. | Not stated specifically; results tables suggest 100% follow up. | Interactive computer programme in video game format. 2 adolescent elephant friends at diabetes summer camp. Players must save camp from rats and mice. Help monitor blood glucose, take insulin, review diabetes logbook, find correct foods, self care, social situations. | Received in‐home access to a video game system and the video game Packy and Marlon to play on it for a period of 6 months. | Received in‐home access to a video game system and an entertainment video game to play on it for a period of 6 months. | Enjoyment of game scale, SELF EFFICACY MEASURE, SOCIAL SUPPORT ( VIA PARENTAL RECALL OF CHILD INITIATED DISCUSSIONS ON DIABETES CARE AND EMOTIONS RELATED TO HAVING DIABETES), KNOWLEDGE SCORE, DIABETES SELF‐CARE RATING SCALE (PARENTAL RESPONSES TO CHILD'S MOTIVATION TO MANAGE DIABETES), HBA1C |
| Dragone 2002 | Cancer / Kidz with Leukemia | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 41 children aged 4 to 11 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission. 41 children recruited, 31 completed study, (14 x 4 to 6 year olds; 17 x 7 to 11 year olds); 25/31 white, 3/31 Latino; 1/31 African American; 1 / 31 Asian; 1/31 Other. | 31/41 = 76% | An interactive CD‐ROM, delivered via computer, to educate children with leukaemia covering areas such as treatment, helping yourself, tests, blood cells, anatomy and physiology, and miscellaneous topics including sibling view of leukaemia, living with leukaemia. | Received CDROM to use for a 3 month period. Participants could access the CDROM only if they already had a computer at home or had access to one at school or elsewhere . | Received conventional leukaemia information in book format. | Health locus of control ‐ (lchcl); leukaemia event knowledge interview ; satisfaction and use questionnaires (children and parents). |
| Glasgow 2003 | Diabetes / D‐ NET 2003 | USA | RCT, 4 arms (control; coach; social support; social support + coach)
For the purpose of systematic review the comparison used = control (information only) vs information + social support. | 320 adults with Type 2 DM. 47% male; mean age 59 (SD 9.2 years); 83% had no or very limited Internet experience; mean time since diagnosis 8 years. | 82%; data not given for follow up by group, but reported as no significant difference between group. | A computer system giving in home access via a provided Internet connection to electronic information on diabetes. Additional modules contained social support and dietary advice from a online personal coach. | Received information + e‐mail forum (Diabetes Support Conference ‐ peer led but professionally mediated) and some e‐mail focus forums. | Recieved computer access to electronic articles providing information only about medical, nutritional and lifestyle aspects of DM. | Kristal ffb scale, grams daily fat, AVERAGE MINUTES PER DAY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale , DIABETES SUPPORT SCALE, lipid ratio, HBA1C |
| Gorman 1995 | Urinary Incontinence / UICS | USA | RCT, 3 arms: UICS vs booklet (AHCPR patient guideline with handout) vs. control. For purposes of systematic review, UICS is compared with control. | 60 ambulatory, alert community dwelling women with urinary incontinence defned as accidental urine loss at least twice a week. Mean age = 55, Intervention = 22 | 60 / 60 = 100% | Computer based expert system containing information about urinary incontinence, bladder training and pelvic muscle exercises. | Used the expert system at a single session arranged by research staff. | Watched a general health video. | Bladder diary recording episodes of urinary incontinence, Incontinence Impact on Life Questionnaire. |
| Guendelman 2002 | Asthma / Health Buddy | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 134 children with asthma, recruited from primary care clinic; aged 8 to 16 years, 57% male; 76% African‐American; 93% public insurance. Intervention group = 66 | 128 / 134 = 96% at 6 weeks; 120 / 134 = 90% at 12 weeks. Dropouts equally distributed between groups. | A personal, interactive computer programme, linked to a secure web site, giving information and advice on asthma self‐management. | Accessed the programme at home via a provided telecommunications device for a period of 90 days. | Used a standard asthma diary. | Limitation in activity; pefr ‐ 80% of personal best or < 50%; experienced coughing or wheezing, trouble sleeping, missed days at school in last 6 weeks , urgent calls to doctor, visits to ER, hositalisation, takes asthma medicine without reminder, reminded to use Health Buddy. |
| Gustafson 1999 | AIDS&HIV / CHESS | USA | RCT, 2 arms: CHESS vs control | 204 HIV‐positive patients; 90% male; 84% white participants; 65% experiencing HIV‐related symptoms; average education = some college. | Raw data not given; overall study completion rate given as 90% (89% for intervention group and 90% for control group) at 9 months | A computer based health support system which provides HIV‐positive patients with information, decision support and connections to on‐line "ask the Expert" facilities and on‐line discussion groups with other patients. | Received in‐home access to CHESS via a provided PC for either 6 (1st cohort) or 3 months (2nd and 3rd cohorts). | Received usual care only. | Cognitive function, negative emotions, depression, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, active life, energy, SOCIAL SUPPORT, PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH CARE,and frequency and duration of use of medical services ‐ use of ambulatory care servcies, incidences of hospitalisation |
| Gustafson 2001 | Cancer / CHESS | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 295 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, under age 60. Mean age 44.4 years; 74% white participants; 85% private insurance. Intervention = 147. | 246 / 295 = 83%. (84% in control group; 82% in intervention group). | A computer‐based health support system providing information, social support (discussion groups, personal stories) and, decision support (health charts, decision aids, action plan). | Received in‐home access to CHESS via a provided PC for 6 months. | Received a copy of Dr Susan Love's Breast Book. | SOCIAL SUPPORT , information competence, unmet information needs, PARTICIPATION ‐ BEHAVIOURAL INVOLVEMENT IN HEALTH CARE, participation level of confidence, confidence in doctors, social /family wellbeing, breast cancer concerns |
| Hazzard 2002 | Sickle Cell & Asthma / STBW | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 47 children hospitalised for more than 3 days with sickle cell disease. 58% male; 98% African‐ American. "Children" defined as 8 to 12 years; "teens" as 13 to 18 years.
63 children with asthma, hospitalised for at least 3 days, aged 8 to 18 years; 58% male; 98% African‐American; mean age 11.7 years (SD 2.71 years). "Children" defined as 8 to 12 years; "teens" as 13 to 18 years. | Only those who completed the follow up were considered to have participated in the study. 111 children were eligible for the study but excluded from the final sample because they were hospitalised for <3 days (n = 22), discharged before completing the posttest measures (n = 47), too ill to complete study activities (n = 4), did not provide informed consent (n = 22) or who did not complete at least one session with Starbright world (n = 16). | A private computer system for hospitalised children. Contains health education information, game shows, video conferencing, chatrooms, e‐mail, and recreational activitities. | Used the Starbright World system over 3 days while in hospital. The system could be accessed either on the ward or in the recreational therapy playroom. | Traditional hospital educational and recreational activites. | SCD KNOWLEDGE SCALE, PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT, kidcope (coping strategies)
ASTHMA KNOWLEDGE SCALE PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT , kidcope (coping strategies) |
| Holden 2002 | Pediatric Pain & Anxiety / STBW2 | USA | RCT: Single subject design n‐of‐1 RCT | 51 children between the ages of 7 to 17 years (mean 10.9 years) hospitalised on one of the following pediatric services: gastroenterology, hematology/oncology, nephrology, cardiology or pulmonary. Females 59.1%, | 44 /51 = 86% | A private computer system for hospitalised children. Contains health education information, game shows, video conferencing, chatrooms, e‐mail, and recreational activitities. | All children received Starbright World 2 and served as their own controls | All children received Starbright World 2 and served as their own controls | Pain intensiveness, pain aversion and anxiety using visual analogue scales |
| Homer 2000 | Asthma / Asthma Control | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 137 children aged 3 to 12, with physician diagnosed asthma, recruited from hospital (118) and community clinic (19).
Mean age 7.4 years; 30.7% female; 60.5% African‐American, 5.3% Hispanic. Intervention = 76, control = 61. | 106 / 137 = 77% (80% of control group and 75% of intervention group). | An interactive educational computer program in game format. Children help a superhero complete all 6 levels of game while keeping his asthma under control vs control = age appropriate asthma educational book + non‐educational computer game. | Used the programme over 3 sessions at either a primary care clinic or a neighbourhood health center. The average time to complete the game for a first time player was 45 to 60 minutes. | Received an asthma education book and played a non educational computer game | Total number of ED and acute office visits during study period.
Child's average asthma specific symtpom severity. Functional status. Satisfaction,
pefr, use of pefr monitoring
number of common triggers and allergens in home environment
knowledge. |
| Horan et al 1990 | Diabetes / DISC | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 20 adolescents aged 12 to 19 with Type 1 DM for > 1 year. 30% male; 80% white participants. Recruited from paediatric endocrinologists in private practice and from customers at a store for people with diabetes. | 20/20 = 100% | A microcomputer based system giving in home access via a provided computer terminal. DISC contains 3 components: data management and review component; factual and applied diabetes education; problem solving and goal setting. | Used the computer at home for a period of 15 weeks spending 7 weeks on the diabetes education model and focusing on the goal‐setting and problem solving module for the last 8 weeks. | Received conventional diabetes education via a education booklet. | HbA1c, blood glucose levels, frequency of smbg, diabetes applied knowledge score, behaviour change ‐ smbg, diet, insulin, exercise, emotional stress, physical stress, weight, hormones, alcohol and drugs. |
| Huss et al 2003 | Asthma / Wee Willie Wheezie | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 148 children, recruited from hospital discharge records and local pediatric allergy and asthma clinics. Mean age 9.6 y , 44% male, 21% non‐Hispanic White, 78% non‐Hispanic Black. | 101 / 148 = 68%. Intervention group = 56 / 78 = 72%; control group = 45 / 70 = 64%. | An interactive computer programme in game format where children negotiate Wee Willie through various home like environments and hazards. | Received conventional education (written asthma materials and a non asthma related computer programme) and the computer based instructional asthma game ‐ Wee Willie Wheezie. Children played the asthma game for 20 minutes during a scheduled home visit. | Received conventional education ‐ written asthma materials and a non asthma related computer programme. | Spirometry was used to measure pulmonary function, Asthma severity was measured using the NAEPP criteria, Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life, Asthma Knowledge Test, Air control questionnaire. |
| Krishna et al 2003 | Asthma / Impact | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 246 children (under 18 years) with asthma attending a pediatric pulmonary clinic. 65% male; 86% white participants. Intervention group = 119; control = 127. Only children in the age group 7 to 17 yearsused the programme independently of carers. | 228 / 249 = 92%. (intervention group = 107/119 = 90%; control group = 121 / 127 = 95%). | An Internet‐enabled, interactive multimedia asthma education programm incorporating principles of self‐management and presenting behavioural objectives. | Received conventional asthma education and used IMPACT during 3 routine visits to an asthma clinic. The program takes approximately 1 hour 20 minutes to complete. | Received conventional asthma education including verbal and written asthma information on the disease and concepts related to its control | PEDIATRIC ASTHMA CARE KNOWLEDGE SURVEY FOR CHILDREN (7‐17), caregivers 0‐6, caregivers 7‐17, DAYS WITH ASTHMA SYMPTOMS, days of activity limitation, days of sleep disturbance,school days missed urgent visits to the physican, ER visits , hospitalisations days of stay in hospital , days of quick relief medicine , use of inhaled steroids. |
| Lehmann 2001 | Diabetes / AIDA | Italy | RCT, 2 arms intervention vs control. Partial cross‐over design. | 24 adults with Type 1 DM, 12 in each group. 50% male. | 24 / 24 = 100% | An interactive computer programme accessible via the world wide web. It contains education, self‐management and decision support | Received 6 sessions using AIDA. Sessions lasted an average of 104 minutes. Participants did not interact directly with the computer but via a 'facilitator' as the programme software was written in English. | Received 6 sessions of conventional education (slides) on the same topics. After completing post test questionnaires they crossed over to receive 6 sessions on AIDA. | Knowledge score, social and emotional impact of diabetes on lifestyle, self‐monitoring of blood glucose, forward thinking, well‐being and self‐confidence, hypos, HbA1C, empowerment. No data reported as yet, although pilot results available on website. |
| Mahoney 2002 | Alzheimer's disease / Memory Loss CD | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 113 adults concerned about memory loss in a family member; intervention = 56 | 113 / 113 = 100% | A computer programme, delivered via a multi‐media CDROM, containing information distinguishing normal forgetfulness from dementia; procedures for clinical diagnosis; resources available; family responses. | Used the programme on a project laptop during a home interview with research staff. | Received no intervention and were offered the opportunity to view the CD‐ROM at the end of the research project. | Knowledge about memory loss; user satisfaction with the programme; contacts with clinicians. |
| Payton 1995 | Alzheimer's disease /ComputerLink | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 102 caregivers with primary responsibility for a person with Alzheimer's disease who took part in the Brennan 1995 study. Intervention group = 51; 67% female; 72% white participants; median age = 68 years; education = completed high school. | follow up data not reported; presumably same as Brennan 1995 as this is the same study. | A specialised computer network ‐ ComputerLink ComputerLink provides information, an electronic encyclopaedia, online discussion groups and decision support to caregivers of AD. | Given in‐ home access to ComputerLink via a provided computer link for for 12 months. | Received a monthly telephone call | Cost analysis ‐ nursing home visits, physican visits, social services, medical items, connection costs, access costs,implementation costs. |
| Ritterband 2003 | Encopresis / U Can Poop Too | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 24 encopretic children, 19 boys, mean age 8.46 years (SD 1.81 years). | 24 / 24 = 100% | A computer programme delivered via the internet containing 3 core modules with information on anatomy and physiology; treatment of encopresis; and behavioural treatments based on enhanced toilet training. | Received in home access to the programme via a provided computer and internet connection. They received the programme for 3 weeks and accessed the website an average of 14 times per participant during that time. | Received phone calls only from research staff. | Bowel habits ( child information form) ; encopresis knowledge questionnaire (EKQ);VECAT (assesses bowel‐specific problems related to encopresis.); NUMBER OF BOWEL ACCIDENTS PER WEEK, use of internet programm |
| Shegog 2001 | Asthma / WDTA | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 76 children recruited from clinics and schools. Mean age 10.7 years; 47.9% white, non‐Hispanic participants, 40.8% African‐American participants, 11.3% Hispanic participants; 46 boys, 25 girls. | 71 / 76 = 93%; distribution of dropouts between groups not given. | An interactive multimedia computer game delivered via CDROM, provides intensive, tailored, self‐management for children with asthma. Text, graphics, animation, sound, video clips. Data input = child's personal asthma symptoms, environmental triggers, medications, PEFR. | Participants in the intervention group played the game during a session organised at a university linked medical centre. | Received no intervention | KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE ON ASTHMA MANAGEMENT, SELF‐EFFICACY FOR ASTHMA MANAGEMENT, causal attributions, attribution classification, demographic and health information, computer experience, motivation, attitude toward CAL, process of use. |
| Smith & Weinert 2000 | Diabetes / WTW | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 30 women aged 35 to 60 years, with diabetes (Type 1 or 2), with a telephone and living at least 25 miles outside the 6 major cities of Montana. | Follow up rate not stated. | A computer programme accessed via a PC with modem connection. The software contained 4 components: conversation (on‐line support group); mailbox (private e‐mail correspondence between group members); HealthChat (formal diabetes education); and Resource Rack (bulletin board). | Received in‐home access to the programme via a provided laptop for 5 months. They also received a notebook of health information regarding womens health in general and specific diabetes information. | Received paper copies of all the information materials that the intervention group received that is, health information notebook and hard copies of computer generated information. | HbA1c, health status, sources of support, Personal Resource Questionnaire, Quality of Life Index, Social Readjustment Rating Scale, Psychosocial Adaptation to Illness Scale, usage of computer programme. |
| Turnin 1992 | Diabetes / Diabeto | France | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control. Crossover design. | 105 patients with diabetes. 59% male; 72% Type 1 DM; 74% working; mean age 45 years. Intervention group = 54. | Follow up rate not stated. | Interactive dietary information and individualised counselling delivered via a Minitel videotex terminal. Contains information on energy requirements, meal analysis, menus, recipes, e‐mail. | Received in‐home access to Diabeto for 6 months. | No intervention for 6 months then crossed over into the intervention arm. | DIETIC KNOWLEDGE, SCORES ,eating habits ‐ caloric excess, % of carbohydrate, carbohydrate deficit, % OF FAT , fat excess, changes in body weight, HBA1C |
| Turnin 2001 | Obesity / Nutri‐Expert | France | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 557 obese patients: BMI > or equal to 27kg / m2. Mean age 41.2 y, 92.3% female, alaried workers 36.5%, unenmployed or retired 23.1% teaching or health care professions 14.1% | 341 / 557 = 61%. Dropouts equally distributed between intervention and control group (88 from control group and 91 from intervention group) | Nutrition education software programme on obesity delivered via a Minitel videotex terminal containing information about diet, individualised help in meal analysis and composition, evaluates calorific requirements, records meals eaten during the day and provides suggestions for balance, recipes, discussion and Q & A fora. | Received usual care (7 medical/dietetic visits) plus in‐ home access to the software programme via a provided terminal for 12 months. | Received usual care ( 7 medical/dietetic visits). | BMI, Waist circumference, weight, DIETIC KNOWLEDGE SCORES, dietary intake (CALORIFIC INTAKE, carbohydrate, sugar, protein and fat intake), fasting plasma insulin and lipids ‐ CHOLESTEROL. |
| Wydra 2001 | Cancer / Coping with Cancer | USA | RCT, 2 arms: intervention vs control | 174 patients with cancer; 51% male; 81% white participants, age range = 21 ‐to 82 years. Intervention group = 86. | 160 / 174 = 92%; distribution of dropouts between groups not given. | Interactive Video Disc delivered via a video disc player containing 5 modules on: using the computer; fatigue; saving maintaining and restoring energy; managing stress; sleeping better. Information and skill training. | Participants in the intervention group used the video disc at a single session in a cancer treatment centre. | Received usual care. | Saving energy, controlling stress, sleeping better, maintaining energy, restoring energy, amount of fatigue, impact of fatigue on physical activity; daily work; social activities, current compensatory changes; quality of life. |
| Wylie‐Rosett 2001 | Obesity / CDROM | USA | RCT, 3 arms: workbook only vs workbook + computer programme vs workbook + computer programme + staff counselling. For purposes of systematic review, intervention = computer programme + workbook; control = workbook only. | 588 people w BMI > 25 kg / m2; recruited from a managed care organisation. | Raw data not given; overall study completion rate given as 81% with dropout rates of 16% (n = 19), 22% (n = 53) and 17% for the least, intermediate and most intensive intervention groups respectively. | A multi‐media computer programme containing nutrition, fitness and psychobehavioural content with information, guidance, interactive quizzes, video clips. | Participants in the intervention group accessed the programme via touchscreens in kiosks situated within a medical waiting room over a 12 month period. During the first 3 months participants were asked to log on to the computer system at least once a week and therafter at least once a month. | Received a workbook containing 20 sections with self‐help sheets. | K/CAL PER DAY , % Kcal from fat, blocks walked daily, minutes walked continuously, weight, BMI, waist circumference, % of body fat, cholesterols, triglicerides, glucose, blood pressure, cost analysis, BMI, diabetes and cardiovascular risk, medication usage and evaluation of computer programme. |
| | | | | | | | | * Measures IN CAPITALS were extracted for data synthesis |
![Comparison 1 IHCA vs Control. Knowledge scores., Outcome 1 Knowledge [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-001-01.png)
![Comparison 1 IHCA vs Control. Knowledge scores., Outcome 2 Knowledge (excluding Hazzard 2002) [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-001-02.png)
![Comparison 2 IHCA vs Control. Social Support., Outcome 1 Social support [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-002-01.png)
![Comparison 2 IHCA vs Control. Social Support., Outcome 2 Social support (excluding Hazzard 2002) [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-002-02.png)
![Comparison 3 IHCA vs Control. Self ‐efficacy., Outcome 1 Self‐efficacy [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-003-01.png)
![Comparison 4 IHCA vs Control. Behavioural outcomes., Outcome 1 Behavioural outcomes [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-004-01.png)
![Comparison 5 IHCA vs Control. Clinical outcomes., Outcome 1 Clinical outcomes [net effect size].](/es/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004274.pub2/media/CDSR/CD004274/rel0002/CD004274/image_n/nCD004274-CMP-005-01.png)
