Intermediate hyperglycaemia as a predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes: prognostic factor exemplar review
References
Additional references
Abdul‐Ghani MA, Jenkinson CP, Richardson DK, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA. Insulin secretion and action in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: results from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study. Diabetes 2006;55(5):1430‐5. [PUBMED: 16644701]
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20(7):1183‐97.
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26(Suppl 1):S5‐20.
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010;33(Suppl 1):S62‐9. [PUBMED: 20042775]
Altman D G. Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables. BMJ 2001;323:224‐8.
Beller EM, Chen JK, Wang UL, Glasziou PP. Are systematic reviews up‐to‐date at the time of publication?. Systematic Reviews 2013;2:36. [2046‐4053: (Electronic)]
Borenstein M, Higgins JP, Hedges LV, Rothstein HR. Basics of meta‐analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity. Research Synthesis Methods 2017;8:5‐18.
Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT, Ceriello A, Del Prato S, Inzucchi SE, et al. How do we define cure of diabetes?. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2133‐5.
Buysschaert M, Bergman M. Definition of prediabetes. Medical Clinics of North America 2011;95:289‐97, vii.
Buysschaert M, Medina JL, Buysschaert B, Bergman M. Definitions (and current controversies) of diabetes and prediabetes. Current Diabetes Reviews 2016;12:8‐13.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014 National diabetes statistics report. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014statisticsreport.html (accessed 15 October 2015).
Cefalu WT. "Prediabetes": Are there problems with this label? No, we need heightened awareness of this condition!. Diabetes Care 2016;39:1472‐7.
Cheng C, Kushner H, Falkner BE. The utility of fasting glucose for detection of prediabetes. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2006;55(4):434‐8. [PUBMED: 16546472]
Davidson MB, Landsman PB, Alexander CM. Lowering the criterion for impaired fasting glucose will not provide clinical benefit. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3329‐30.
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Simonson DC. Fasting hyperglycemia in non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1989;38(4):387‐95. [PUBMED: 2657323]
DeFronzo RA, Abdul‐Ghani MA. Preservation of beta‐cell function: the key to diabetes prevention. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96:2354‐66.
Dretzke J, Ensor J, Bayliss S, Hodgkinson J, Lordkipanidze M, Riley RD, et al. Methodological issues and recommendations for systematic reviews of prognostic studies: an example from cardiovascular disease. Systematic Reviews 2014;3:140.
Eastwood SV, Tillin T, Mayet J, Shibata DK, Wright A, Heasman J, et al. Ethnic differences in cross‐sectional associations between impaired glucose regulation, identified by oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c values, and cardiovascular disease in a cohort of European and South Asian origin. Diabetic Medicine 2016;33:340‐7.
Echouffo‐Tcheugui JB, Narayan KM, Weisman D, Golden SH, Jaar BG. Association between prediabetes and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetic Medicine 2016;33(12):1615‐24.
Erqou S, Lee CT, Suffoletto M, Echouffo‐Tcheugui JB, de Boer RA, van Melle JP, et al. Association between glycated haemoglobin and the risk of congestive heart failure in diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta‐analysis. European Journal of Heart Failure 2013;15(2):185‐93.
Ford ES, Zhao G, Li C. Pre‐diabetes and the risk for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the evidence. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010;55(13):1310‐7.
Gosmanov AR, Wan J. Low positive predictive value of hemoglobin A1c for diagnosis of prediabetes in clinical practice. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2014;348(3):191‐4. [PUBMED: 24556928]
Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL, Cote P, Bombardier C. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;158(4):280‐6.
Hemmingsen B, Krogh J, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Sodium‐glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012106.pub2]
Hemmingsen B, Krogh J, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Dipeptidyl‐peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors or glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 analogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012204]
Hemmingsen B, Sonne DP, Metzendorf MI, Richter B. Insulin secretagogues for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012151.pub2]
Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. A re‐evaluation of random‐effects meta‐analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 2009;172:137‐59.
Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
Hope C, Robertshaw A, Cheung KL, Idris I, English E. Relationship between HbA1c and cancer in people with or without diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetic Medicine 2016;33(8):1013‐25.
Huang Y, Cai X, Chen P, Mai W, Tang H, Huang Y, et al. Associations of prediabetes with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta‐analysis. Annals of Medicine 2014;46(8):684‐92.
Huang Y, Cai X, Qiu M, Chen P, Tang H, Hu Y, et al. Prediabetes and the risk of cancer: a meta‐analysis. Diabetologia 2014;57(11):2261‐9.
Huang Y, Cai X, Mai W, Li M, Hu Y. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 2016;355:i5953.
Huguet A, Hayden JA, Stinson J, McGrath PJ, Chambers CT, Tougas ME, et al. Judging the quality of evidence in reviews of prognostic factor research: adapting the GRADE framework. Systematic Reviews 2013;2:71.
International Conference on Harmonisation Expert Working Group. International conference on harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. ICH harmonised tripartite guideline. Guideline for good clinical practice //1997 CFR & ICH Guidelines. PA 19063‐2043. USA: Barnett International/PAREXEL, 1997.
International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32(7):1327‐34. [PUBMED: 19502545]
IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta‐analysis. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010247.
Inzucchi SE. Clinical practice. Diagnosis of diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;367(6):542‐50. [PUBMED: 22873534]
Iorio A, Spencer FA, Falavigna M, Alba C, Lang E, Burnand B, et al. Use of GRADE for assessment of evidence about prognosis: rating confidence in estimates of event rates in broad categories of patients. BMJ 2015;350:h870.
Jensen CC, Cnop M, Hull RL, Fujimoto WY, Kahn SE. Beta‐cell function is a major contributor to oral glucose tolerance in high‐risk relatives of four ethnic groups in the U.S. Diabetes 2002;51(7):2170‐8. [PUBMED: 12086947]
Lee M, Saver JL, Hong KS, Song S, Chang KH, Ovbiagele B. Effect of pre‐diabetes on future risk of stroke: meta‐analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e3564.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic and meta‐analyses of studies that evaluate interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):1‐28. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100]
Lind M, Oden A, Fahlen M, Eliasson B. The true value of HbA1c as a predictor of diabetic complications: simulations of HbA1c variables. PLoS One 2009;4:e4412.
Lipska KJ, Krumholz HM. Is hemoglobin A1c the right outcome for studies of diabetes?. JAMA 2017;317:1017‐8.
Morris DH, Khunti K, Achana F, Srinivasan B, Gray LJ, Davies MJ, et al. Progression rates from HbA1c 6.0‐6.4% and other prediabetes definitions to type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis. Diabetologia 2013;56(7):1489‐93. [PUBMED: 23584433]
Mostafa SA, Khunti K, Srinivasan BT, Webb D, Davies MJ. Detecting type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation using glycated hemoglobin in different populations. Diabetes Management 2011;1:77‐97.
Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care 2007;30:753‐9.
National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes 1979;28(12):1039‐57. [PUBMED: 510803]
Perreault L, Pan Q, Mather KJ, Watson KE, Hamman RF, Kahn SE, et al. Effect of regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation on long‐term reduction in diabetes risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2012;379:2243‐51.
Perreault L, Temprosa M, Mather KJ, Horton E, Kitabchi A, Larkin M, et al. Regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation is associated with reduction in cardiovascular risk: results from the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2622‐31.
Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Riley RD, Elia EG, Malin G, Hemming K, Price MP. Multivariate meta‐analysis of prognostic factor studies with multiple cut‐points and/or methods of measurement. Statistis in Medicine 2015;34:2481‐96.
Santos‐Oliveira R, Purdy C, da Silva MP, dos Anjos Carneiro‐Leao AM, Machado M, Einarson TR. Haemoglobin A1c levels and subsequent cardiovascular disease in persons without diabetes: a meta‐analysis of prospective cohorts. Diabetologia 2011;54(6):1327‐34.
Sarwar N, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Gobin R, Seshasai SR, Forouhi NG, et al. Markers of dysglycaemia and risk of coronary heart disease in people without diabetes: Reykjavik prospective study and systematic review. PLoS Medicine 2010;7(5):e1000278.
Schottker B, Rathmann W, Herder C, Thorand B, Wilsgaard T, Njolstad I, et al. HbA1c levels in non‐diabetic older adults ‐ No J‐shaped associations with primary cardiovascular events, cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality after adjustment for confounders in a meta‐analysis of individual participant data from six cohort studies. BMC Medicine 2016;14:26.
Selvin E, Steffes MW, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Coresh J, Brancati FL. Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross‐sectional analysis of community‐based data. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;154(5):303‐9. [PUBMED: 21357907]
Spittal MJ, Pirkis J, Gurrin LC. Meta‐analysis of incidence rate data in the presence of zero events. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2015;15:42.
Twito O, Frankel M, Nabriski D. Impact of glucose level on morbidity and mortality in elderly with diabetes and pre‐diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes 2015;6(2):345‐51.
Viera AJ. Predisease: when does it make sense?. Epidemiologic Reviews 2011;33:122‐34.
Alberti KM, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part I: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetic Medicine 1998;15(7):539‐53.
World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. WHO, 1999.
World Health Organization/ International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/WHO_IDF_definition_diagnosis_of_diabetes.pdf2006; Vol. Assessed April 2017.
Xu T, Liu W, Cai X, Ding J, Tang H, Huang Y, et al. Risk of coronary heart disease in different criterion of impaired fasting glucose: a meta‐analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94(40):e1740.
Yakubovich N, Gerstein HC. Is regression to normoglycaemia clinically important?. Lancet 2012;379:2216‐8.
Yudkin JS, Alberti KG, McLarty DG, Swai AB. Impaired glucose tolerance. BMJ 1990;301:397‐402.
Yudkin JS, Montori VM. The epidemic of pre‐diabetes: the medicine and the politics. BMJ 2014;349:g4485.
Yudkin JS. "Prediabetes": Are there problems with this label? Yes, the label creates further problems!. Diabetes Care 2016;39:1468‐71.
Zhang Y, Hu G, Yuan Z, Chen L. Glycosylated hemoglobin in relationship to cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e42551.
Zhong GC, Ye MX, Cheng JH, Zhao Y, Gong JP. HbA1c and risks of all‐cause and cause‐specific death in subjects without known diabetes: A dose‐response meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Scientific Reports 2016;6:24071.
Ziemer DC, Kolm P, Weintraub WS, Vaccarino V, Rhee MK, Twombly JG, et al. Glucose‐independent, black‐white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross‐sectional analysis of 2 studies. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;152:770‐7.
