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Vaksin influenza untuk penyakit pulmonari obstruktif kronik (COPD)

Appendices

Appendix 1. Sources and search methods for the Cochrane Airways Trials Register

Electronic searches: core databases

Database

Frequency of search

CENTRAL (the Cochrane Library)

Monthly

MEDLINE (Ovid)

Weekly

Embase (Ovid)

Weekly

PsycINFO (Ovid)

Monthly

CINAHL (EBSCO)

Monthly

AMED (EBSCO)

Monthly

Handsearches: core respiratory conference abstracts

Conference

Years searched

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI)

2001 onwards

American Thoracic Society (ATS)

2001 onwards

Asia Pacific Society of Respirology (APSR)

2004 onwards

British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting (BTS)

2000 onwards

Chest Meeting

2003 onwards

European Respiratory Society (ERS)

1992, 1994, 2000 onwards

International Primary Care Respiratory Group Congress (IPCRG)

2002 onwards

Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ)

1999 onwards

MEDLINE search strategy used to identify trials for the Cochrane Airways Trials Register

COPD search

1. Lung Diseases, Obstructive/

2. exp Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/

3. emphysema$.mp.

4. (chronic$ adj3 bronchiti$).mp.

5. (obstruct$ adj3 (pulmonary or lung$ or airway$ or airflow$ or bronch$ or respirat$)).mp.

6. COPD.mp.

7. COAD.mp.

8. COBD.mp.

9. AECB.mp.

10. or/1‐9

Filter to identify RCTs

1. exp "clinical trial [publication type]"/

2. (randomized or randomised).ab,ti.

3. placebo.ab,ti.

4. dt.fs.

5. randomly.ab,ti.

6. trial.ab,ti.

7. groups.ab,ti.

8. or/1‐7

9. Animals/

10. Humans/

11. 9 not (9 and 10)

12. 8 not 11

The MEDLINE strategy and RCT filter are adapted to identify trials in other electronic databases

Appendix 2. Search strategy to identify relevant trials from the Cochrane Airways Trials Register

Search via Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web)

#1 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive Explode All
#2 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Bronchitis, Chronic
#3 (obstruct*) near3 (pulmonary or lung* or airway* or airflow* or bronch* or respirat*)
#4 COPD:MISC1
#5 (COPD OR COAD OR COBD OR AECOPD):TI,AB,KW
#6 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5
#7 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Influenza Vaccines
#8 MeSH DESCRIPTOR Vaccines
#9 (influenza* or flu*) NEAR (vaccin* or immuni* or inoculat*)
#10 flumist
#11 trivalent
#12 CAIV
#13 LAIV
#14 medimmune
#15 #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14
#16 #6 AND #15

Study flow diagram for 2018 update
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram for 2018 update

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Total exacerbations per participant.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Total exacerbations per participant.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Early exacerbations per participant.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 2 Early exacerbations per participant.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Late exacerbations per participant.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 3 Late exacerbations per participant.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Participants with at least one exacerbation or acute respiratory illness.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 4 Participants with at least one exacerbation or acute respiratory illness.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Participants with early exacerbations.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 5 Participants with early exacerbations.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 6 Participants with late exacerbations.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 6 Participants with late exacerbations.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 7 Hospital admissions.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 7 Hospital admissions.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 8 Mortality (all cause).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 8 Mortality (all cause).

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 9 Mortality (acute respiratory illness‐related).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 9 Mortality (acute respiratory illness‐related).

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 10 Overall change in lung function (FEV¹, L).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 10 Overall change in lung function (FEV¹, L).

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 11 Change in early lung function (FEV¹, L).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 11 Change in early lung function (FEV¹, L).

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 12 Systemic adverse effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 12 Systemic adverse effects.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 13 Local effects at injection site.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 13 Local effects at injection site.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 14 Participants with early breathlessness.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 14 Participants with early breathlessness.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 15 Participants with early tightness.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 15 Participants with early tightness.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 16 Participants with early wheeze.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 16 Participants with early wheeze.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 17 Participants with early cough.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 17 Participants with early cough.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 18 Acute respiratory illness subsequently documented as influenza‐related.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 18 Acute respiratory illness subsequently documented as influenza‐related.

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 19 Early acute respiratory illness (ARI).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 19 Early acute respiratory illness (ARI).

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 20 Participants with early sputum production.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo, Outcome 20 Participants with early sputum production.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 1 Total exacerbations per participant.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 1 Total exacerbations per participant.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 2 Early exacerbations per participant.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 2 Early exacerbations per participant.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 3 Late exacerbations per participant.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 3 Late exacerbations per participant.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 4 Participants with improvement in exacerbations.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 4 Participants with improvement in exacerbations.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 5 Participants with early improvements.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 5 Participants with early improvements.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 6 Participants with late improvements.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 6 Participants with late improvements.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 7 Mortality.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 7 Mortality.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 8 Early changes in lung function (% predicted FEV¹).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 8 Early changes in lung function (% predicted FEV¹).

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 9 Early changes in lung function (FEV¹/FVC %).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 9 Early changes in lung function (FEV¹/FVC %).

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 10 Post immunisation lung function (FEV¹).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 10 Post immunisation lung function (FEV¹).

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 11 Participants with increased lung function (1 category).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 11 Participants with increased lung function (1 category).

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 12 Participants with decreased lung function.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 12 Participants with decreased lung function.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 13 FEV¹ at end of study.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 13 FEV¹ at end of study.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 14 Participants with adverse effects (new upper respiratory tract symptoms).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 14 Participants with adverse effects (new upper respiratory tract symptoms).

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 15 Participants with early adverse effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.15

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 15 Participants with early adverse effects.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 16 Number of days with early symptoms and signs.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 16 Number of days with early symptoms and signs.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 17 Number of participants with early adverse effects (by type).
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 17 Number of participants with early adverse effects (by type).

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 18 Participants with late adverse effects.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 18 Participants with late adverse effects.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 19 Acute respiratory illness subsequently documented as influenza‐related.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.19

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 19 Acute respiratory illness subsequently documented as influenza‐related.

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 20 Participants with at least one influenza‐like illness.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.20

Comparison 2 Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo, Outcome 20 Participants with at least one influenza‐like illness.

Summary of findings for the main comparison. Influenza vaccine compared to placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Influenza vaccine compared to placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Patient or population: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Setting: community
Intervention: inactivated influenza vaccine
Comparison: placebo

Outcomes

Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

№ of participants
(studies)

Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Risk with placebo

Risk with Influenza vaccine

Total exacerbations per participant

The mean number of total exacerbations per participant ranged across placebo groups from 0.83 to 1.35

MD 0.37 lower
(0.64 lower to 0.11 lower)

180
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low a

Despite the effect size, this is based on a very small number of trials and participants. However there was good agreement between these two studies (low I2). One study was not conducted in an epidemic year. We extrapolated some data. Ideally more trials would be done to refine these effect sizes.

Early exacerbations per participant

The mean number of early exacerbations per participant ranged across placebo groups from 0.14 to 0.34

MD 0.01 higher
(0.11 lower to 0.13 higher)

180
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low a

See above

Late exacerbations per participant

The mean number of late exacerbations per participant ranged across placebo groups from 0.48 to 1.21

MD 0.39 lower
(0.61 lower to 0.18 lower)

180
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Lowa

See above

Days disability from respiratory illness

not reported

Hospital admissions

76 per 1000

26 per 1000
(7 to 93)

OR 0.33
(0.09 to 1.24)

180
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low a,b

Mortality

76 per 1000

67 per 1000
(23 to 182)

OR 0.87
(0.28 to 2.70)

180
(2 RCTs)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low a,b

Local effects at injection site

63 per 1000

274 per 1000
(106 to 546)

OR 5.57
(1.75 to 17.71)

125
(1 RCT)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Lowa

Single study on participants who all had COPD (Wongsurakiat 2004a), but very similar findings in studies with a mixed population (Cate 1977; Govaert 1994)

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect
Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different
Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect
Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect

aSmall number of studies which are over ten years old limit our confidence in the generalisability of these findings to currently available vaccines (downgraded once for indirectness).

b Studies too small and events too infrequent to detect a consistent effect (downgraded once for imprecision)

Figuras y tablas -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Influenza vaccine compared to placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Comparison 1. Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Total exacerbations per participant Show forest plot

2

180

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.37 [‐0.64, ‐0.11]

2 Early exacerbations per participant Show forest plot

2

180

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.11, 0.13]

3 Late exacerbations per participant Show forest plot

2

180

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.39 [‐0.61, ‐0.18]

4 Participants with at least one exacerbation or acute respiratory illness Show forest plot

3

222

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.44, 1.48]

4.1 Clinical exacerbations

2

97

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.06 [0.48, 2.33]

4.2 Any acute respiratory illness

1

125

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.56 [0.22, 1.42]

5 Participants with early exacerbations Show forest plot

2

180

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.52, 2.26]

6 Participants with late exacerbations Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Hospital admissions Show forest plot

2

180

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.09, 1.24]

7.1 Clinical exacerbations

1

55

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.14 [0.01, 2.39]

7.2 Influenza‐related exacerbations

1

125

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.09, 1.89]

8 Mortality (all cause) Show forest plot

2

180

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.28, 2.70]

9 Mortality (acute respiratory illness‐related) Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Overall change in lung function (FEV¹, L) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Change in early lung function (FEV¹, L) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12 Systemic adverse effects Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

13 Local effects at injection site Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14 Participants with early breathlessness Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

15 Participants with early tightness Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

16 Participants with early wheeze Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

17 Participants with early cough Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

18 Acute respiratory illness subsequently documented as influenza‐related Show forest plot

2

180

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.07, 0.48]

18.1 FEV¹ ≥ 70% predicted

1

45

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [0.01, 1.11]

18.2 Participants with chronic bronchitis

1

55

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [0.04, 0.96]

18.3 FEV¹ < 50% predicted

1

47

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [0.01, 0.99]

18.4 FEV¹ 50% to 69% predicted

1

33

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.07, 2.98]

19 Early acute respiratory illness (ARI) Show forest plot

1

250

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.72 [0.34, 1.50]

19.1 ARI within 1 week of vaccination

1

125

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.24, 4.26]

19.2 ARI between 1 and 4 weeks after vaccination

1

125

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.63 [0.27, 1.50]

20 Participants with early sputum production Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Inactivated influenza vaccine versus placebo
Comparison 2. Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Total exacerbations per participant Show forest plot

2

1137

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.35, 0.37]

2 Early exacerbations per participant Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Late exacerbations per participant Show forest plot

1

29

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.08, 0.54]

4 Participants with improvement in exacerbations Show forest plot

1

29

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.48 [0.30, 7.42]

5 Participants with early improvements Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Participants with late improvements Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Mortality Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Early changes in lung function (% predicted FEV¹) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Early changes in lung function (FEV¹/FVC %) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Post immunisation lung function (FEV¹) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Participants with increased lung function (1 category) Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12 Participants with decreased lung function Show forest plot

1

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

13 FEV¹ at end of study Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14 Participants with adverse effects (new upper respiratory tract symptoms) Show forest plot

1

29

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.89 [0.45, 8.04]

15 Participants with early adverse effects Show forest plot

2

2244

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.86 [0.63, 1.17]

16 Number of days with early symptoms and signs Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

17 Number of participants with early adverse effects (by type) Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

17.1 COPD

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.66 [0.30, 1.48]

17.2 Dyspnoea

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.81 [0.60, 5.41]

17.3 Pharyngitis

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.00 [0.35, 2.86]

17.4 Flu syndrome

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.62 [0.20, 1.91]

17.5 Rhinitis

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.50 [0.42, 5.34]

17.6 Bronchitis

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.01 [0.50, 8.05]

17.7 Increased cough

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.60 [0.14, 2.51]

17.8 Myalgia

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.51 [0.49, 12.96]

17.9 Increased sputum

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.17, 3.36]

17.10 Pneumonia

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.01 [0.37, 10.97]

17.11 Asthenia

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.01 [0.37, 10.97]

17.12 Guillain‐Barré syndrome

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.33 [0.01, 8.19]

17.13 Other

1

2215

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.49 [0.26, 0.92]

18 Participants with late adverse effects Show forest plot

2

2244

Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.33 [1.22, 4.46]

19 Acute respiratory illness subsequently documented as influenza‐related Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

20 Participants with at least one influenza‐like illness Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Inactivated + live virus versus inactivated virus + placebo