1 Length of hospital stay (days) Show forest plot

1

95

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.10 [0.06, 16.14]

2 Weight at discharge from study (grams) Show forest plot

1

95

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

17.5 [‐104.20, 139.20]

1 Morgan Neonatal Neurobehavioral Exam Show forest plot

1

46

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.20 [2.62, 9.78]

1 Physiologic Parameters Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Heart rate change (beats/min)

1

21

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.22 [‐3.43, 7.87]

1.2 Respiratory rate change (breaths/min)

1

21

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.75 [‐8.84, 7.34]

1.3 Temperature change (degrees C)

1

21

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.30, 0.22]

2 Feeding Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Energy intake (kj/kg/day)

1

46

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.0 [‐67.08, 65.08]

2.2 Emesis (change in number/day)

1

21

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.06 [‐0.32, 0.20]

3 Growth Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Weight gain during study period (grams)

1

22

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

20.05 [‐28.71, 68.81]

3.2 Weight gain after birthweight regained (grams/day)

1

46

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.30 [‐5.57, 2.97]

4 Neurodevelopment Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Dubowitz Neurological Assessment (2 weeks post intervention)

1

13

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [‐0.75, 1.37]

4.2 Bayley MDI (6 months corrected age)

1

98

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.70 [‐6.65, 5.25]

4.3 Bayley PDI (6 months corrected age)

1

98

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.5 [‐2.67, 7.67]

4.4 Bayley MDI (12 months corrected age)

1

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.10 [‐5.07, 11.27]

4.5 Bayley PDI (12 months corrected age)

1

92

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.90 [‐1.45, 11.25]

1 Physiologic Parameters Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Oxygen saturation (%)

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [‐1.19, 3.19]

1.2 Heart rate (beats/min)

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.70 [‐12.38, 8.98]

1.3 Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐9.90 [‐17.59, ‐2.21]

2 Growth Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Days to regain birthweight

1

162

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [‐0.57, 3.17]

2.2 Weight at discharge (grams)

1

162

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.0 [‐52.87, 64.87]

2.3 Length at discharge (cms)

1

162

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.30 [‐0.99, 0.39]

2.4 Head circumference at discharge (cms)

1

162

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.28, 0.54]

1 Weight gain (grams) Show forest plot

1

18

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.40 [‐1.30, 10.10]

2 Full or partial nipple feeds (%) Show forest plot

1

18

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.0 [‐0.72, 16.72]

3 Length of stay (days) Show forest plot

1

18

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.89 [‐7.07, ‐0.71]

1 Feeding Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Length of time tube feeding (days)

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.20 [‐15.59, 3.19]

1.2 Energy intake (kcal/kg/day)

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

7.00 [‐1.32, 15.32]

2 Growth Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Weight at discharge (grams)

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐177.0 [‐382.18, 28.18]

2.2 Weight gain to 36 weeks corrected age (grams)

1

20

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

46.0 [17.07, 74.93]

2.3 Head circumference gain to 36 weeks corrected age (cm/week)

1

20

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [0.14, 0.38]

3 Length of stay Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Length of stay (days)

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐6.5 [‐16.74, 3.74]

1 Respiratory support Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Days of ventilation

3

75

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐8.30 [‐15.82, ‐0.77]

1.2 Days on CPAP

1

21

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐17.1 [‐29.54, ‐4.66]

1.3 Days in oxygen

2

54

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐39.37 [‐64.62, ‐14.12]

1.4 Age at oxygen withdrawal (post conceptional age in weeks)

1

21

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐5.90 [‐8.37, ‐3.43]

2 Neonatal outcomes Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Pneumothorax

2

54

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.17, 1.67]

2.2 Patent ductus arteriosus

1

16

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.8 [0.33, 1.92]

2.3 Chronic lung disease/mild (radiographic changes)

2

59

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.91 [1.04, 3.48]

2.4 Chronic lung disease/moderate‐severe (radiographic changes)

2

59

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.15, 0.81]

2.5 Intraventricular hemorrhage (Grade 3 or 4)

2

54

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.09, 1.42]

2.6 Sepsis

1

21

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.71, 1.18]

2.7 Retinopathy of prematurity (any stage)

1

38

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.69 [0.41, 1.17]

2.8 Retinopathy of prematurity (stage 3 or greater)

1

25

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.22, 1.34]

3 Feeding and growth Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Days of tube feeding

2

54

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐32.01 [‐48.37, ‐15.65]

3.2 Weight gain (grams/day)

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.0 [‐0.13, 8.13]

3.3 Weight gain (grams/week, birth to discharge)

1

16

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

15.0 [‐4.93, 34.93]

4 Length and costs of hospital stay Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Length of hospital stay (days)

2

54

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐19.56 [‐39.03, ‐0.10]

4.2 Gestational age at discharge (weeks)

3

75

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐2.19 [‐4.33, ‐0.05]

4.3 Hospital charges ($1,000)

1

38

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐91.0 [‐173.00, ‐7.00]

5 Death Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Death before discharge

1

25

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.04, 3.02]

6 Neurodevelopment Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 Bayley MDI (9 months corrected age)

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

23.90 [10.19, 37.61]

6.2 Bayley PDI (9 months corrected age)

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

22.40 [9.90, 34.90]

6.3 Bayley MDI (12 months corrected age)

1

22

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

6.90 [‐7.22, 21.02]

6.4 Bayley PDI (12 months corrected age)

1

22

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐4.80 [‐20.39, 10.79]

1 Respiratory support Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Days on positive pressure

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐22.1 [‐43.43, ‐0.77]

2 Neonatal outcomes Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Pulmonary interstitial emphysema

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.53 [0.16, 1.79]

2.2 Patent ductus arteriosus

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.64, 2.16]

2.3 Intraventricular hemorrhage (Grade 3 or 4)

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.21, 3.04]

2.4 Chronic lung disease (oxygen at 36 weeks corrected age)

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.73, 1.34]

2.5 Necrotizing enterocolitis

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.21 [0.01, 4.10]

2.6 Retinopathy of prematurity

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.99 [0.73, 1.34]

3 Feeding and Growth Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Days to full bottle/breast feeding

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐11.23 [‐41.87, 19.41]

3.2 Weight (grams, two weeks post EDC)

1

24

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

165.0 [‐370.69, 700.69]

4 Length and costs of hospital stay Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Length of hospital stay (days)

3

98

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.33 [‐8.92, 2.26]

4.2 Gestational age at discharge (weeks)

2

59

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.30 [‐1.21, 0.61]

4.3 Hospital charges ($1,000)

1

35

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐129.0 [‐264.23, 6.23]

5 Neurodevelopment Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 Bayley MDI (12 months corrected age)

1

133

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

20.60 [13.11, 28.09]

5.2 Bayley PDI (12 months corrected age)

1

133

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

15.70 [8.68, 22.72]

5.3 Bayley MDI (24 months corrected age)

1

53

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

14.30 [4.19, 24.41]

5.4 Bayley PDI (24 months corrected age)

1

53

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

15.0 [‐48.10, 78.10]