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PRISMA study flow diagram.
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Figure 1

PRISMA study flow diagram.

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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 1 Number of bowel motions or successful bowel care routine per week.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 1 Number of bowel motions or successful bowel care routine per week.

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Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 2 Colonic transit time (hours).
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 2 Colonic transit time (hours).

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Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 3 Stool weight (g).
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 3 Stool weight (g).

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Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 4 Numbers NOT responding to treatment.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 4 Numbers NOT responding to treatment.

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Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 5 total bowel care time.
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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo, Outcome 5 total bowel care time.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 1 Number of bowel motions or successful bowel care routines per week.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 1 Number of bowel motions or successful bowel care routines per week.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 2 Number of people with no evacuation after stimulation (poor response).
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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 2 Number of people with no evacuation after stimulation (poor response).

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 3 Constipation score (various).
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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 3 Constipation score (various).

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 4 Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score.
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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 4 Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 5 Satisfaction with bowel care.
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Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 5 Satisfaction with bowel care.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 6 Number of people with faecal incontinence.
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Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 6 Number of people with faecal incontinence.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 7 Faecal incontinence score.
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Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 7 Faecal incontinence score.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 8 Total time for bowel care.
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Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 8 Total time for bowel care.

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Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 9 Number of incontinence episodes between bowel cares, per day or per w.
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Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 One treatment versus another treatment, Outcome 9 Number of incontinence episodes between bowel cares, per day or per w.

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Comparison 1. Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Number of bowel motions or successful bowel care routine per week Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 diet / fibre vs usual care / no treatment

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 massage versus usual care / no treatment

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 laxative versus placebo

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Colonic transit time (hours) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 diet / fibre vs usual care / no treatment

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Stool weight (g) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 diet / fibre vs usual care / no treatment

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Numbers NOT responding to treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 laxative versus placebo

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 total bowel care time Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 neostigmine‐glycopyrrolate vs placebo

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 electrical stimulation vs no electrical stimulation

1

Mean Difference (Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Active treatment versus no treatment or placebo
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Comparison 2. One treatment versus another treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Number of bowel motions or successful bowel care routines per week Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 assessment and education versus usual care

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 carbonated water versus tap water

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Number of people with no evacuation after stimulation (poor response) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 irritant‐contact laxative versus stimulant laxative

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 irritant‐contact laxative versus tap water enema

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 stimulant laxative versus tap water enema

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Constipation score (various) Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 transanal irrigation versus usual bowel programme

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 abdominal massage + lifestyle versus lifestyle alone

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 carbonated water versus tap water

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Neurogenic bowel dysfunction score Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 transanal irrigation versus usual bowel programme

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 abdominal massage + lifestyle versus lifestyle alone

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Satisfaction with bowel care Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 transanal irrigation versus usual bowel programme

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Number of people with faecal incontinence Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 irritant‐contact laxative versus stimulant laxative

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 irritant‐contact laxative versus tap water enema

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 stimulant laxative versus tap water enema

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Faecal incontinence score Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 transanal irrigation versus usual bowel programme

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Total time for bowel care Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 transanal irrigation versus usual bowel programme

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Number of incontinence episodes between bowel cares, per day or per w Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9.1 stepwise assessment and education versus usual care

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. One treatment versus another treatment
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