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'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
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Figure 1

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Behavioural vs active control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 7.2

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 7.3

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.
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Analysis 7.4

Comparison 7 Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment, Outcome 4 Catastrophising.

Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.
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Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 1 Pain.

Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.
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Analysis 8.2

Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 2 Disability.

Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.
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Analysis 8.3

Comparison 8 Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up, Outcome 3 Mood.

Comparison 1. Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

13

1258

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.24, 0.04]

2 Disability Show forest plot

12

1130

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.33, ‐0.05]

3 Mood Show forest plot

13

1256

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.05 [‐0.19, 0.09]

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

6

735

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.18 [‐0.36, 0.00]

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Comparison 1. Cognitive behavioural vs active control post‐treatment
Comparison 2. Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

11

1261

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.08 [‐0.23, 0.06]

2 Disability Show forest plot

12

1295

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.15 [‐0.28, ‐0.02]

3 Mood Show forest plot

11

1261

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.07 [‐0.18, 0.05]

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

2

282

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.06 [‐0.18, 0.29]

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Comparison 2. Cognitive behavioural vs active control follow‐up
Comparison 3. Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

16

1148

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.21 [‐0.37, ‐0.05]

2 Disability Show forest plot

15

1105

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.26 [‐0.47, ‐0.04]

3 Mood Show forest plot

12

899

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.38 [‐0.57, ‐0.18]

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

5

308

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.53 [‐0.76, ‐0.31]

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Comparison 3. Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual
Comparison 4. Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

7

635

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.09 [‐0.25, 0.08]

2 Disability Show forest plot

6

450

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.13 [‐0.51, 0.25]

3 Mood Show forest plot

7

637

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.26 [‐0.51, ‐0.00]

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

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Comparison 4. Cognitive behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up
Comparison 5. Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Disability Show forest plot

2

148

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.26 [‐0.58, 0.07]

3 Mood Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

2

146

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.28 [‐0.60, 0.05]

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Comparison 5. Behavioural vs active control post‐treatment
Comparison 6. Behavioural vs active control follow‐up

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Disability Show forest plot

2

144

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.17 [‐0.50, 0.16]

3 Mood Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

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Comparison 6. Behavioural vs active control follow‐up
Comparison 7. Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

5

484

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.27 [‐0.79, 0.24]

2 Disability Show forest plot

5

504

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.41 [‐0.98, 0.16]

3 Mood Show forest plot

3

278

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.53 [‐1.42, 0.35]

4 Catastrophising Show forest plot

3

269

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.72 [‐1.43, ‐0.01]

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Comparison 7. Behavioural vs treatment as usual post‐treatment
Comparison 8. Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain Show forest plot

2

182

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.03 [‐0.32, 0.26]

2 Disability Show forest plot

3

336

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.54 [‐1.51, 0.44]

3 Mood Show forest plot

2

160

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.65 [‐2.07, 0.77]

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Comparison 8. Behavioural vs treatment as usual follow‐up