Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Enteral tube feeding for cystic fibrosis

Contraer todo Desplegar todo

Referencias

References to studies excluded from this review

Ir a:

Armand 2004 {published data only}

Armand M, Hamosh M, Philpott JR, Resnik AK, Rosenstein BJ, Hamosh A, et al. Gastric function in children with cystic fibrosis: effect of diet on gastric lipase levels and fat digestion. Pediatric Research 2004;55(3):457-65. [CFGD REGISTER: GN110] CENTRAL

Bacon 2009 {published data only}

Bacon EA, Acton J, VanDyke R, Mencel M, Boesch RP, Seid M, et al. Nutritional and lung function outcomes after gastrostomy tube placement. Pediatric Pulmonology 2009;44(Suppl 32):409. CENTRAL

Beadle 2011 {published data only}

Beadle P, Brownlee K, Lee T, Wolfe S, Najmaldin A. A retrospective audit of growth and lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) undergoing gastrostomy insertion with fundoplication over a 10 year period. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2011;10(Suppl 1):S74. CENTRAL

Bertrand 1984 {published data only}

Bertrand JM, Morin CL, Lasalle R, Patrick J, Coates AL. Short-term, clinical, nutritional, and functional effects of continuous elemental enteral alimentation in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics 1984;104(1):41-6. CENTRAL

Best 2011 {published data only}

Best C, Brearley A, Gaillard P, Regelmann W, Billings J, Dunitz J, et al. A pre-post retrospective study of patients with cystic fibrosis and gastrostomy tubes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2011;53(4):453-8. CENTRAL
Best C, Phillips J, Dunitz J, Holme B, Gaillard P. A pre-post retrospective study of patients with cystic fibrosis and gastrostomy tubes [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2008;43(Suppl 31):422. CENTRAL

Boland 1986 {published data only}

Boland MP, Stoski DS, MacDonald NE, Soucy P, Patrick J. Chronic jejunostomy feeding with a non-elemental formula in undernourished patients with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1986;1(8475):232-4. CENTRAL

Bradley 2012 {published data only}

Bradley GM, Carson KA, Leonard AR, Mogayzel PJ Jr, Oliva-Hemker M. Nutritional outcomes following gastrostomy in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2012;47(8):743-8. CENTRAL

Caraher 2012 {published data only}

Caraher M, Gurney S, Abbott J, Paton J, Doe S, Bourke S. The experience of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11(Suppl 1):S124. CENTRAL

Chinuck 2011 {published data only}

Chinuck RS, Dewar JC. Jejunal tube feeding for cystic fibrosis related gastroparesis: the Nottingham experience. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2011;10(Suppl 1):S75. CENTRAL

Daniels 1989 {published data only}

Daniels L, Davidson GP, Martin AJ, Pouras T. Supplemental nasogastric feeding in cystic fibrosis patients during treatment for acute exacerbation of chest disease. Australian Pediatric Journal 1989;25(3):164-7. CENTRAL
Daniels LA, Davidson GP, Martin AJ. An evaluation of supplemental overnight nasogastric feeding in children with cystic fibrosis. In: Proceedings of the Ninth Cystic Fibrosis Congress; 1984. 1984:8.06. CENTRAL
Daniels LA, Davidson GP, Martin AJ. An evaluation of supplemental overnight nasogastric feeding in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Australian Paediatric Journal 1984;20(3):248. CENTRAL

Declercq 2018 {published data only}

Declercq D, Van Biervliet S, Huysentruyt K, De Wachter E, Van Daele S, De Baets F. Long-term experience with tube feeding in children with cystic fibrosis in two Belgian CF Centres: Preliminary results. Pediatric Pulmonology 2018;53(Supplement 2):393. [ABSTRACT NO.: 639] CENTRAL

Efrati 2006 {published data only}

Efrati O, Mei-Zahav M, Rivlin J, Kerem E, Blau H, Barak A, et al. Long-term nutritional rehabilitation by gastrostomy in Israeli patients with cystic fibrosis: clinical outcome in advanced pulmonary disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2006;42(2):222-8. CENTRAL

Erskine 1998 {published data only}

Erskine JM, Lingard C, Accurso FJ, Krebs NF. Enteral nutrition for patients with cystic fibrosis: comparison of a semi-elemental and non-elemental formula [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1995;Suppl 12:295. CENTRAL
Erskine JM, Lingard CD, Sontag MK, Accurso FJ. Enteral nutrition for patients with cystic fibrosis: comparison of a semi-elemental and nonelemental formula. Journal of Pediatrics 1998;132(2):265-9. CENTRAL

Evans 2009 {published data only}

Evans S, Daly A, Davies P, MacDonald A. Fibre content of enteral feeds for the older child. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2009;22(5):414-21. [CFGD REGISTER: GN222] CENTRAL

Fisher 2015 {published data only}

Fisher K, Patchell C, Jones S, Hull L, Cooper S, Desai M. Nutritional outcomes of enteral nutrition in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2015;14 Suppl 1:S115. [ABSTRACT NO.: 220] CENTRAL

Gavin 1999 {published data only}

Gavin J, Laiho K, Hounslow A, Murphy J, Connett G, Wootton S. Effects of increasing dietary fibre on colonic function in gastrostomy fed CF patients. Pediatric Pulmonology 1999;Suppl 19:302. [CENTRAL: 291310] [CFGD REGISTER: GN83] CENTRAL

Geukers 2005 {published data only}

Geukers VG, Oudshoorn JH, Taminiau J, van der Ent C, Schilte P, Ruiter A, et al. Optimal protein load in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2003;36(Suppl 25):348. CENTRAL
Geukers VG, Oudshoorn JH, Taminiau JA, van der Ent CK, Schilte P, Ruiter AF, et al. Short-term protein intake and stimulation of protein synthesis in stunted children with cystic fibrosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;81(3):605-10. CENTRAL

Gottrand 1999 {published data only}

Gottrand F, Ategbo S, Michaud L, Launay V, Vic PH, Ellian JC, et al. Comparison of medium and high fat formulas for nighttime enteral feedings in CF children and adolescents. Pediatric Pulmonology 1996;Suppl 13:322. CENTRAL
Gottrand F, Hankard R, Michaud L, Ategbo S, Dabadie A, Druon D et al. Effect of glucose to fat ratio on energy substrate disposal in children with cystic fibrosis fed enterally. Clinical Nutrition 1999;18(5):297-300. CENTRAL

Hollander 2017 {published data only}

Hollander FM, De Roos NM, Belle-Van Meerkerk G, Teding Van Berkhout F, Van De Graaf EA. Body weight and body mass index in patients with end-stage cystic fibrosis stabilize after starting enteral tube feeding. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2017;1(16):S149. CENTRAL

Jerkins 2012 {published data only}

Jerkins T, Joseph PM, Meyers MA. Adult G-tube interventions: lessons learnt. Pediatric Pulmonology 2012;47 Suppl 35:529. CENTRAL

Kane 1990 {published data only}

Kane RE, Hobbs PJ, Black PG. Comparison of low, medium, and high carbohydrate formulas for nighttime enteral feedings in cystic fibrosis patients. JPEN-Journal Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1990;14(1):47-52. [CENTRAL: 66969] [CFGD REGISTER: GN35] CENTRAL [PMID: 2109114]

Kane 1991 {published data only}

Kane RE, Hobbs P. Energy and respiratory metabolism in cystic fibrosis: the influence of carbohydrate content of nutritional supplements. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1991;12(2):217-23. [CFGD REGISTER: GN58] CENTRAL [MEDLINE: 91269009]

Levy 1985 {published data only}

Levy LD, Durie PR, Pencharz PB, Corey ML. Effects of long-term nutritional rehabilitation on body composition and clinical status in malnourished children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics 1985;107(2):225-30. CENTRAL

Libeert 2018 {published data only}

Libeert D, Declercq D, Wanyama S, Thomas M, Van Daele S, De Baets F, et al. The effect of enteral tube feeding in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2018;17:264-70. CENTRAL
Libeert D, Wanyama S, Declercq D, Thomas M, Van Daele S, De Baets F, et al. Impact of tube feeding (TF) on pulmonary function in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2017;16(Supplement 1):S10. CENTRAL
Libeert D, Wanyama S, Declercq D, Thomas M, Van Daele S, De Baets F, et al. The impact of tube feeding in children and adults with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2017;1(Supplement 1):S9-S10. CENTRAL
Van Biervliet S, Libeert D, Declercq D, Wanyama S, Van Daele S, De Baets F, et al. Effect of tube feeding in cystic fibrosis: A registry based study. Pediatric Pulmonology 2017;47 (Suppl 52):452. [ABSTRACT NO.: 610] CENTRAL

Martinez‐Zaro 2011 {published data only}

Martinez-Zaro A, Navas-Lopez VM,   Martinez-Costa C, Sanchez-Valverde F, Moreno-Villares JM, Pedron-Giner C, et al. Home enteral nutrition support in children with cystic fibrosis. Are all patients the same? Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2011;10(Suppl 1):S74. CENTRAL

Moore 1986 {published data only}

Moore MC, Greene HL, Donald WD, Dunn GD. Enteral-tube feeding as adjunct therapy in malnourished patients with cystic fibrosis: a clinical study and literature review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;44(1):33-41. CENTRAL

Nagakumar 2012 {published data only}

Nagakumar P, Rosenthal M, Bush A. Effect of gastrostomy feeds on lung function and anthropometry measurements in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11(Suppl 1):S124. CENTRAL

O'Loughlin 1986 {published data only}

O'Loughlin E, Forbes D, Parsons H, Scott B, Cooper D, Gall G. Nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished patients with cystic fibrosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1986;43(5):732-7. CENTRAL

Pelekanos 1990 {published data only}

Pelekanos JT, Holt TL, Ward LC, Cleghorn GJ, Shepherd RW. Protein turnover in malnourished patients with cystic fibrosis: effects of elemental and non elemental nutritional supplements. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1990;10(3):339-43. CENTRAL

Pencharz 1984 {published data only}

Pencharz P, Hill R, Archibald E, Levy L, Newth C. Energy needs and nutritional rehabilitation in under-nourished adolescents and young adult patients with cystic patients. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1984;3(Suppl 1):S147-53. CENTRAL

Rosenfeld 1999 {published data only}

Rosenfeld M, Casey S, Pepe M, Ramsey BW. Nutritional effects of long-term gastrostomy feedings in children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999;99(2):191-4. CENTRAL

Shepherd 1983 {published data only}

Shepherd RW, Thomas BJ, Bennett D, Cooksley WGE, Ward LC. Changes in body composition and muscle protein degradation during nutritional supplement in nutritionally growth-retarded children with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1983;2(3):439-46. CENTRAL

Shepherd 1988 {published data only}

Shepherd RW, Holt TL, Clegghorn G, Ward LC, Isles A, Francis P. Short-term nutritional supplementation during management of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis: a controlled study including effects of protein turnover. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;48(2):235-9. CENTRAL
Shepherd RW, Holt TL, Cleghorn GJ, Ward LC, Isles A, Francis P. Nutritional supplementation during management of pulmonary exacerbations in CF: a controlled study including effects on protein turnover [abstract]. Excerpta Medica, Asia Pacific Congress Series 1988;74:N(o)3. [CFGD REGISTER: GN34a] CENTRAL

Steinkamp 1990 {published data only}

Steinkamp G, Rodeck B, Sciedenberg J, Ruehl I, von der Hardt H. Stabilization of lung function in cystic fibrosis during long-term tube feeding via a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy [Stabilisierung der Lungenfunktion bei zystischer Fibrose durch Langzeitsondenernahrung uber eine perkutane endoskopische Gastrostomie]. Pneumologie 1990;44(10):1151-3. CENTRAL

Steinkamp 1994 {published data only}

Steinkamp G, von der Hardt H. Improvement in nutritional status and lung function after long-term gastrostomy feeding. Journal of Pediatrics 1994;124(2):244-9. CENTRAL

Steinkamp 2000 {published data only}

Koletzko B, Ruhl-Bagheri I, Thiel I, Steinkamp G. Effects of a formula supplement rich in linoleic acid on the essential fatty acid status of cystic fibrosis patients. Clinical Nutrition 1992;11(Suppl):39-40. [CFGD REGISTER: GN91a] CENTRAL
Steinkamp G, Demmelmair H, Ruhl-Bagheri I, von der Hardt H, Koletzko B. Energy supplements rich in linoleic acid improve body weight and essential fatty acid status of cystic fibrosis patients. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2000;31(4):418-23. [CFGD REGISTER: GN91b] CENTRAL

Truby 2009 {published data only}

Truby H, Cowlishaw P, O'Neil C, Wainwright C. The long term efficacy of gastrostomy feeding in children with cystic fibrosis on anthropometric markers of nutritional status and pulmonary function. Open Respiratory Medicine Journal 2009;3:112-5. CENTRAL

Van Biervliet 2004 {published data only}

Van Biervliet S, De Waele K, Van Winckel M, Robberecht E. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in cystic fibrosis:patient acceptance and effect of overnight tube feeding on nutritional status. Acta Gastroenterology Belgium 2004;67(3):241-4. CENTRAL

Van Biervliet 2017 {published data only}

Van Biervliet S, Declercq D, Van Daele S, De Baets F. Single centre long-term experience with tube feeding in children with cystic fibrosis according to age at start. Pediatric Pulmonology 2017;47 Suppl 52:451-2. [ABSTRACT NO.: 609] CENTRAL

Van Biervliet 2018 {published data only}

Van Biervliet S, Van Braeckel E, De Baets F, Van Daele S, Van Meerhaeghe S, Declercq D. Body composition measured by BIA of tube fed cystic fibrosis patients compared to age-sex matched controls. Pediatric Pulmonology 2018;53 Suppl 2:385-6. [ABSTRACT NO.: 619] CENTRAL

Vandeleur 2013 {published data only}

Vandeleur M, Massie J, Oliver M. Gastrostomy in children with cystic fibrosis and portal hypertension. Journal of Pedaitric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2013;57(2):245-7. CENTRAL

Van Dyke 2011 {published data only}

Van Dyke R, McPhail GL, Kahill L, Fenchel M, Amin R, Boesch RP, et al. Delaying gastronomy tube placement and the impact on long-term pulmonary and nutritional outcomes in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2011;46(Suppl 34):402. CENTRAL

White 2013 {published data only}

White H, Morton AM, Conway SP, Peckham DG. Enteral tube feeding in adults with cystic fibrosis: Patient choice and impact on long term outcomes. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2013;12(6):616-22. CENTRAL

White 2014 {published data only}

White H, Morton A, Peckham D. Impact of enteral tube feeding on body fat and lean body mass. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2014;13 Suppl 2:S101. CENTRAL

Additional references

Ir a:

Barclay 2007

Barclay A, Allen JR, Blyler E, Yap J, Gruca MA, Asperen PV, et al. Resting energy expenditure in females with cystic fibrosis: Is it affected by puberty? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;61(10):1207-12.

Beker 2001

Beker LT, Russek-Cohen E, Fink RJ. Stature as a prognostic factor in cystic fibrosis survival. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001;101(4):438-42.

Corey 1998

Corey M, McLaughlin FJ, Williams M, Levison H. A comparison of survival, growth, and pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis in Boston and Toronto. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988;41(6):583-91.

Dorlochter 2002

Dorlochter L, Roksund O, Helgheim V, Rosendahl K, Fluge G. Resting energy expenditure and lung disease in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2002;1(3):131-6.

Gordon 2007

Gordon CM, Anderson EJ, Herylyn K, Hubbard JL, Pizzo A, Gelbard R, et al. Nutrient status of adults with cystic fibrosis. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2007;107(12):2114-9.

Higgins 2003

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.

Higgins 2011

Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.

Magoffin 2008

Magoffin A, Allen JR, McCauley J, Gruca MA, Peat J, Van Asperen P, et al. Longitudinal analysis of resting energy expenditure in patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics 2008;152(5):703-8.

Moudiou 2007

Moudiou T, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Nousia-Arvanitakis S. Effect of exocrine pancreatic function on resting energy expenditure in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatrica 2007;96(10):1521-5.

Oliver 2004

Oliver MR, Heine RG, Hang Ng C, Volders E, Olinsky A. Factors affecting clinical outcome in gastrostomy-fed children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;37(4):324-9.

Pedreira 2005

Pedreira CC, Robert RG, Dalton V, Oliver MR, Carlin JB, Robinson P, et al. Association of body composition and lung function in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2005;39(3):276-80.

Sharma 2000

Sharma R, Florea VG, Bolger AP, Doehner W, Florea ND, Coats AJ, et al. Wasting as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2001;56(10):746-50.

Stallings 2008

Stallings VA, Stark LJ, Robinson KA, Ferenchak AP, Quinton H: Clinical Practice Guidelines on Growth and Nutrition Subcommittee, Ad Hoc Working Group. Evidence-based practice recommendations for nutrition-related management of children and adults with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency: Results of a systematic review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2008;108(5):832-9.

Stern 2006

Stern M, Wiedemann B, Wenzlaff P on behalf of the German Cystic Fibrosis Quality Assessment Group. From registry to quality management: the German Cystic Fibrosis Quality Assessment project 1995-2006. European Respiratory Journal 2006;31(1):29-35.

Walker 1998

Walker SA, Gozal D. Pulmonary function correlates in the prediction of long-term weight gain in cystic fibrosis patients with gastrostomy tube feedings. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1998;27(1):53-6.

White 2004

White H, Morton AM, Peckham DG, Conway SP. Dietary intakes in adult patients with cystic fibrosis - Do they achieve guidelines? Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2004;3(1):1-7.

Zemel 2000

Zemel BS, Jawad AF, FitzSimmons S, Stallings VA. Longitudinal relationship between growth, nutritional status and pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis: analysis of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation National Patient Registry. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;137(3):374-80.

References to other published versions of this review

Ir a:

Conway 1999

Conway S, Morton A, Wolfe S. Enteral tube feeding for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 3. Art. No: CD001198. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001198]

Conway 2008

Conway S, Morton A, Wolfe S. Enteral tube feeding for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No: CD001198. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001198.pub2]

Conway 2012

Conway S, Morton A, Wolfe S. Enteral tube feeding for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No: CD001198. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001198.pub3]

Morton 2015

Morton A, Wolfe S. Enteral tube feeding for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 4. Art. No: CD001198. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001198.pub4]

Characteristics of studies

Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]

Study

Reason for exclusion

Armand 2004

Trial of enteral supplements, i.e. oral calorie supplements rather than enteral tube feeds.

Bacon 2009

Not a RCT, retrospective database review comparing pre‐ and post‐intervention.

Beadle 2011

Not a RCT, retrospective database review comparing pre‐ and post‐intervention.

Bertrand 1984

Not a RCT.

Best 2011

Not a RCT, pre‐post retrospective study.

Boland 1986

Not a RCT.

Bradley 2012

Not a RCT, retrospective case‐control study.

Caraher 2012

Not a RCT. Pre‐post intervention study.

Chinuck 2011

Not a RCT.

Daniels 1989

Cross‐over RCT, no data available for the first arm of the trial.

Declercq 2018

Not a RCT. Retrospective observational longitudinal study.

Efrati 2006

Not a RCT. Pre‐post intervention study.

Erskine 1998

Comparison of two types of formulae; study period inadequate.

Evans 2009

Comparison of formulae with and without added dietary fibre.

Fisher 2015

Not a RCT, retrospective data collection.

Gavin 1999

Not a RCT and insufficient duration.

Geukers 2005

Study period inadequate (given for 4 days only, not "at least 1 month").

Gottrand 1999

Comparison of two types of formula (high versus normal fat content).

Hollander 2017

Not a RCT, retrospective case series.

Jerkins 2012

Not a RCT, retrospective case series.

Kane 1990

Comparison of formulae (varying concentrations of carbohydrate).

Kane 1991

Trial of enteral supplements, i.e. oral calorie supplements rather than enteral tube feeds.

Levy 1985

Not a RCT, participants retrospectively pair‐matched.

Libeert 2018

Not a RCT. Retrospective registry‐ based review.

Martinez‐Zaro 2011

Not a RCT. Retrospective database review of national online home enteral feeding register.

Moore 1986

Not a RCT.

Nagakumar 2012

Not a RCT. Case series.

O'Loughlin 1986

Not a RCT.

Pelekanos 1990

Comparison of 3 different types of formulae, insufficient study period.

Pencharz 1984

Not a RCT; study period of enteral tube feeding insufficient ‐ only 12 days.

Rosenfeld 1999

Not a RCT. Pre‐post intervention study.

Shepherd 1983

Study period insufficient ‐ 4 days only.

Shepherd 1988

Inadequate study period confined to respiratory exacerbation time only.

Steinkamp 1990

Not a RCT, participants with CF age‐ and weight‐matched to participants without CF.

Steinkamp 1994

Not a RCT, retrospective case series.

Steinkamp 2000

Trial of enteral supplements i.e. oral calorie supplements rather than enteral tube feeds.

Truby 2009

Not a RCT. It is a case series and a retrospective review.

Van Biervliet 2004

Not a RCT, retrospective case series.

Van Biervliet 2017

Not a RCT, retrospective observational longitudinal study.

Van Biervliet 2018

Not a RCT, a case‐controlled study with low participant numbers (n = 9).

Vandeleur 2013

Not a RCT, retrospective case series.

Van Dyke 2011

Not a RCT. Retrospective review of CF Foundation Registry Data comparing early and late intervention.

White 2013

Not a RCT. Longitudinal, open study with single pre‐ and post‐intervention outcomes.

White 2014

Not a RCT. Retrospective case series.

CF: cystic fibrosis
RCT: randomised controlled trial