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Rehabilitación cognitiva y entrenamiento cognitivo para la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la demencia vascular de leve a moderada

Appendices

Appendix 1. Pre‐publication search: November 2012

Source

 

Search strategy

Hits retrieved

1. ALOIS (www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/alois)

Keyword search: "cognitive rehabilitation" OR "cognitive stimulation" OR "cognitive training"

113

2. MEDLINE In‐process and other non‐indexed citations and MEDLINE 1950‐present (Ovid SP)

1. exp Dementia/

2. Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders/

3. dement*.mp.

4. alzheimer*.mp.

5. (lewy* adj2 bod*).mp.

6. (chronic adj2 cerebrovascular).mp.

7. ("organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome").mp.

8. (cerebr* adj2 deteriorat*).mp.

9. (cerebral* adj2 insufficient*).mp.

10. (pick* adj2 disease).mp.

11. or/1‐10

12. *Cognitive Therapy/

13. (cognit* adj2 stimulation).ti,ab.

14. (cognit* adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

15. (cognit* adj2 training).ti,ab.

16. (cognit* adj2 retrain*).ti,ab.

17. "cognitive support".ti,ab.

18. "memory function*".ti,ab.

19. (memory adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

20. (memory adj2 therap*).ti,ab.

21. "memory aid*".ti,ab.

22. "memory group*".ti,ab.

23. "memory training".ti,ab.

24. ("memory retraining" or "memory re‐training").ti,ab.

25. "memory support".ti,ab.

26. "memory stimulation".ti,ab.

27. "memory strateg*".ti,ab.

28. "memory management".ti,ab.

29. or/12‐28

30. 11 and 29

31. randomized controlled trial.pt.

32. controlled clinical trial.pt.

33. randomized.ab.

34. placebo.ab.

35. randomly.ab.

36. trial.ab.

37. groups.ab.

38. or/31‐37

39. (animals not (humans and animals)).sh.

40. 38 not 39

41. 30 and 40

42. (201111* or 201112*).ed.

43. 2012*.ed.

44. 42 or 43

45. 41 and 44

 

53

3. EMBASE

1980‐2011 week 39 (Ovid SP)

1. exp dementia/

2. dement*.mp.

3. alzheimer*.mp.

4. (lewy* adj2 bod*).mp.

5. (chronic adj2 cerebrovascular).mp.

6. ("organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome").mp.

7. (cerebr* adj2 deteriorat*).mp.

8. (cerebral* adj2 insufficient*).mp.

9. CADASIL.mp.

10. or/1‐9

11. (cognit* adj2 stimulation).ti,ab.

12. (cognit* adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

13. (cognit* adj2 training).ti,ab.

14. (cognit* adj2 retrain*).ti,ab.

15. "cognitive support".ti,ab.

16. (memory adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

17. (memory adj2 therap*).ti,ab.

18. "memory aid*".ti,ab.

19. "memory group*".ti,ab.

20. "memory training".ti,ab.

21. ("memory retraining" or "memory re‐training").ti,ab.

22. "memory support".ti,ab.

23. "memory stimulation".ti,ab.

24. "memory strateg*".ti,ab.

25. "memory management".ti,ab.

26. or/11‐25

27. 10 and 26

28. randomly.ab.

29. placebo*.ti,ab.

30. "double‐blind*".ti,ab.

31. randomized controlled trial/

32. trial.ti,ab.

33. or/28‐32

34. 27 and 33

35. (2011* or 2012*).em.

36. 34 and 35

 

52

4. PSYCINFO

1806‐October week 5 2011 (Ovid SP)

1. exp Dementia/

2. dement*.mp.

3. alzheimer*.mp.

4. (chronic adj2 cerebrovascular).mp.

5. ("organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome").mp.

6. (cerebr* adj2 deteriorat*).mp.

7. (cerebral* adj2 insufficient*).mp.

8. or/1‐7

9. (cognit* adj2 stimulation).ti,ab.

10. (cognit* adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

11. (cognit* adj2 training).ti,ab.

12. (cognit* adj2 retrain*).ti,ab.

13. "cognitive support".ti,ab.

14. (memory adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

15. (memory adj2 therap*).ti,ab.

16. "memory aid*".ti,ab.

17. "memory group*".ti,ab.

18. "memory training".ti,ab.

19. ("memory retraining" or "memory re‐training").ti,ab.

20. "memory support".ti,ab.

21. "memory stimulation".ti,ab.

22. "memory strateg*".ti,ab.

23. "memory management".ti,ab.

24. or/9‐23

25. 8 and 24

26. randomly.ab.

27. randomi?ed.ab.

28. placebo*.ti,ab.

29. trial.ti,ab.

30. RCT.ti,ab.

31. groups.ab.

32. or/26‐31

33. 25 and 32

34. (2011* or 2012*).up.

35. 33 and 34

 

41

5. CINAHL (EBSCOhost)

S1 (MH "Dementia+")  

S2 (MH "Delirium") or (MH "Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders")

S3 (MH "Wernicke's Encephalopathy")  

S4 TX dement*  

S5 TX alzheimer* 

S6 TX lewy* N2 bod*  

S7 TX deliri* 

S8 TX chronic N2 cerebrovascular  

S9 TX "organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome"  

S10 TX "normal pressure hydrocephalus" and "shunt*"  

S11 TX "benign senescent forgetfulness" 

S12 TX cerebr* N2 deteriorat* 

S13 TX cerebral* N2 insufficient*  

S14 TX pick* N2 disease

S15 TX creutzfeldt or jcd or cjd  

S16 TX huntington* 

S17 TX binswanger*  

S18 TX korsako* 

S19 S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 or S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13 or S14 or S15 or S16 or S17 or S18

S20 (MH "Rehabilitation, Cognitive") 

S21 TX (cognit* rehab*)

S22 TX (cognit* train*)

S23 TX (memory train*)

S24 TX (memory support*)

S25 TX (memory stimul*) 

S26 S20 or S21 or S22 or S23 or S24 or S25

S27 S19 and S26

S28 EM 2011

S29 EM 2012

S30 S28 or S29 

S31 S27 and S30

67

6. Web of Science (1945‐present) and conference proceedings via Web of Knowledge

Topic=(dement* OR VCI OR "vascular cognitive impairment*" OR VaD OR alzheimer*) AND Topic=("cognit* train*" OR "cognit* rehab*" OR "memory aid*" OR "memory train*" OR "memory support*" OR "memory stimul*") AND Topic=(randomly OR placebo OR groups OR trial OR RCT OR randomized OR randomised) AND Year Published=(2011‐2012)

Timespan=All Years. Databases=SCI‐EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI‐S, CPCI‐SSH.

Lemmatization=On  

 

86

7. LILACS (BIREME)

demenc$ OR dement$ OR alzheimer$ [Words] and memory [Words] and randomly OR randomised OR randomized OR trial OR ensaio clínico [Words]

10

8. CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library) (Issue 2 of 4, 2011)

#1 MeSH descriptor Dementia explode all trees

#2 dement*

#3 alzheimer*

#4 "chronic cerebrovascular"

#5 "organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome"

#6 "benign senescent forgetfulness"

#7 "cerebr* deteriorat*"

#8 "cerebral* insufficient*"

#9 "pick* disease"

#10 (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9)

#11 "cognit* rehab*"

#12 "cognit* train*"

#13 "cognit* stimul*"

#14 "memory train*"

#15 "memory support*" OR "memory aid*"

#16 "memory therap*"

#17 "memory group*"

#18 "memory stimul*" OR "memory strateg*"

#19 (#11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18)

#20 (#10 AND #19)

#21 #20 AND (2011 OR 2012)

9

9. Clinicaltrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Interventional Studies | dementia OR alzheimer OR alzheimers OR VCI OR vascular dementia OR VaD OR vascular cognitive impairment OR cadasil OR multi‐infarct OR binswanger | cognitive rehabilitaion OR cognitive training OR memory | Senior

 

183

10. ICTRP Search Portal (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch) [includes Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ClinicalTrilas.gov; ISRCTN; Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Clinical Trials Registry－India; Clinical Research Information Service－Republic of Korea; German Clinical Trials Register; Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials; Japan Primary Registries Network; Pan African Clinical Trial Registry; Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry; The Netherlands National Trial Register]

Interventional Studies | dementia OR Alzheimer OR vascular impairment OR VCI OR Alzheimers | cognitive rehabilitaion OR cognitive training OR memory | received from 01/11/2011 to 02/11/2012

19

TOTAL before de‐duplication

633

TOTAL after de‐dupe and first‐assess

123

Appendix 2. Update search: December 2011

Source

 

Search strategy

Hits retrieved

1. ALOIS (www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/alois)

("cognitive training" OR "cognitive rehabilitation" OR "memory training") AND (dementia OR alzheimer) AND (2009 OR 2010 OR 2011)

129

2. MEDLINE In‐process and other non‐indexed citations and MEDLINE 1950‐present (Ovid SP)

1. exp Dementia/

2. Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders/

3. dement*.mp.

4. alzheimer*.mp.

5. (lewy* adj2 bod*).mp.

6. (chronic adj2 cerebrovascular).mp.

7. ("organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome").mp.

8. (cerebr* adj2 deteriorat*).mp.

9. (cerebral* adj2 insufficient*).mp.

10. (pick* adj2 disease).mp.

11. or/1‐10

12. *Cognitive Therapy/

13. (cognit* adj2 stimulation).ti,ab.

14. (cognit* adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

15. (cognit* adj2 training).ti,ab.

16. (cognit* adj2 retrain*).ti,ab.

17. "cognitive support".ti,ab.

18. "memory function*".ti,ab.

19. (memory adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

20. (memory adj2 therap*).ti,ab.

21. "memory aid*".ti,ab.

22. "memory group*".ti,ab.

23. "memory training".ti,ab.

24. ("memory retraining" or "memory re‐training").ti,ab.

25. "memory support".ti,ab.

26. "memory stimulation".ti,ab.

27. "memory strateg*".ti,ab.

28. "memory management".ti,ab.

29. or/12‐28

30. 11 and 29

31. randomized controlled trial.pt.

32. controlled clinical trial.pt.

33. randomized.ab.

34. placebo.ab.

35. randomly.ab.

36. trial.ab.

37. groups.ab.

38. or/31‐37

39. (animals not (humans and animals)).sh.

40. 38 not 39

41. 30 and 40

42. (2009* or 2010* or 2011*).ed.

43. 41 and 42

 

110

3. EMBASE

1980‐2011 week 49 (Ovid SP)

1. exp dementia/

2. dement*.mp.

3. alzheimer*.mp.

4. (lewy* adj2 bod*).mp.

5. (chronic adj2 cerebrovascular).mp.

6. ("organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome").mp.

7. (cerebr* adj2 deteriorat*).mp.

8. (cerebral* adj2 insufficient*).mp.

9. CADASIL.mp.

10. or/1‐9

11. (cognit* adj2 stimulation).ti,ab.

12. (cognit* adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

13. (cognit* adj2 training).ti,ab.

14. (cognit* adj2 retrain*).ti,ab.

15. "cognitive support".ti,ab.

16. (memory adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

17. (memory adj2 therap*).ti,ab.

18. "memory aid*".ti,ab.

19. "memory group*".ti,ab.

20. "memory training".ti,ab.

21. ("memory retraining" or "memory re‐training").ti,ab.

22. "memory support".ti,ab.

23. "memory stimulation".ti,ab.

24. "memory strateg*".ti,ab.

25. "memory management".ti,ab.

26. or/11‐25

27. 10 and 26

28. randomly.ab.

29. placebo*.ti,ab.

30. "double‐blind*".ti,ab.

31. randomized controlled trial/

32. trial.ti,ab.

33. or/28‐32

34. 27 and 33

35. (2009* or 2010* or 2011*).em.

36. 34 and 35

 

63

4. PsycINFO

1806‐December week 2 2011 (Ovid SP)

1. exp Dementia/

2. dement*.mp.

3. alzheimer*.mp.

4. (chronic adj2 cerebrovascular).mp.

5. ("organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome").mp.

6. (cerebr* adj2 deteriorat*).mp.

7. (cerebral* adj2 insufficient*).mp.

8. or/1‐7

9. (cognit* adj2 stimulation).ti,ab.

10. (cognit* adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

11. (cognit* adj2 training).ti,ab.

12. (cognit* adj2 retrain*).ti,ab.

13. "cognitive support".ti,ab.

14. (memory adj2 rehabilitation).ti,ab.

15. (memory adj2 therap*).ti,ab.

16. "memory aid*".ti,ab.

17. "memory group*".ti,ab.

18. "memory training".ti,ab.

19. ("memory retraining" or "memory re‐training").ti,ab.

20. "memory support".ti,ab.

21. "memory stimulation".ti,ab.

22. "memory strateg*".ti,ab.

23. "memory management".ti,ab.

24. or/9‐23

25. 8 and 24

26. randomly.ab.

27. randomi?ed.ab.

28. placebo*.ti,ab.

29. trial.ti,ab.

30. RCT.ti,ab.

31. groups.ab.

32. or/26‐31

33. 25 and 32

34. (2009* or 2010* or 2011*).up.

35. 33 and 34

 

48

5. CINAHL (EBSCOhost)

 

 

6. ISI Web of Knowledge－all databases [includes Web of Science (1945‐present); BIOSIS Previews (1926‐present); MEDLINE (1950‐present); Journal Citation Reports]

Topic=(dement* OR VCI OR "vascular cognitive impairment*" OR VaD OR alzheimer*) AND Topic=("cognit* train*" OR "cognit* rehab*" OR "memory aid*" OR "memory train*" OR "memory support*" OR "memory stimul*") AND Topic=(randomly OR placebo OR groups OR trial OR RCT OR randomized OR randomised) AND Year Published=(2009‐2011)

Timespan=2009‐2011.

 

88

7. LILACS (BIREME)

memory [Words] and demenc$ OR dement$ OR alzheimer$ [Words] and randomly OR randomised OR randomized OR trial OR ensaio clínico [Words]

 

8. CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library) (Issue 4 of 4, Oct 2010)

#1               MeSH descriptor Dementia explode all trees

#2               dement*

#3               alzheimer*

#4               "chronic cerebrovascular"

#5               "organic brain disease" or "organic brain syndrome"

#6               "benign senescent forgetfulness"

#7               "cerebr* deteriorat*"

#8               "cerebral* insufficient*"

#9               "pick* disease"

#10             (#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9)

#11             "cognit* rehab*"

#12             "cognit* train*"

#13             "cognit* stimul*"

#14             "memory train*"

#15             "memory support*" OR "memory aid*"

#16             "memory therap*"

#17             "memory group*"

#18             "memory stimul*" OR "memory strateg*"

#19             (#11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18)

#20             (#10 AND #19)

 

9. Clinicaltrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Interventional Studies | dementia | cognitive rehabilitaion OR cognitive training | Senior | received from 01/01/2009 to 12/14/2011

23

10. ICTRP Search Portal (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch) [includes Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ClinicalTrilas.gov; ISRCTN; Chinese Clinical Trial Registry; Clinical Trials Registry－India; Clinical Research Information Service－Republic of Korea; German Clinical Trials Register; Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials; Japan Primary Registries Network; Pan African Clinical Trial Registry; Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry; The Netherlands National Trial Register]

Interventional Studies | dementia | cognitive rehabilitaion OR cognitive training | Senior | received from 01/01/2009 to 14/12/2011

18

TOTAL before de‐duplication

489

TOTAL after de‐dupe

 259

Appendix 3. Update search: January 2006 to January 2009

Source

Date Searched

Hits Retrieved

MEDLINE (PubMed)

January 7

27

EMBASE (Ovid SP)

January 8  

32

PsycINFO (Ovid SP)

January 8

8

CINAHL (Ovid SP)

January 8

7

LILACS (bireme)

January 8

0

CDCIG SR*

January 7

42

CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library)

Issue 4 2008

48

ISTP Conference Proceedings http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi

January 8

32

Australian Digital Theses Programme

http://adt.caul.edu.au/

January 12

0

Canadian Theses and Dissertations

http://www.collectionscanada.ca/thesescanada/index‐e.html

January 12  

0

WHO trials register

January 12  

8

Current Controlled trials: Meta Register of Controlled Trials (mRCT)

http://www.controlled‐trials.com/

January 11

9

ISRCTN Register

 

January 11

//

Nederlands Trial Register http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp

January 12  

0

ClinicalTrials.gov

http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov

Included in WHO portal

//

IPFMA Clinical Trials Register

www.ifpma.org/clinicaltrials.html

January 12

0

UMIN Japan Trial Register

http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/

January 12  

2

OPENsigle

January 12

2

Study flow diagram.RCT = randomised controlled trial.CT = cognitive training.CR = cognitive rehabilitation.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

RCT = randomised controlled trial.

CT = cognitive training.

CR = cognitive rehabilitation.

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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Forest plot of comparison: 13 Cognitive training vs control in the short term (immediately post‐intervention) outcome: 13.1 A1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 13 Cognitive training vs control in the short term (immediately post‐intervention) outcome: 13.1 A1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition.

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Forest plot of comparison: 13 Cognitive training vs control in the short term (immediately post‐intervention) outcome: 13.13 B1.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 13 Cognitive training vs control in the short term (immediately post‐intervention) outcome: 13.13 B1.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported).

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Forest plot of comparison: 13 Cognitive training vs control in the short term (immediately post‐intervention) outcome: 13.15 B1.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 13 Cognitive training vs control in the short term (immediately post‐intervention) outcome: 13.15 B1.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported).

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 1 A1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.1

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 1 A1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 2 A1.2 Change in orientation.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.2

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 2 A1.2 Change in orientation.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 3 A1.3 Change in cognitive ability (self‐reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.3

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 3 A1.3 Change in cognitive ability (self‐reported).

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 4 A1.4 Change in cognitive ability (carer reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.4

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 4 A1.4 Change in cognitive ability (carer reported).

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 5 A2.1 Change in immediate verbal memory scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.5

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 5 A2.1 Change in immediate verbal memory scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 6 A2.2 Change in delayed verbal memory scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.6

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 6 A2.2 Change in delayed verbal memory scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 7 A2.3 Change in verbal memory recognition scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.7

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 7 A2.3 Change in verbal memory recognition scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 8 A2.4 Change in executive function (sequencing) scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.8

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 8 A2.4 Change in executive function (sequencing) scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 9 A2.5 Change in verbal letter fluency scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.9

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 9 A2.5 Change in verbal letter fluency scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 10 A2.6 Change in verbal category fluency scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.10

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 10 A2.6 Change in verbal category fluency scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 11 A2.7 Change in attention and working memory scores.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.11

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 11 A2.7 Change in attention and working memory scores.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 13 B1.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.13

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 13 B1.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported).

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 15 B1.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.15

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 15 B1.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported).

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 16 B1.5 Change in participant's mood (carer reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.16

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 16 B1.5 Change in participant's mood (carer reported).

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 21 D1.2 Change in self‐reported burden of care.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.21

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 21 D1.2 Change in self‐reported burden of care.

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Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 23 E1.1 Effect of cognitive training on biomarker evidence of brain function.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 13.23

Comparison 13 Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention), Outcome 23 E1.1 Effect of cognitive training on biomarker evidence of brain function.

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 1 A2.1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 14.1

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 1 A2.1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition.

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 3 A2.1.3 Change in cognitive ability (carer reported).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 14.3

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 3 A2.1.3 Change in cognitive ability (carer reported).

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 4 A2.2.1 Change in immediate verbal memory scores.
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Analysis 14.4

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 4 A2.2.1 Change in immediate verbal memory scores.

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 6 A2.2.3 Change in executive function (sequencing) scores.
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Analysis 14.6

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 6 A2.2.3 Change in executive function (sequencing) scores.

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 7 A2.2.4 Change in verbal letter fluency scores.
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Analysis 14.7

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 7 A2.2.4 Change in verbal letter fluency scores.

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 8 A2..2.5Change in verbal category fluency scores.
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Analysis 14.8

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 8 A2..2.5Change in verbal category fluency scores.

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 11 B2.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported).
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Analysis 14.11

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 11 B2.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported).

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Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 13 B2.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported).
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Analysis 14.13

Comparison 14 Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention), Outcome 13 B2.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported).

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Summary of findings for the main comparison. Cognitive training compared to control in the short‐term (i.e. immediately post‐intervention) for early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Cognitive training compared to control in the short‐term (i.e. post‐intervention) for early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Patient or population: participants with early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Settings:
Intervention: Cognitive training
Comparison: Control in the short term (i.e. post‐intervention)

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control in the short‐term (i.e. post‐intervention)

Cognitive training

Change in a global measure of cognition
MMSE, ADAS‐Cog, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale

The mean change in a global measure of cognition in the intervention groups was
0.10 higher
(‐0.21 lower to 0.40 higher)

173
(6 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low1,2

Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Caregiver reported)

The mean change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (caregiver reported) in the intervention groups was
0 standard deviations higher
(0.38 lower to 0.38 higher)

107
(4 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low3,4,5

SMD 0 (‐0.38 to 0.38)

Change in participant's mood (self‐reported)

The mean change in participant's mood (self‐reported) in the intervention groups was
0.03 standard deviations higher
(0.34 lower to 0.41 higher)

114
(4 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate6

SMD 0.03 (‐0.34 to 0.41)

Change in rates of admission to residential care－not measured

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

‐

See comment

Change in measures of dementia severity－not measured

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

‐

See comment

Change in immediate verbal memory scores

The mean change in immediate verbal memory scores in the intervention groups was
0.1 standard deviations higher
(0.18 lower to 0.38 higher)

201
(7 studies)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
low7,8

SMD 0.1 (‐0.18 to 0.38)

Change in self‐reported burden of care

The mean change in self‐reported burden of care in the intervention groups was
1.16 lower
(9.67 lower to 7.34 higher)

80
(2 studies)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
moderate9

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence:
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1 The confidence interval of the effect included a zero effect. Therefore, imprecision is likely.
2 All studies reporting this outcome suffered from risk of bias in several domains, including random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and lack of blinding.
3 No explanation was provided.
4 The direction of the effect in the four studies that reported this effect was inconsistent.
5 The confidence interval of the effect included a zero effect. Therefore, imprecision is likely.
6 The confidence interval of the effect included a zero effect. Therefore, imprecision is likely.
7 Several studies measuring this outcome were at high risk of bias because of lack of blinding of outcome assessment.
8 The confidence interval of the effect included a zero effect. Therefore, imprecision is likely.
9 The confidence interval of the effect included a zero effect. Therefore, imprecision is likely.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Cognitive training compared to control in the short‐term (i.e. immediately post‐intervention) for early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
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Summary of findings 2. Cognitive rehabilitation compared to control in the short‐term (i.e. immediately post‐intervention) for early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Cognitive rehabilitation compared to control in the short‐term (i.e. post‐intervention) for early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Patient or population: participants with early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Settings:
Intervention: cognitive rehabilitation
Comparison: control in the short term (i.e. post‐intervention)

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Control in the short term (i.e. post‐intervention)

Cognitive rehabilitation

Change in a global measure of cognition－not measured

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

‐

See comment

Change in participant's self‐reported performance in relation to individual goals (COPM Performance, self‐reported)
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure

The mean change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (COPM Performance, self‐reported) in the intervention groups was
1.22 higher
(0.09 to 2.35 higher)

39
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
high

Change in participant's mood (Depression, self‐reported)
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

The mean change in participant's mood (depression, self‐reported) in the intervention groups was
0.24 standard deviations lower
(0.86 lower to 0.37 higher)

41
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
high

SMD ‐0.24 (‐0.86 to 0.37)

Change in rates of admission to residential care－not measured

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

‐

See comment

Change in measures of dementia severity－not measured

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

‐

See comment

Change in self‐reported mood (Depression－caregiver)

The mean change in self‐reported mood (depression, caregiver) in the intervention groups was
1.08 lower
(3.24 lower to 1.08 higher)

18
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊕
high

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: Confidence interval.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence:
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings 2. Cognitive rehabilitation compared to control in the short‐term (i.e. immediately post‐intervention) for early‐stage Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
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Table 1. Summary characteristics of participants in cognitive training and control groups

Study

Condition

n (completed

baseline assessment)

Age mean (SD),

range

Gender balance (m:f)

Years of education

Number taking AChE‐I

Baseline MMSE

score

Discontinue rates

Beck 1988

Cognitive training

10

74 (range 68‐75)

5:5

Attended college = 2

none

not reported

0

Control

10

76 (range 70‐93)

3:7

Attended college = 1

none

not reported

0

Heiss 1993

Cognitive training

not reported (18

completed the study)

65.9 (6.28)

9:9

not reported

none

20.55 (4.42)

not reported

Control

not reported (17

completed the study)

66.6 (10.17)

10:7

not reported

none

20.23 (4.10)

not reported

Quayhagen 1995

Cognitive training

25

not reported

not reported

not reported

not reported

not assessed

not reported

Control

25

not reported

not reported

not reported

not reported

not assessed

not reported

de Vreese 1998

Cognitive training

9

not reported

not reported

not reported

all

17.33 (3.39)

0

Control

9

not reported

not reported

not reported

all

17 (3.2)

0

Quayhagen 2000

Cognitive training

21

not reported

not reported

not reported

not reported

not assessed

not reported

Control

15

not reported

not reported

not reported

not reported

not assessed

not reported

Davis 2001

Cognitive training

19

68.67 (3.86)

10:9

15.06 (3.86)

5

21.84(4.03)

0

Control

18

72.56 (7.62)

6:12

12.97 (2.56)

4

22.78 (4.45)

0

Koltai 2001

Cognitive training

16

72.9 (6.7)

not reported

15.0 (4.0)

not reported

22.9 (3.6)

2

Control

8

73.9 (7.2)

not reported

15.0 (4.0)

not reported

26.6 (2.5)

0

Cahn‐Weiner 2003

Cognitive training

19

77. 8 (6.9)

9:8

12.7 (2.1)

all

24.3 (2.2)

2

Control

20

76.0 (7.7)

5:12

13.1 (3.5)

all

25.1 (1.7)

3

Loewenstein 2004

Cognitive training

28

78.12 (4.3)

15:10

13.08 (4.1)

all

23.4 (2.9)

3

Control

21

74.74 (7.5)

11:8

14.37 (3.0)

all

24.53 (4.5)

2

Galante 2007

Cognitive training

7

not reported

not reported

not reported

all

22.9 (3.1)

0

Control

4

not reported

not reported

not reported

all

23.1 (1.8)

1

Neely 2009

Cognitive training

10

74.8 (6.7)

6:4

not reported

not reported

22.9 (4.15)

0

Control

10

77.0 (6.6)

6:4

not reported

not reported

18.6 (5.7)

1

Clare 2010

Cognitive rehabilitation

22

76.3 (6.39), 64‐89

9:13

11.41 (2.81), 9‐19

all

23.14 (3.12), 18‐27

2

Control

22

78.1 (6.61), 56‐87

9:13

11.43 (2.99), 9‐19

all

22.32 (3.05), 18‐30

1

Date in the table are generally reported only for those participants who completed the interventions.

Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Summary characteristics of participants in cognitive training and control groups
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Table 2. Summary of duration of interventions and timing of assessments

Study

Intervention length

Initial assessment

Interim assessment

Post‐interv assessment

Follow‐up assessments

Details of sessions

Format of sessions

Beck 1988

6 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 6

n/a

18 × 30‐ to 40‐minute sessions

Individual

Heiss 1993

24 weeks

week 0

weeks 8 and 16 (plus monthly physician appointments)

week 25

n/a

48 × 1‐hour sessions

Individual

Quayhagen 1995

12 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 13

week 38

72 × 1‐hour caregiver‐facilitated sessions

Individual

de Vreese 1998

12 weeks (after 12 weeks on drug)

weeks 0 and 13

n/a

week 26

n/a

24 × 45‐minute sessions

Individual

Quayhagen 2000

8 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 12

n/a

40 × 1‐hour caregiver‐facilitated sessions

Individual

Koltai 2001

5 to 6 weeks

weeks 0 to 2

n/a

weeks 6 to 8

n/a

5 × 1‐hour sessions (group) or mean of 6 × 1‐hour sessions (group)

Group or individual

Davis 2001

5 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 6

week 12 (cross‐over)

5 × 1‐hour sessions

Individual

Cahn‐Weiner 2003

6 weeks

week 0

n/a

weeks 8 to 9 (mean 59 days post‐baseline)

week 16 (mean 114.5 days post‐baseline)

6 × 45‐minute sessions

Group

Loewenstein 2004

12 to 16 weeks

week 0

n/a

weeks 13 to 18

weeks 25 to 31

24 × 45‐minute sessions

Individual

Galante 2007

4 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 5

3, 6 & 9 months (MMSE only) post‐interventions

12 × 60‐minute sessions 3 times per week

Individual

Neely 2009

8 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 9

n/a

8 × 60‐minute sessions

Dyads or Individual

Clare 2010

8 weeks

week 0

n/a

week 9

6 months

8 × 60‐minute sessions

Individual
Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Summary of duration of interventions and timing of assessments
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Comparison 13. Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 A1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition Show forest plot

6

173

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.21, 0.40]

2 A1.2 Change in orientation Show forest plot

2

79

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [‐0.13, 0.76]

3 A1.3 Change in cognitive ability (self‐reported) Show forest plot

2

66

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.25 [‐0.24, 0.74]

4 A1.4 Change in cognitive ability (carer reported) Show forest plot

3

100

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.17, 0.63]

5 A2.1 Change in immediate verbal memory scores Show forest plot

9

259

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.13, 0.37]

6 A2.2 Change in delayed verbal memory scores Show forest plot

3

103

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.27, 0.51]

7 A2.3 Change in verbal memory recognition scores Show forest plot

2

69

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐0.22, 0.73]

8 A2.4 Change in executive function (sequencing) scores Show forest plot

2

153

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

7.47 [‐14.19, 29.14]

8.1 Change in scores on Trails A

2

77

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

14.53 [‐9.35, 38.41]

8.2 Change on Trails B

2

76

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐25.26 [‐76.70, 26.19]

9 A2.5 Change in verbal letter fluency scores Show forest plot

3

82

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.46, 0.42]

10 A2.6 Change in verbal category fluency scores Show forest plot

4

127

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.07 [‐0.28, 0.42]

11 A2.7 Change in attention and working memory scores Show forest plot

2

46

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.46 [‐1.64, 0.72]

12 B1.1 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (self‐reported)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 B1.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported) Show forest plot

4

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.34, 0.41]

14 B1.3 Change in participant's general quality of life (self‐report)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 B1.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported) Show forest plot

4

107

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.00 [‐0.38, 0.38]

16 B1.5 Change in participant's mood (carer reported) Show forest plot

2

66

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.38, 0.61]

17 B1.6 Change in participant's general quality of life (carer‐reported)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 C1.1 Change in rates of admission to residential care

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 C1.2 Change in measures of dementia severity

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 D1.1 Change in self‐reported mood (carer)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 D1.2 Change in self‐reported burden of care Show forest plot

2

80

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.16 [‐9.67, 7.34]

22 D1.3 Change in self‐reported overall wellbeing and quality of life

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 E1.1 Effect of cognitive training on biomarker evidence of brain function Show forest plot

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.94 [‐3.67, 1.79]

23.1 Change in glucose metabolism at rest (FDG PET)

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.94 [‐3.67, 1.79]

23.2 Effects on glucose metabolism at activation (FDG PET task)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

24 E1.2 Effect of cognitive training on biomarker measures of neuropathology

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 13. Cognitive training vs. control in the short‐term (immediately post‐intervention)
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Comparison 14. Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 A2.1.1 Change in a global measure of cognition Show forest plot

2

61

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [‐0.01, 1.02]

2 A2.1.2 Change in cognitive ability (self‐reported)

0

0

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 A2.1.3 Change in cognitive ability (carer reported) Show forest plot

2

78

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.00 [‐0.44, 0.45]

4 A2.2.1 Change in immediate verbal memory scores Show forest plot

3

89

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.48, 0.37]

5 A2.2.2 Change in delayed verbal memory scores

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 A2.2.3 Change in executive function (sequencing) scores Show forest plot

2

153

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

9.38 [‐9.88, 28.65]

6.1 Change in scores on Trails A

2

77

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

12.62 [‐7.98, 33.23]

6.2 Change on Trails B

2

76

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐13.13 [‐67.45, 41.19]

7 A2.2.4 Change in verbal letter fluency scores Show forest plot

1

11

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐1.18, 1.28]

8 A2..2.5Change in verbal category fluency scores Show forest plot

1

11

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐1.28, 1.18]

9 A2.2.6 Change in attention and working memory scores

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 B2.1 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (self‐reported)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 B2.2 Change in participant's mood (self‐reported) Show forest plot

1

11

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.11 [‐1.34, 1.12]

12 B2.3 Change in participant's general quality of life (self‐report)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 B2.4 Change in participant's capacity for activities of daily living (Carer reported) Show forest plot

3

89

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.46, 0.38]

14 B2.5 Change in participant's mood (carer reported)

0

0

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 B2.6 Change in participant's general quality of life (carer‐reported)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 C2.1 Change in rates of admission to residential care

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 C2.2 Change in measures of dementia severity

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 D2.1 Change in self‐reported mood

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 D2.2 Change in self‐reported burden of care

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 D2.3 Change in self‐reported overall wellbeing and quality of life

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 E2.1 Effect of cognitive training on biomarker evidence of brain function

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.1 Change in glucose metabolism at rest (FDG PET)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.2 Effects on glucose metabolism at activation (FDG PET task)

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 E2.2 Effect of cognitive training on biomarker measures of neuropathology

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 14. Cognitive training vs. control in the medium‐term (3 to 12 months post‐intervention)
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