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Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Information

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub6Copy DOI
Database:
  1. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Version published:
  1. 25 February 2018see what's new
Type:
  1. Intervention
Stage:
  1. Review
Cochrane Editorial Group:
  1. Cochrane Vascular Group

Copyright:
  1. Copyright © 2018 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Authors

  • Marcello Di Nisio

    Correspondence to: Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy

    [email protected]

    Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands

  • Iris M Wichers

    The Dutch College of General Practitioners, Utrecht, Netherlands

  • Saskia Middeldorp

    Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Contributions of authors

MDN: selected and assessed the quality of trials, extracted data, and wrote the review.
IW: selected and assessed the quality of trials, extracted data, and commented on the review.
SM: supervised the development of the review in all its phases.

Sources of support

Internal sources

  • No sources of support supplied

External sources

  • Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health Directorates, The Scottish Government, UK.

    The Cochrane Vascular editorial base is supported by the Chief Scientist Office.

Declarations of interest

MDN: Dr Di Nisio reported participation to Advisory Boards for Daiichi‐Sankyo and Pfizer, and receiving consultancy fees from Daiichi‐Sankyo and Bayer Health Care.
IW: none known.
SM: Dr Middeldorp was a member of the Steering Committee of the CALISTO study, which was funded by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and which investigated the efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for superficial thrombophlebitis; funds were paid to Dr Middeldorp's institution. Dr Middeldorp's institution had also received funding from several pharmaceutical companies, including GSK, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, and Pfizer to support some of her other educational and research activities. The first version of this review was written before the CALISTO study was designed.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the external peer referee Dr Benilde Cosmi for her comments and Mrs Carole Gibson for acting as the consumer on this review. We would also like to thank the Cochrane Consumer Network for their contribution to the 'Plain language summary.' We would like to thank the personnel from Cochrane Vascular, especially Marlene Stewart and Karen Welch for their invaluable assistance and advice.

Version history

Published

Title

Stage

Authors

Version

2018 Feb 25

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Review

Marcello Di Nisio, Iris M Wichers, Saskia Middeldorp

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub6

2013 Apr 30

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Review

Marcello Di Nisio, Iris M Wichers, Saskia Middeldorp

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub5

2012 Mar 14

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Review

Marcello Di Nisio, Iris M Wichers, Saskia Middeldorp

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub4

2007 Apr 18

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Review

Marcello Di Nisio, Iris M Wichers, Saskia Middeldorp

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub3

2007 Jan 24

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Review

Marcello Di Nisio, Saskia Middeldorp, Iris M Wichers

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982.pub2

2004 Oct 18

Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Protocol

M Di Nisio, Saskia Middeldorp, Iris M Wichers, Marcello di Nisio

https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004982

Differences between protocol and review

We planned to evaluate publication bias using funnel plots and heterogeneity of treatment effects between trials using the Chi2 test and the I2 statistic. However, despite the relatively broad number of comparisons found, no funnel plots or tests of heterogeneity were performed since most studies did not evaluate the same treatment comparisons on the same study outcomes. For the same reason, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis to take into account possible sources of bias (e.g. open‐label design, incomplete follow‐up, high levels of exclusions unbalanced between the groups, or inadequate allocation concealment) were not possible. For most of the treatment comparisons, standardised mean differences (SMD) could not be calculated for continuous variables since the standard deviations of the means were not reported.

Keywords

MeSH

PICOs

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

The PICO model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome.

See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook.

Study flow diagram.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 2

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 1 Pulmonary embolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 1 Pulmonary embolism.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 2 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 2 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 3 Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 3 Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 4 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 4 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 5 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 5 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 6 Mortality.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 6 Mortality.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 7 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 7 Major bleeding.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 8 Clinically relevant non‐major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 8 Clinically relevant non‐major bleeding.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 9 Minor bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 9 Minor bleeding.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 10 Arterial thromboembolic complication.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 10 Arterial thromboembolic complication.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 11 Adverse effects of treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 11 Adverse effects of treatment.

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 12 Non‐fatal serious adverse event.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Fondaparinux versus placebo, Outcome 12 Non‐fatal serious adverse event.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 1 Pulmonary embolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 1 Pulmonary embolism.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 2 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 2 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 3 Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 3 Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 4 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 4 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 5 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 5 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 6 Mortality.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 6 Mortality.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 7 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 7 Major bleeding.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 8 Clinically relevant non‐major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 8 Clinically relevant non‐major bleeding.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 9 Minor bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 9 Minor bleeding.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events.

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 11 Adverse effects of treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban, Outcome 11 Adverse effects of treatment.

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Major bleeding.

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Major bleeding.

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo, Outcome 5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.6

Comparison 6 Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.2

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.3

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.4

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.5

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.6

Comparison 7 Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH, Outcome 6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Symptomatic venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 1 Symptomatic venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Symptomatic pulmonary embolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 8.2

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 2 Symptomatic pulmonary embolism.

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Superficial thrombophlebitis progression into deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 8.3

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 3 Superficial thrombophlebitis progression into deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 8.4

Comparison 8 Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH, Outcome 4 Major bleeding.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 1 Superficial thrombophlebitis or venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.1

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 1 Superficial thrombophlebitis or venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.2

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 3 Superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.3

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 3 Superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 4 Swelling disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.4

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 4 Swelling disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 5 Tenderness disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.5

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 5 Tenderness disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 6 Pain disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.6

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 6 Pain disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 7 Pitting oedema disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.7

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 7 Pitting oedema disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 8 Collateral veins disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.8

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 8 Collateral veins disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 9 Redness disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.9

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 9 Redness disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 10 Palpable cord disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.10

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 10 Palpable cord disappearance.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 11 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.11

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 11 Major bleeding.

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 12 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 9.12

Comparison 9 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH, Outcome 12 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 10.1

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 10.2

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 3 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 10.3

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 3 Major bleeding.

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 4 Complications.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 10.4

Comparison 10 Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection, Outcome 4 Complications.

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 11.1

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 11.2

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 3 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 11.3

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 3 Major bleeding.

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 11.4

Comparison 11 Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 12.1

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 12.2

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 3 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 12.3

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 3 Major bleeding.

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 12.4

Comparison 12 Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 13.1

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment.

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 13.2

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up.

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 13.3

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 4 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 13.4

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 4 Major bleeding.

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 13.5

Comparison 13 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Outcome 5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 1 Pulmonary embolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.1

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 1 Pulmonary embolism.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 2 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.2

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 2 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 3 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.3

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 3 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 4 Pain reduction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.4

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 4 Pain reduction.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 5 Hyperaemia reduction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.5

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 5 Hyperaemia reduction.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 6 Tenderness reduction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.6

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 6 Tenderness reduction.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 7 Palpable cord reduction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.7

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 7 Palpable cord reduction.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 8 Mortality.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.8

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 8 Mortality.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 9 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.9

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 9 Major bleeding.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 10 Minor bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.10

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 10 Minor bleeding.

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 11 Adverse events.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 14.11

Comparison 14 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin, Outcome 11 Adverse events.

Comparison 15 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 15.1

Comparison 15 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 15 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 15.2

Comparison 15 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 16 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 16.1

Comparison 16 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 16 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel, Outcome 2 Participants with thrombus at 21 days.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 16.2

Comparison 16 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel, Outcome 2 Participants with thrombus at 21 days.

Comparison 16 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel, Outcome 3 Allergic reaction or elevated sedimentation rate.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 16.3

Comparison 16 Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel, Outcome 3 Allergic reaction or elevated sedimentation rate.

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 1 Incidence of venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 17.1

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 1 Incidence of venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 17.2

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 3 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 17.3

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 3 Major bleeding.

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 17.4

Comparison 17 High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH, Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 18 Heparin calcium plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 18.1

Comparison 18 Heparin calcium plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 19 Heparin subcutaneous (sc) versus defibrotide, Outcome 1 Decrease in the analogue score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 19.1

Comparison 19 Heparin subcutaneous (sc) versus defibrotide, Outcome 1 Decrease in the analogue score.

Comparison 19 Heparin subcutaneous (sc) versus defibrotide, Outcome 2 Adverse effects of treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 19.2

Comparison 19 Heparin subcutaneous (sc) versus defibrotide, Outcome 2 Adverse effects of treatment.

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 20.1

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 20.2

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Major bleeding.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 20.3

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 3 Major bleeding.

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 20.4

Comparison 20 Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo, Outcome 4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia.

Comparison 21 Indomethacin versus placebo, Outcome 1 Adverse effects.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 21.1

Comparison 21 Indomethacin versus placebo, Outcome 1 Adverse effects.

Comparison 22 Nimesulide versus diclofenac sodium, Outcome 1 Gastric pain.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 22.1

Comparison 22 Nimesulide versus diclofenac sodium, Outcome 1 Gastric pain.

Comparison 23 Essaven gel versus placebo, Outcome 1 Intolerance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 23.1

Comparison 23 Essaven gel versus placebo, Outcome 1 Intolerance.

Comparison 24 Thrombectomy plus venoruton plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 24.1

Comparison 24 Thrombectomy plus venoruton plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 25 Thrombectomy plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 25.1

Comparison 25 Thrombectomy plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 26 Ligation plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 26.1

Comparison 26 Ligation plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 26 Ligation plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 26.2

Comparison 26 Ligation plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 27 Prophylactic unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 27.1

Comparison 27 Prophylactic unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 27 Prophylactic unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 27.2

Comparison 27 Prophylactic unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 28 Oral vasotonin versus placebo, Outcome 1 Cured or substantially better.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 28.1

Comparison 28 Oral vasotonin versus placebo, Outcome 1 Cured or substantially better.

Comparison 28 Oral vasotonin versus placebo, Outcome 2 Poor tolerability.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 28.2

Comparison 28 Oral vasotonin versus placebo, Outcome 2 Poor tolerability.

Comparison 29 Elastic compression bandage (ECB) plus venoruton versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 29.1

Comparison 29 Elastic compression bandage (ECB) plus venoruton versus ECB alone, Outcome 1 Deep vein thrombosis.

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 1 Redness disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 30.1

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 1 Redness disappearance.

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 2 Pain disappearance.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 30.2

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 2 Pain disappearance.

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 3 Disappearance of itching.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 30.3

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 3 Disappearance of itching.

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 4 Oedema improvement.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 30.4

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 4 Oedema improvement.

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 5 Trophism improvement.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 30.5

Comparison 30 Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide, Outcome 5 Trophism improvement.

Comparison 31 Oxyphenbutazone versus placebo, Outcome 1 Tenderness improvement.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 31.1

Comparison 31 Oxyphenbutazone versus placebo, Outcome 1 Tenderness improvement.

Comparison 32 Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 32.1

Comparison 32 Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 32 Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 32.2

Comparison 32 Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 33 Stripping plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 33.1

Comparison 33 Stripping plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 1 Venous thromboembolism.

Comparison 33 Stripping plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 33.2

Comparison 33 Stripping plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone, Outcome 2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis.

Comparison 34 Enzyme therapy versus placebo, Outcome 1 Pain reduction.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 34.1

Comparison 34 Enzyme therapy versus placebo, Outcome 1 Pain reduction.

Comparison 34 Enzyme therapy versus placebo, Outcome 2 Responders.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 34.2

Comparison 34 Enzyme therapy versus placebo, Outcome 2 Responders.

Comparison 35 Desmin intramuscular (im) 200 versus desmin 100, Outcome 1 Adverse events.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 35.1

Comparison 35 Desmin intramuscular (im) 200 versus desmin 100, Outcome 1 Adverse events.

Comparison 35 Desmin intramuscular (im) 200 versus desmin 100, Outcome 2 Adverse drug reactions.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 35.2

Comparison 35 Desmin intramuscular (im) 200 versus desmin 100, Outcome 2 Adverse drug reactions.

Comparison 36 Desmin subcutaneous (sc) 2 × 100 versus desmin 100, Outcome 1 Adverse events.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 36.1

Comparison 36 Desmin subcutaneous (sc) 2 × 100 versus desmin 100, Outcome 1 Adverse events.

Comparison 36 Desmin subcutaneous (sc) 2 × 100 versus desmin 100, Outcome 2 Adverse drug reactions.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 36.2

Comparison 36 Desmin subcutaneous (sc) 2 × 100 versus desmin 100, Outcome 2 Adverse drug reactions.

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 1 Pain (VAS, cm) at 3 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 37.1

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 1 Pain (VAS, cm) at 3 weeks.

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 2 Skin erythema (cm2) at 3 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 37.2

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 2 Skin erythema (cm2) at 3 weeks.

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 3 SF‐36 physical score at 3 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 37.3

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 3 SF‐36 physical score at 3 weeks.

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 4 SF‐36 mental score at 3 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 37.4

Comparison 37 Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH, Outcome 4 SF‐36 mental score at 3 weeks.

Summary of findings for the main comparison. Fondaparinux compared to placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Fondaparinux compared to placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Patient or population: people with ST of the leg
Settings: hospitalised or non‐hospitalised
Intervention: fondaparinux
Comparison: placebo

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Placebo

Fondaparinux

Symptomatic VTE
Ventilation‐perfusion scanning, helical computed tomography, pulmonary angiography, autopsy, ultrasonography, or venography
Follow‐up: 77 days

13 per 1000

2 per 1000
(1 to 7)

RR 0.15
(0.04 to 0.5)

3002
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

Major bleeding
Follow‐up: 77 days

1 per 1000

1 per 1000
(0 to 11)

RR 0.99
(0.06 to 15.86)

2987
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

Extension of ST
Ultrasonography
Follow‐up: 77 days

34 per 1000

3 per 1000
(1 to 7)

RR 0.08
(0.03 to 0.22)

3002
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

Recurrence of ST
Ultrasonography
Follow‐up: 77 days

16 per 1000

3 per 1000
(1 to 9)

RR 0.21
(0.08 to 0.54)

3002
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

Mortality
Follow‐up: 77 days

1 per 1000

1 per 1000
(0 to 15)

RR 2
(0.18 to 22)

3002
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

Minor bleeding
Follow‐up: 77 days

4 per 1000

6 per 1000
(2 to 17)

RR 1.49
(0.53 to 4.17)

2987
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

Adverse effects of treatment
Follow‐up: 77 days

33 per 1000

37 per 1000
(26 to 54)

RR 1.13
(0.78 to 1.65)

2987
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊕⊝
Moderate1

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; ST: superficial thrombophlebitis; VTE: venous thromboembolism.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1Evidence downgraded one level for imprecision due to a low number of events.

Figures and Tables -
Summary of findings for the main comparison. Fondaparinux compared to placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
Summary of findings 2. Prophylactic LMWH versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Prophylactic LMWH versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Patient or population: people with ST of the leg
Settings: hospitalised and non‐hospitalised
Intervention: prophylactic LMWH versus placebo

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Placebo

Prophylactic LMWH

Symptomatic VTE
Follow‐up: 97 days

45 per 1000

54 per 1000
(17 to 174)

RR 1.22
(0.38 to 3.89)

222
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

Major bleeding
Follow‐up: 97 days

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

222
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

0 episodes of major bleeding

Extension or recurrence (or both) of ST
Follow‐up: 97 days

330 per 1000

145 per 1000
(86 to 244)

RR 0.44
(0.26 to 0.74)

222
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

Mortality

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

Minor bleeding

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

Adverse effects of treatment

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; RR: risk ratio; ST: superficial thrombophlebitis; VTE: venous thromboembolism.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1Evidence downgraded one level due to unclear random sequence generation and incomplete outcome data.
2Evidence downgraded one level for imprecision due to a low number of events.

Figures and Tables -
Summary of findings 2. Prophylactic LMWH versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
Summary of findings 3. Therapeutic LMWH versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Therapeutic LMWH versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Patient or population: people with ST of the leg
Settings: hospitalised and non‐hospitalised
Intervention: therapeutic LMWH versus placebo

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Placebo

Therapeutic LMWH

Symptomatic VTE
Follow‐up: 97 days

45 per 1000

38 per 1000

(10 to 137)

RR 0.85
(0.23 to 3.06)

218
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

Major bleeding
Follow‐up: 97 days

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

218
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

No episodes of major bleeding

Extension or recurrence (or both) of ST
Follow‐up: 97 days

330 per 1000

152 per 1000

(89 to 254)

RR 0.46
(0.27 to 0.77)

218
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

Mortality

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

Minor bleeding

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

Adverse effects of treatment

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; RR: risk ratio; ST: superficial thrombophlebitis; VTE: venous thromboembolism.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1Evidence downgraded one level due to an unclear random sequence generation and incomplete outcome data.
2Evidence downgraded one level for imprecision due to a low number of events.

Figures and Tables -
Summary of findings 3. Therapeutic LMWH versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
Summary of findings 4. NSAIDs versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

NSAIDs versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg

Patient or population: people with superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
Settings: hospitalised and non‐hospitalised
Intervention: NSAIDs versus placebo

Outcomes

Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)

Relative effect
(95% CI)

No of participants
(studies)

Quality of the evidence
(GRADE)

Comments

Assumed risk

Corresponding risk

Placebo

NSAIDs

Symptomatic VTE
Follow‐up: 97 days

45 per 1000

41 per 1000
(11 to 146)

RR 0.91
(0.25 to 3.28)

211
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

Major bleeding
Follow‐up: 97 days

See comment

See comment

Not estimable

211
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

0 episodes of major bleeding

Extension or recurrence (or both) of ST
Follow‐up: 97 days

330 per 1000

152 per 1000
(89 to 258)

RR 0.46
(0.27 to 0.78)

211
(1 study)

⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low1,2

Mortality

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

Minor bleeding

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

Adverse effects of treatment

See comment

See comment

See comment

See comment

Data not available

*The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).
CI: confidence interval; NSAIDs: non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; RR: risk ratio; ST: superficial thrombophlebitis; VTE: venous thromboembolism.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

1Evidence downgraded one level due to an unclear random sequence generation and incomplete outcome data.
2Evidence downgraded one level for imprecision due to a low number of events.

Figures and Tables -
Summary of findings 4. NSAIDs versus placebo for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg
Comparison 1. Fondaparinux versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pulmonary embolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Mortality Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Clinically relevant non‐major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Minor bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Arterial thromboembolic complication Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Adverse effects of treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12 Non‐fatal serious adverse event Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. Fondaparinux versus placebo
Comparison 2. Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pulmonary embolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Mortality Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Clinically relevant non‐major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Minor bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Serious adverse events Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Adverse effects of treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Fondaparinux versus rivaroxaban
Comparison 3. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 3. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo
Comparison 4. Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 4. Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus placebo
Comparison 5. Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 5. Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 30‐day intermediate LMWH
Comparison 6. Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 6. Thirty‐day prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH
Comparison 7. Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Recurrence of superficial thrombophlebitis 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 7. Thirty‐day intermediate low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus 10‐day intermediate LMWH
Comparison 8. Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Symptomatic venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Symptomatic pulmonary embolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Superficial thrombophlebitis progression into deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 8. Six‐week prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus six‐week intermediate LMWH
Comparison 9. Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Superficial thrombophlebitis or venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

2

238

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.51 [0.10, 2.72]

3 Superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Swelling disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Tenderness disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Pain disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Pitting oedema disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Collateral veins disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Redness disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Palpable cord disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Major bleeding Show forest plot

2

238

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

2

238

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.07, 16.11]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 9. Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus weight‐adjusted LMWH
Comparison 10. Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Complications Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 10. Therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus saphenofemoral disconnection
Comparison 11. Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

2

278

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.24, 3.63]

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

3

331

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.58, 1.78]

3 Major bleeding Show forest plot

3

335

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

2

278

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 11. Fixed‐dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Comparison 12. Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 12. Weight‐adjusted low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Comparison 13. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism end‐of‐treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Venous thromboembolism 3‐month follow‐up Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 13. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Comparison 14. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pulmonary embolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Extension of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Pain reduction Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Hyperaemia reduction Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Tenderness reduction Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7 Palpable cord reduction Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8 Mortality Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10 Minor bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11 Adverse events Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 14. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus LMWH plus acemetacin
Comparison 15. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 15. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone
Comparison 16. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

2

83

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.03, 2.70]

2 Participants with thrombus at 21 days Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Allergic reaction or elevated sedimentation rate Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 16. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) versus heparin spray gel
Comparison 17. High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Incidence of venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 17. High‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus low‐dose UFH
Comparison 18. Heparin calcium plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 18. Heparin calcium plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone
Comparison 19. Heparin subcutaneous (sc) versus defibrotide

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Decrease in the analogue score Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Adverse effects of treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 19. Heparin subcutaneous (sc) versus defibrotide
Comparison 20. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Major bleeding Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 20. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) versus placebo
Comparison 21. Indomethacin versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Adverse effects Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 21. Indomethacin versus placebo
Comparison 22. Nimesulide versus diclofenac sodium

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Gastric pain Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 22. Nimesulide versus diclofenac sodium
Comparison 23. Essaven gel versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Intolerance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 23. Essaven gel versus placebo
Comparison 24. Thrombectomy plus venoruton plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 24. Thrombectomy plus venoruton plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone
Comparison 25. Thrombectomy plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 25. Thrombectomy plus elastic compression bandage (ECB) versus ECB alone
Comparison 26. Ligation plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 26. Ligation plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone
Comparison 27. Prophylactic unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 27. Prophylactic unfractionated heparin (UFH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone
Comparison 28. Oral vasotonin versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Cured or substantially better Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Poor tolerability Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 28. Oral vasotonin versus placebo
Comparison 29. Elastic compression bandage (ECB) plus venoruton versus ECB alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Deep vein thrombosis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 29. Elastic compression bandage (ECB) plus venoruton versus ECB alone
Comparison 30. Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Redness disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Pain disappearance Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 Disappearance of itching Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 Oedema improvement Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5 Trophism improvement Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 30. Oral heparansulphate versus oral sulodexide
Comparison 31. Oxyphenbutazone versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Tenderness improvement Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 31. Oxyphenbutazone versus placebo
Comparison 32. Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 32. Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone
Comparison 33. Stripping plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Venous thromboembolism Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Extension or recurrence (or both) of superficial thrombophlebitis Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 33. Stripping plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus ECS alone
Comparison 34. Enzyme therapy versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain reduction Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Responders Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 34. Enzyme therapy versus placebo
Comparison 35. Desmin intramuscular (im) 200 versus desmin 100

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Adverse events Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Adverse drug reactions Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 35. Desmin intramuscular (im) 200 versus desmin 100
Comparison 36. Desmin subcutaneous (sc) 2 × 100 versus desmin 100

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Adverse events Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Adverse drug reactions Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 36. Desmin subcutaneous (sc) 2 × 100 versus desmin 100
Comparison 37. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Pain (VAS, cm) at 3 weeks Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2 Skin erythema (cm2) at 3 weeks Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3 SF‐36 physical score at 3 weeks Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4 SF‐36 mental score at 3 weeks Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 37. Prophylactic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus elastic compression stockings (ECS) versus prophylactic LMWH