| 1 Pain score in labour Show forest plot | 5 | 1133 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐2.64 [‐4.56, ‐0.73] |
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| 2 Pain intensity severe or intolerable Show forest plot | 1 | 60 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] |
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| 3 Woman's perception of pain relief in labour Show forest plot | 3 | 1166 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐3.36 [‐5.41, ‐1.31] |
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| 4 Woman's perception of pain relief during first stage of labour Show forest plot | 3 | 194 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | ‐12.05 [‐19.35, ‐4.75] |
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| 5 Woman's perception of pain relief during the second stage of labour Show forest plot | 2 | 164 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐20.75 [‐22.50, ‐19.01] |
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| 6 Satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good Show forest plot | 7 | 1911 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.47 [1.03, 2.08] |
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| 7 Satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ continuous data Show forest plot | 7 | 3171 | Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.51 [0.10, 0.91] |
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| 8 Time of administration of pain relief to time pain relief was satisfactory (minutes) Show forest plot | 1 | 82 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | ‐6.70 [‐8.02, ‐5.38] |
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| 9 Perceived feeling of poor control in labour Show forest plot | 1 | 344 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.17 [0.62, 2.21] |
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| 10 Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ proportion rating satisfied to very satisfied Show forest plot | 1 | 332 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.95 [0.87, 1.03] |
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| 11 Need for additional means of pain relief Show forest plot | 16 | 5099 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.10 [0.04, 0.25] |
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| 12 Assisted vaginal birth Show forest plot | 30 | 9948 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.44 [1.29, 1.60] |
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| 13 Caesarean section Show forest plot | 33 | 10350 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.07 [0.96, 1.18] |
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| 14 Long‐term backache Show forest plot | 2 | 814 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.00 [0.89, 1.12] |
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| 15 Hypotension as defined by trial authors Show forest plot | 10 | 4212 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 11.34 [1.89, 67.95] |
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| 16 Postnatal depression (authors definition, on medication, or self‐reported) Show forest plot | 1 | 313 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.63 [0.38, 1.05] |
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| 17 Motor blockade Show forest plot | 3 | 322 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 31.71 [4.16, 241.99] |
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| 18 Respiratory depression requiring oxygen administration Show forest plot | 5 | 2031 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.23 [0.05, 0.97] |
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| 19 Headache Show forest plot | 4 | 1938 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.06 [0.74, 1.54] |
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| 20 Perineal trauma requiring suturing Show forest plot | 1 | 369 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.05 [0.93, 1.18] |
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| 21 Nausea and vomiting Show forest plot | 15 | 4440 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.62 [0.45, 0.87] |
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| 22 Itch Show forest plot | 8 | 2900 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.19 [0.81, 1.77] |
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| 23 Fever > 38 º C Show forest plot | 9 | 4276 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 2.51 [1.67, 3.77] |
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| 24 Shivering Show forest plot | 1 | 20 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 5.0 [0.27, 92.62] |
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| 25 Drowsiness Show forest plot | 6 | 740 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.48 [0.17, 1.33] |
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| 26 Urinary retention Show forest plot | 4 | 343 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 14.18 [4.52, 44.45] |
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| 27 Catheterisation during labour Show forest plot | 1 | 111 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 5.68 [0.71, 45.68] |
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| 28 Malposition Show forest plot | 4 | 673 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.40 [0.98, 1.99] |
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| 29 Surgical amniotomy Show forest plot | 2 | 211 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.03 [0.74, 1.43] |
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| 30 Acidosis defined by cord arterial pH < 7.2 at delivery Show forest plot | 8 | 4783 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.81 [0.69, 0.94] |
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| 31 Acidosis defined by cord arterial pH < 7.15 Show forest plot | 3 | 480 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.17 [0.64, 2.14] |
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| 32 Naloxone administration Show forest plot | 10 | 2645 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.15 [0.10, 0.23] |
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| 33 Meconium staining of liquor Show forest plot | 5 | 2295 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.01 [0.84, 1.21] |
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| 34 Neonatal intensive care unit admission Show forest plot | 8 | 4488 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.03 [0.95, 1.12] |
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| 35 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes Show forest plot | 22 | 8752 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.73 [0.52, 1.02] |
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| 36 Length of first stage of labour (minutes) Show forest plot | 9 | 2259 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | 32.28 [18.34, 46.22] |
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| 37 Length of second stage of labour (minutes) Show forest plot | 16 | 4979 | Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 15.38 [8.97, 21.79] |
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| 38 Oxytocin augmentation Show forest plot | 19 | 8351 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.12 [1.00, 1.26] |
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| 39 Caesarean section for fetal distress Show forest plot | 12 | 5753 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.32 [0.97, 1.79] |
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| 40 Caesarean section for dystocia Show forest plot | 13 | 5938 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.93 [0.79, 1.11] |
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| 41 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Maternal satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good Show forest plot | 4 | 1372 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.42 [0.70, 2.92] |
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| 42 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data: Maternal satisfaction with pain relief in labour ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good Show forest plot | 3 | 923 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.23 [0.97, 1.55] |
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| 43 Sensitivity analysis ‐ allocation concealment: Need for additional means of pain relief Show forest plot | 9 | 3043 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.12 [0.03, 0.53] |
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| 44 Sensitivity analysis ‐ incomplete outcome data: Need for additional means of pain relief Show forest plot | 9 | 3740 | Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.15 [0.05, 0.45] |
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