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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.1 Mortality at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' corrected gestational age.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.1 Mortality at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' corrected gestational age.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.4 Mortality at latest follow up.
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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.4 Mortality at latest follow up.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.5 Severe infection/sepsis at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.5 Severe infection/sepsis at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.13 Weight gain at latest follow up (g/day) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, outcome: 1.13 Weight gain at latest follow up (g/day) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 1 Mortality at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 1 Mortality at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 2 Mortality at 6 months of age or 6 months follow up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 2 Mortality at 6 months of age or 6 months follow up.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 3 Mortality at 12 months' corrected age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 3 Mortality at 12 months' corrected age.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 4 Mortality at latest follow up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 4 Mortality at latest follow up.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 5 Severe infection/sepsis at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 5 Severe infection/sepsis at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 6 Severe illness at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 6 Severe illness at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 7 Nosocomial infection/sepsis at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 7 Nosocomial infection/sepsis at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 8 Mild/moderate infection or illness at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 8 Mild/moderate infection or illness at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 9 Lower respiratory tract disease at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 9 Lower respiratory tract disease at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 10 Diarrhea at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 10 Diarrhea at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 11 Hypothermia at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 11 Hypothermia at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 12 Readmission to hospital at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 12 Readmission to hospital at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 13 Weight gain at latest follow up (g/day) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 13 Weight gain at latest follow up (g/day) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 14 Weight at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (g) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 14 Weight at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (g) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 15 Weight at 6 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 15 Weight at 6 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 16 Weight at 12 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 16 Weight at 12 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 17 Length gain at latest follow up (cm/week) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 17 Length gain at latest follow up (cm/week) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 18 Length at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 18 Length at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 19 Length at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 19 Length at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 20 Length at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 20 Length at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 21 Head circumference gain at latest follow up (cm/week) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 21 Head circumference gain at latest follow up (cm/week) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 22 Head circumference at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 22 Head circumference at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 23 Head circumference at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 23 Head circumference at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 24 Head circumference at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.24

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 24 Head circumference at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 25 Psychomotor development (Griffith quotients) at 12 months' corrected age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.25

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 25 Psychomotor development (Griffith quotients) at 12 months' corrected age.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 26 Cerebral palsy at 12 months' corrected age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.26

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 26 Cerebral palsy at 12 months' corrected age.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 27 Deafness at 12 months' corrected age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.27

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 27 Deafness at 12 months' corrected age.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 28 Visual impairment at 12 months' corrected age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.28

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 28 Visual impairment at 12 months' corrected age.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 29 Exclusive breast feeding at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.29

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 29 Exclusive breast feeding at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 30 Exclusive breast feeding at 1‐3 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.30

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 30 Exclusive breast feeding at 1‐3 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 31 Exclusive breast feeding at 6‐12 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.31

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 31 Exclusive breast feeding at 6‐12 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 32 Any breast feeding at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.32

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 32 Any breast feeding at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 33 Any breast feeding at 1‐2 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.33

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 33 Any breast feeding at 1‐2 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 34 Any breast feeding at 3 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.34

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 34 Any breast feeding at 3 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 35 Any breast feeding at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.35

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 35 Any breast feeding at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 36 Any breast feeding at 12 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.36

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 36 Any breast feeding at 12 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 37 Onset of breast feeding (days) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.37

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 37 Onset of breast feeding (days) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 38 Length of hospital stay (days) ‐ stabilized infants.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.38

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 38 Length of hospital stay (days) ‐ stabilized infants.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 39 Parental and familiar satisfaction (continuous KMC).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.39

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 39 Parental and familiar satisfaction (continuous KMC).

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 40 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's feelings and perceptions according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.40

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 40 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's feelings and perceptions according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 41 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's responses to the infant according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.41

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 41 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's responses to the infant according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 42 Mother‐infant attachment: infant's responses to the mother according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.42

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 42 Mother‐infant attachment: infant's responses to the mother according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 43 Mother‐infant attachment at 3 months follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.43

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 43 Mother‐infant attachment at 3 months follow‐up.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 44 Mother‐infant attachment: stress in NICU.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.44

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 44 Mother‐infant attachment: stress in NICU.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 45 Mother‐infant attachment: parenting skills.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.45

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 45 Mother‐infant attachment: parenting skills.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 46 Mother‐infant interaction at 6 months follow‐up.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.46

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 46 Mother‐infant interaction at 6 months follow‐up.

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Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 47 Social and home environment.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.47

Comparison 1 Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care, Outcome 47 Social and home environment.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 1 Mortality at 4 weeks of age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 1 Mortality at 4 weeks of age.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 2 Morbidity at 4 weeks of age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 2 Morbidity at 4 weeks of age.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 3 Severe infection at 4 weeks of age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 3 Severe infection at 4 weeks of age.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 4 Re‐admission to hospital at 4 weeks of age.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 4 Re‐admission to hospital at 4 weeks of age.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 5 Hypothermia.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 5 Hypothermia.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 6 Weight gain (grams).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 6 Weight gain (grams).

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 7 Exclusive breast feeding.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 7 Exclusive breast feeding.

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Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 8 Length of hospital stay (days).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants, Outcome 8 Length of hospital stay (days).

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Comparison 1. Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mortality at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age Show forest plot

7

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 All studies

7

1614

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.39, 0.93]

1.2 Intermittent KMC

4

497

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.20, 1.85]

1.3 Continuous KMC

3

1117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.38, 0.96]

1.4 Infant age ≤10 days at initiation of KMC

5

1426

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.36, 0.89]

1.5 Infant age >10 days at initiation of KMC

2

188

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.32 [0.22, 7.73]

1.6 Low/middle income countries

6

1554

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.37, 0.90]

1.7 High income countries

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.64 [0.16, 17.09]

1.8 infant entered into trial before stabilization

1

123

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.33, 1.00]

1.9 infant entered into trial after stabilization

6

1491

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.63 [0.32, 1.24]

2 Mortality at 6 months of age or 6 months follow up Show forest plot

2

354

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.48, 2.02]

2.1 Intermittent

1

71

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.15, 6.90]

2.2 Continuous

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.98 [0.46, 2.12]

3 Mortality at 12 months' corrected age Show forest plot

1

693

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.27, 1.17]

3.1 Intermittent

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Continuous

1

693

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.27, 1.17]

4 Mortality at latest follow up Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 All studies

9

1952

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.68 [0.48, 0.96]

4.2 Intermittent KMC

5

568

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.69 [0.26, 1.79]

4.3 Continuous KMC

4

1384

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.46, 0.98]

4.4 Infant age ≤10 days at initiation of KMC

5

1410

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.37, 0.86]

4.5 Infant age >10 days at initiation of KMC

4

542

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.53, 2.00]

4.6 Low/middle income countries

7

1821

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.45, 0.93]

4.7 High income countries

2

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.25 [0.29, 5.42]

4.8 infant entered into trial before stabilization

1

123

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.33, 1.00]

4.9 infant entered into trial after stabilization

8

1829

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.73 [0.47, 1.14]

5 Severe infection/sepsis at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

6

1250

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.40, 0.80]

5.1 Intermittent

5

587

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.28, 0.76]

5.2 Continuous

1

663

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.69 [0.43, 1.12]

6 Severe illness at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.14, 0.67]

6.1 intermittent

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Continuous

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.14, 0.67]

7 Nosocomial infection/sepsis at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

2

777

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.24, 0.73]

7.1 Intermittent

1

114

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.10, 0.86]

7.2 Continuous

1

663

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.49 [0.25, 0.93]

8 Mild/moderate infection or illness at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

4

1266

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.28 [0.87, 1.88]

8.1 Intermittent

2

320

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.52 [0.43, 5.38]

8.2 Continuous

2

946

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.42 [0.53, 3.79]

9 Lower respiratory tract disease at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.37 [0.15, 0.89]

9.1 Intermittent

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Continuous

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.37 [0.15, 0.89]

10 Diarrhea at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.35, 1.20]

10.1 Intermittent

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Continuous

1

283

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.35, 1.20]

11 Hypothermia at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

4

469

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.23 [0.10, 0.55]

11.1 Intermittent

4

469

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.23 [0.10, 0.55]

11.2 Continuous

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Readmission to hospital at latest follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

2

946

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.34, 1.06]

12.1 Intermittent

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Continuous

2

946

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.34, 1.06]

13 Weight gain at latest follow up (g/day) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

9

936

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

3.86 [1.87, 5.84]

13.1 Intermittent

8

651

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

3.87 [1.67, 6.08]

13.2 Continuous

1

285

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

3.60 [0.78, 6.42]

14 Weight at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (g) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

4

1097

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

21.65 [‐15.98, 59.27]

14.1 Intermittent

2

149

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

63.54 [‐2.58, 129.67]

14.2 Continuous

2

948

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.59 [‐44.16, 47.34]

15 Weight at 6 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

591

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

78.19 [‐52.26, 208.64]

15.1 Intermittent

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 Continuous

1

591

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

78.19 [‐52.26, 208.64]

16 Weight at 12 months' corrected age (g) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

596

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

31.46 [‐135.08, 198.00]

16.1 Intermittent

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 Continuous

1

596

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

31.46 [‐135.08, 198.00]

17 Length gain at latest follow up (cm/week) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

2

251

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [0.27, 0.31]

17.1 Intermittent

2

251

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [0.27, 0.31]

17.2 Continuous

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Length at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

2

720

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.06 [‐0.28, 0.39]

18.1 Intermittent

1

57

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.40 [‐0.48, 1.28]

18.2 Continuous

1

663

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.36, 0.36]

19 Length at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

590

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.18, 0.64]

19.1 Intermittent

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.2 Continuous

1

590

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.18, 0.64]

20 Length at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

586

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [‐0.17, 0.79]

20.1 Intermittent

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.2 Continuous

1

586

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [‐0.17, 0.79]

21 Head circumference gain at latest follow up (cm/week) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

3

369

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.09, 0.27]

21.1 Intermittent

3

369

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.09, 0.27]

21.2 Continuous

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 Head circumference at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

2

720

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.39 [‐0.28, 1.07]

22.1 Intermittent

1

57

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.20, 1.40]

22.2 Continuous

1

663

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.14, 0.34]

23 Head circumference at 6 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

592

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.11, 0.57]

23.1 Intermittent

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23.2 Continuous

1

592

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.11, 0.57]

24 Head circumference at 12 months' corrected age (cm) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

597

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.39 [‐0.00, 0.78]

24.1 Intermittent

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

24.2 Continuous

1

597

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.39 [‐0.00, 0.78]

25 Psychomotor development (Griffith quotients) at 12 months' corrected age Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

25.1 Locomotion

1

579

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.25 [‐0.45, 4.95]

25.2 Personal, social

1

579

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [‐1.27, 3.21]

25.3 Hand‐eye coordination

1

579

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [‐1.25, 2.39]

25.4 Audition, language

1

579

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.29 [‐0.98, 3.56]

25.5 Execution

1

579

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐1.50, 2.10]

25.6 All criteria

1

579

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.05 [‐0.75, 2.85]

26 Cerebral palsy at 12 months' corrected age Show forest plot

1

588

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.65 [0.21, 2.02]

27 Deafness at 12 months' corrected age Show forest plot

1

588

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.03, 2.90]

28 Visual impairment at 12 months' corrected age Show forest plot

1

588

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.91 [0.53, 1.56]

29 Exclusive breast feeding at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

4

1197

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.21 [1.08, 1.36]

29.1 Intermittent

2

255

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.29 [1.15, 1.44]

29.2 Continuous

2

942

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.14 [0.92, 1.42]

30 Exclusive breast feeding at 1‐3 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

5

600

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.20 [1.01, 1.43]

30.1 Intermittent

3

221

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.36 [1.12, 1.65]

30.2 Continuous

2

379

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.96, 1.10]

31 Exclusive breast feeding at 6‐12 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

3

810

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.29 [0.95, 1.76]

31.1 Intermittent

1

75

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.52 [1.10, 2.10]

31.2 Continuous

2

735

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.10 [0.66, 1.86]

32 Any breast feeding at discharge or 40‐41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

8

1440

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.25 [1.06, 1.47]

32.1 Intermittent

6

498

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.31 [1.11, 1.55]

32.2 Continuous

2

942

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.14 [0.93, 1.40]

33 Any breast feeding at 1‐2 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

6

538

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.33 [1.00, 1.78]

33.1 Intermittent

4

159

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.89 [1.30, 2.75]

33.2 Continuous

2

379

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.96, 1.10]

34 Any breast feeding at 3 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

5

924

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.14 [1.06, 1.23]

34.1 Intermittent

4

261

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.35 [1.15, 1.59]

34.2 Continuous

1

663

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [1.00, 1.17]

35 Any breast feeding at 6 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

5

952

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.12 [0.98, 1.29]

35.1 Intermittent

3

143

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.50 [1.08, 2.08]

35.2 Continuous

2

809

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.92, 1.24]

36 Any breast feeding at 12 months follow up ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

1

589

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.65, 1.21]

36.1 Intermittent

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

36.2 Continuous

1

589

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.65, 1.21]

37 Onset of breast feeding (days) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

2

295

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐1.64, 1.70]

37.1 Intermittent

2

295

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐1.64, 1.70]

37.2 Continuous

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

38 Length of hospital stay (days) ‐ stabilized infants Show forest plot

9

795

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.41 [‐4.11, ‐0.71]

38.1 Intermittent

9

795

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.41 [‐4.11, ‐0.71]

38.2 Continuous

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

39 Parental and familiar satisfaction (continuous KMC) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

39.1 Mother satisfied with method

1

269

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.17 [1.05, 1.30]

39.2 Father satisfied with method

1

269

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.91, 1.14]

39.3 Family satisfied with method

1

269

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.83, 1.13]

40 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's feelings and perceptions according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

40.1 Sense of competence ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.14, 0.68]

40.2 Sense of competence ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.25 [‐0.08, 0.58]

40.3 Sense of competence ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.21 [‐0.17, 0.59]

40.4 Sense of competence ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.07, 1.01]

40.5 Sense of competence ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.24 [0.05, 0.43]

40.6 Worry and stress ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.04, 0.58]

40.7 Worry and stress ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.20, 0.38]

40.8 Worry and stress ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.70, 0.12]

40.9 Worry and stress ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.1 [‐0.60, 0.40]

40.10 Worry and stress ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.06, 0.30]

40.11 Social support ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.06 [‐0.35, 0.23]

40.12 Social support ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.06 [‐0.34, 0.22]

40.13 Social support ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.47 [‐0.84, ‐0.10]

40.14 Social support ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.52, 0.42]

40.15 Social support ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.2 [‐0.39, ‐0.01]

41 Mother‐infant attachment: mother's responses to the infant according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

41.1 Mother's sensitivity ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.02, 0.06]

41.2 Mother's sensitivity ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.05, 0.03]

41.3 Mother's sensitivity ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.06 [0.01, 0.11]

41.4 Mother's sensitivity ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08]

41.5 Mother's sensitivity ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.00, 0.04]

41.6 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.08, 0.02]

41.7 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.03, 0.05]

41.8 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06]

41.9 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐0.01, 0.11]

41.10 Mother's response to child's distress ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.05, 0.01]

41.11 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06]

41.12 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.02]

41.13 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [‐0.00, 0.10]

41.14 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.12, 0.02]

41.15 Mother's response to child's socioemotional growth fostering ‐ infant not admitted to NICUNICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05]

41.16 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.04, 0.08]

41.17 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.10, 0.02]

41.18 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.07 [0.00, 0.14]

41.19 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐0.17, 0.03]

41.20 Mother's response to child's cognitive growth fostering ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.01, 0.07]

42 Mother‐infant attachment: infant's responses to the mother according to interval between birth and start of intervention, and infant admission to NICU Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

42.1 Clarity of cues ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.04, 0.06]

42.2 Clarity of cues ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.03, 0.07]

42.3 Clarity of cues ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.05, 0.05]

42.4 Clarity of cues ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.07, 0.05]

42.5 Clarity of cues ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05]

42.6 Responsiveness ‐ interval of 1‐2 days

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.06, 0.02]

42.7 Responsiveness ‐ interval of 3‐14 days

1

177

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.02, 0.06]

42.8 Responsiveness ‐ interval >14 days

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.05 [0.01, 0.09]

42.9 Responsiveness ‐ infant admitted to NICU

1

82

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.07, 0.05]

42.10 Responsiveness ‐ infant not admitted to NICU

1

406

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.01, 0.05]

43 Mother‐infant attachment at 3 months follow‐up Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.24 [5.57, 6.91]

43.1 Total attachment score at 3 months follow‐up

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.24 [5.57, 6.91]

44 Mother‐infant attachment: stress in NICU Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

44.1 Nursery environment score

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.51, 0.71]

44.2 Infant appearance score

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [‐0.62, 0.62]

44.3 Relationship with the infant score

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.35, 1.65]

44.4 Staff behavior and communication score

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.95, 1.15]

45 Mother‐infant attachment: parenting skills Show forest plot

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.40 [‐0.89, 0.09]

45.1 Total score at discharge

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.40 [‐0.89, 0.09]

46 Mother‐infant interaction at 6 months follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

46.1 Symmetrical coregulation

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

16.38 [13.61, 19.15]

46.2 Asymmetrical coregulation

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐18.31 [‐21.42, ‐15.20]

46.3 Unilateral regulation

1

45

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.12 [‐1.24, 5.48]

47 Social and home environment Show forest plot

1

338

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.74, 0.84]

47.1 HOME environment total score at 12 months' corrected age

1

338

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.74, 0.84]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Kangaroo mother care versus conventional neonatal care
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Comparison 2. Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Mortality at 4 weeks of age Show forest plot

1

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.95 [0.18, 20.53]

2 Morbidity at 4 weeks of age Show forest plot

1

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.49 [0.18, 1.28]

3 Severe infection at 4 weeks of age Show forest plot

1

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.42 [0.12, 1.49]

4 Re‐admission to hospital at 4 weeks of age Show forest plot

1

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.95 [0.18, 20.53]

5 Hypothermia Show forest plot

1

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.15, 2.27]

6 Weight gain (grams) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 At 24 hours postbirth

1

73

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.16 [11.11, 67.21]

6.2 At 48 hours postbirth

1

73

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

43.3 [5.49, 81.11]

6.3 At 2 weeks of age

1

73

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

12.14 [‐83.18, 107.46]

6.4 At 4 weeks of age

1

73

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

58.85 [‐116.93, 234.63]

7 Exclusive breast feeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 At 24 hours of age

1

73

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.67, 1.57]

7.2 At 2 weeks of age

1

71

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.89, 1.12]

7.3 At 4 weeks of age

1

67

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.85, 1.04]

8 Length of hospital stay (days) Show forest plot

1

73

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.24, ‐0.56]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Early versus late kangaroo mother care in relatively stable LBW infants
Ir a la tabla de la revisión