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Walk‐in clinics versus physician offices and emergency rooms for urgent care and chronic disease management

Appendices

Appendix 1. Search strategies

MEDLINE (Ovid)

Ovid MEDLINE(R) In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to 22 March 2016

No.

Search terms

Results

1

(walk‐in or walk‐ins).ti.

470

2

(walk‐in adj3 (appointment? or clinic? or center? or centre or centres or care or facility or facilities or healthcare or primary care or nurse led or (led adj2 physician? assistant?) or visit?)).ab.

490

3

(drop‐in adj3 (appointment? or clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare or nurse led or (led adj2 physician? assistant?))).ti,ab.

340

4

((as needed or unscheduled or patient scheduled or (self‐schedul* adj6 patient?)) adj2 (appointment? or visit?)).ti,ab.

631

5

((weekend? or after‐hours or out of hours or week‐end? or evening) adj2 (care or health care or clinic? or consultation? or appointment?)).ti,ab.

686

6

((patient? or primary) adj2 (care or healthcare) adj10 (walk‐in? or unschedul*)).ti,ab.

105

7

(mobile health clinic? or mobile health* centre? or mobile health* center?).ti,ab. and (urgent or out of hours or after hours or scheduling or appointment? or unscheduled or emergency or emergencies).ti,ab,hw.

4

8

Mobile Health Units/ and (urgent or out of hours or after hours or scheduling or appointment? or unscheduled or emergency or emergencies).ti,ab,hw.

571

9

((flexible adj2 (appointment? or care or healthcare or schedul*)) and (patient? or (primary adj2 (care or health care or healthcare)))).ti,ab.

206

10

minor injur* unit?.ti,ab.

106

11

(urgent care centre? or urgent care center?).ti,ab.

222

12

(walk‐in adj3 service?).ab.

70

13

(nurse‐led adj2 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care)).ti,ab.

564

14

(nurse? adj2 managed adj3 (clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare)).ti,ab.

382

15

((nurse or nurses) adj2 run adj3 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care)).ti,ab.

90

16

((physician? assistant? or feldsher? or nonphysician? or non‐physician? or allied health or doctor? assistant?) adj3 (clinic or clinics or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or health care or patient care)).ti,ab.

960

17

(((care adj2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) adj4 (without adj3 (physician? or doctor?))).ti,ab.

18

18

(((care adj2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) adj4 non‐physician?).ti,ab.

12

19

free standing clinic?.ti,ab.

39

20

((clinic? or healthcare or (health adj2 care) or (primary adj2 care)) adj10 (mall or malls or retail or shopping centre? or shopping or department store or department stores)).ti,ab.

394

21

(retail adj5 (health* adj2 (facility or facilities))).ti,ab.

9

22

((quick or quickly or convenient*) adj2 (care or health care or healthcare or clinic?)).ti,ab.

293

23

(appointment? adj2 (no or none or last minute)).ti,ab.

204

24

(curaquick or healthstop or smartcare or takecare or quickcare).ti,ab.

29

25

(medicentre? or medicenter?).ti,ab.

6

26

((walmart or walgreens) adj3 clinic?).ti,ab.

0

27

((drug store? or pharmacy or ((community or neighbo?rhood) adj2 pharmacies)) adj4 (clinic? or care center? or care centre or care centres or healthcare centre? or healthcare center?)).ti,ab.

337

28

or/1‐27

6824

29

randomized controlled trial.pt.

409,862

30

controlled clinical trial.pt.

90,286

31

multicenter study.pt.

196,335

32

pragmatic clinical trial.pt.

269

33

(randomis* or randomiz* or randomly).ti,ab.

640,964

34

groups.ab.

1,528,474

35

(trial or multicenter or multi center or multicentre or multi centre).ti.

173,361

36

(intervention? or effect? or impact? or controlled or control group? or (before adj5 after) or (pre adj5 post) or ((pretest or pre test) and (posttest or post test)) or quasiexperiment* or quasi experiment* or pseudo experiment* or pseudoexperiment* or evaluat* or time series or time point? or repeated measur*).ti,ab.

7,242,472

37

non‐randomized controlled trials as topic/

45

38

interrupted time series analysis/

122

39

controlled before‐after studies/

110

40

or/29‐39

8,102,807

41

exp animals/

19,943,765

42

humans/

15,740,211

43

41 not (41 and 42)

4,203,554

44

review.pt.

2,079,608

45

meta analysis.pt.

62,641

46

news.pt.

174,946

47

comment.pt.

655,439

48

editorial.pt.

396,546

49

cochrane database of systematic reviews.jn.

11949

50

comment on.cm.

655,439

51

(systematic review or literature review).ti.

71,074

52

or/43‐51

7,212,549

53

40 not 52

5,574,675

54

28 and 53

2973

Embase (Ovid)

Embase 1974 to 21 March 2016

No.

Search terms

Results

1

(walk‐in or walk‐ins).ti.

541

2

(walk‐in adj3 (appointment? or clinic? or center? or centre or centres or care or facility or facilities or healthcare or primary care or nurse led or (led adj2 physician? assistant?) or visit?)).ab.

666

3

(drop‐in adj3 (appointment? or clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare or nurse led or (led adj2 physician? assistant?))).ti,ab.

455

4

((as needed or unscheduled or patient scheduled or (self‐schedul* adj6 patient?)) adj2 (appointment? or visit?)).ti,ab.

1049

5

((weekend? or after‐hours or out of hours or week‐end? or evening) adj2 (care or health care or clinic? or consultation? or appointment?)).ti,ab.

852

6

((patient? or primary) adj2 (care or healthcare) adj10 (walk‐in? or unschedul*)).ti,ab.

140

7

(mobile health clinic? or mobile health* centre? or mobile health* center?).ti,ab. and (urgent or out of hours or after hours or scheduling or appointment? or unscheduled or emergency or emergencies).ti,ab,hw.

4

8

((flexible adj2 (appointment? or care or healthcare or schedul*)) and (patient? or (primary adj2 (care or health care or healthcare)))).ti,ab.

320

9

minor injur* unit?.ti,ab.

110

10

(urgent care centre? or urgent care center?).ti,ab.

317

11

(walk‐in adj3 service?).ab.

114

12

(nurse‐led adj2 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care)).ti,ab.

1034

13

(nurse? adj2 managed adj3 (clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare)).ti,ab.

393

14

((nurse or nurses) adj2 run adj3 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care)).ti,ab.

122

15

((physician? assistant? or feldsher? or nonphysician? or non‐physician? or allied health or doctor? assistant?) adj3 (clinic or clinics or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or health care or patient care)).ti,ab.

1206

16

(((care adj2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) adj4 (without adj3 (physician? or doctor?))).ti,ab.

24

17

(((care adj2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) adj4 non‐physician?).ti,ab.

16

18

free standing clinic?.ti,ab.

44

19

((clinic? or healthcare or (health adj2 care) or (primary adj2 care)) adj10 (mall or malls or retail or shopping centre? or shopping or department store or department stores)).ti,ab.

458

20

(retail adj5 (health* adj2 (facility or facilities))).ti,ab.

13

21

((quick or quickly or convenient*) adj2 (care or health care or healthcare or clinic?)).ti,ab.

353

22

(appointment? adj2 (no or none or last minute)).ti,ab.

331

23

(curaquick or healthstop or smartcare or takecare or quickcare).ti,ab.

51

24

(medicentre? or medicenter?).ti,ab.

8

25

((walmart or walgreens) adj3 clinic?).ti,ab.

3

26

((drug store? or pharmacy or ((community or neighbo?rhood) adj2 pharmacies)) adj4 (clinic? or care center? or care centre or care centres or healthcare centre? or healthcare center?)).ti,ab.

610

27

or/1‐26

8722

28

randomized controlled trial/

397,653

29

controlled clinical trial/

392,529

30

quasi experimental study/

2811

31

pretest posttest control group design/

253

32

time series analysis/

16,687

33

experimental design/

12,220

34

multicenter study/

133,639

35

(randomis* or randomiz* or randomly).ti,ab.

866,722

36

groups.ab.

2,035,364

37

(trial or multicentre or multicenter or multi centre or multi center).ti.

239,290

38

(intervention? or effect? or impact? or controlled or control group? or (before adj5 after) or (pre adj5 post) or ((pretest or pre test) and (posttest or post test)) or quasiexperiment* or quasi experiment* or pseudo experiment* or pseudoexperiment* or evaluat* or time series or time point? or repeated measur*).ti,ab.

9,188,776

39

or/28‐38

10,259,816

40

(systematic review or literature review).ti.

86,795

41

"cochrane database of systematic reviews".jn.

3771

42

exp animals/ or exp invertebrate/ or animal experiment/ or animal model/ or animal tissue/ or animal cell/ or nonhuman/

22,801,580

43

human/ or normal human/ or human cell/

16,986,271

44

42 not (42 and 43)

5,862,073

45

40 or 41 or 44

5,951,836

46

39 not 45

7,746,246

47

27 and 46

4644

The Cochrane Library (Wiley)

No.

Search terms

Results

#1

("walk‐in" or "walk‐ins"):ti,ab

142

#2

("drop‐in" near/3 (appointment* or clinic* or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare or "nurse led" or (led near/2 physician* assistant*))):ti,ab

38

#3

(("as needed" or unscheduled or "patient scheduled" or (self‐schedul* near/6 patient*)) near/2 (appointment* or visit*)):ti,ab

191

#4

((weekend* or after‐hours or "out of hours" or week‐end* or evening) near/2 (care or health care or clinic* or consultation* or appointment*)):ti,ab

55

#5

((patient* or primary) near/2 (care or healthcare) near/10 (unschedul*)):ti,ab

11

#6

("mobile health" next (clinic* or centre* or center*)):ti,ab and (urgent or "out of hours" or "after hours" or scheduling or appointment* or unscheduled or emergency or emergencies):ti,ab,kw

0

#7

[mh "mobile health units"] and (urgent or out of hours or after hours or scheduling or appointment* or unscheduled or emergency or emergencies):ti,ab,kw

18

#8

((flexible near/2 (appointment* or care or healthcare or schedul*)) and (patient* or (primary near/2 (care or health care or healthcare)))):ti,ab

53

#9

minor next injur* next unit*:ti,ab

5

#10

("urgent care" next (centre* or center*)):ti,ab

9

#11

(nurse‐led near/2 (clinic* or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care)):ti,ab

171

#12

(nurse* near/2 managed near/3 (clinic* or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare)):ti,ab

20

#13

((nurse or nurses) near/2 run near/3 (clinic* or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care)):ti,ab

17

#14

((physician* assistant* or feldsher* or nonphysician* or non‐physician* or allied health or doctor* assistant*) near/3 (clinic or clinics or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or health care or patient care)):ti,ab

42

#15

(((care near/2 (centre or center* or centres)) or clinic*) near/4 (without near/3 (physician* or doctor*))):ti,ab

4

#16

(((care near/2 (centre or center* or centres)) or clinic*) near/4 non‐physician*):ti,ab

9

#17

free standing clinic*:ti,ab

370

#18

((clinic* or healthcare or (health near/2 care) or (primary near/2 care)) near/10 (mall or malls or retail or shopping centre* or shopping or "department store" or "department stores")):ti,ab

9

#19

(retail near/5 (health* near/2 (facility or facilities))):ti,ab

0

#20

((quick or quickly or convenient*) near/2 (care or health care or healthcare or clinic*)):ti,ab

47

#21

(appointment* near/2 (no or none or last minute)):ti,ab

31

#22

(curaquick or healthstop or smartcare or takecare or quickcare):ti,ab

20

#23

(medicentre* or medicenter*):ti,ab

0

#24

((walmart or walgreens) near/3 clinic*):ti,ab

0

#25

((drug store* or pharmacy or ((community or neighbo*) near/2 pharmacies)) near/4 (clinic* or care center* or care centre or care centres or healthcare centre* or healthcare center*)):ti,ab

145

#26

{or #1‐#25}

1386

CINAHL (EBSCO)

No.

Search terms

Results

S1

TI walk‐in or walk‐ins

1914

S2

AB (walk‐in N3 (appointment? or clinic? or center? or centre or centres or care or facility or facilities or healthcare or primary care or nurse led or (led N2 physician? assistant?) or visit?))

180

S3

TI ( drop‐in N3 (appointment? or clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare or nurse led or (led N2 physician? assistant?)) ) OR AB ( drop‐in N3 (appointment? or clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare or nurse led or (led N2 physician? assistant?)) )

207

S4

TI ( ((as needed or unscheduled or patient scheduled or (self‐schedul* N6 patient?)) N2 (appointment? or visit?)) ) OR AB ( ((as needed or unscheduled or patient scheduled or (self‐schedul* N6 patient?)) N2 (appointment? or visit?)) )

317

S5

TI ( (weekend? or after‐hours or out of hours or week‐end? or evening) N2 (care or health care or clinic? or consultation? or appointment?) ) OR AB ( (weekend? or after‐hours or out of hours or week‐end? or evening) N2 (care or health care or clinic? or consultation? or appointment?) )

284

S6

TI ( (patient? or primary) N2 (care or healthcare) N10 (walk‐in? or unschedul*) ) OR AB ( (patient? or primary) N2 (care or healthcare) N10 (walk‐in? or unschedul*) )

18

S7

urgent or out of hours or after hours or scheduling or appointment? or unscheduled or emergency or emergencies

137,659

S8

(MH "Mobile Health Units")

1185

S9

TI ( mobile health clinic? or mobile health* centre? or mobile health* center? ) OR AB ( mobile health clinic? or mobile health* centre? or mobile health* center? )

24

S10

S8 OR S9

1195

S11

S7 AND S10

204

S12

TI ( ((flexible N2 (appointment? or care or healthcare or schedul*)) and (patient? or (primary N2 (care or health care or healthcare)))) ) OR AB ( ((flexible N2 (appointment? or care or healthcare or schedul*)) and (patient? or (primary N2 (care or health care or healthcare)))) )

64

S13

TI minor injur* unit? OR AB minor injur* unit?

54

S14

TI ( urgent care centre? or urgent care center? ) OR AB ( urgent care centre? or urgent care center? )

63

S15

AB walk‐in N3 service?

13

S16

TI ( nurse‐led N2 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care) ) OR AB ( nurse‐led N2 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care) )

499

S17

TI ( nurse? N2 managed N3 (clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare) ) OR AB ( nurse? N2 managed N3 (clinic? or center or centers or centre or centres or care or healthcare) )

47

S18

TI ( (nurse or nurses) N2 run N3 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care) ) OR AB ( (nurse or nurses) N2 run N3 (clinic? or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or patient care) )

74

S19

TI ( (physician? assistant? or feldsher? or nonphysician? or non‐physician? or allied health or doctor? assistant?) N3 (clinic or clinics or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or health care or patient care) ) OR AB ( (physician? assistant? or feldsher? or nonphysician? or non‐physician? or allied health or doctor? assistant?) N3 (clinic or clinics or care or centre or centres or center or centers or healthcare or health care or patient care) )

363

S20

TI ( (((care N2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) N4 (without N3 (physician? or doctor?))) ) OR AB ( (((care N2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) N4 (without N3 (physician? or doctor?))) )

0

S21

TI ( (((care N2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) N4 non‐physician?) ) OR AB ( (((care N2 (centre or center? or centres)) or clinic?) N4 non‐physician?) )

0

S22

TI free standing clinic? OR AB free standing clinic?

9

S23

TI ( ((clinic? or healthcare or (health N2 care) or (primary N2 care)) N10 (mall or malls or retail or shopping centre? or shopping or department store or department stores)) ) OR AB ( ((clinic? or healthcare or (health N2 care) or (primary N2 care)) N10 (mall or malls or retail or shopping centre? or shopping or department store or department stores)) )

237

S24

TI ( (retail N5 (health* N2 (facility or facilities))) ) OR AB ( (retail N5 (health* N2 (facility or facilities))) )

0

S25

TI ( ((quick or quickly or convenient*) N2 (care or health care or healthcare or clinic?)) ) OR AB ( ((quick or quickly or convenient*) N2 (care or health care or healthcare or clinic?)) )

220

S26

TI ( (appointment? N2 (no or none or last minute)) ) OR AB ( (appointment? N2 (no or none or last minute)) )

30

S27

TI ( curaquick or healthstop or smartcare or takecare or quickcare ) OR AB ( curaquick or healthstop or smartcare or takecare or quickcare )

6

S28

TI ( medicentre? or medicenter? ) OR AB ( medicentre? or medicenter? )

1

S29

TI ( ((walmart or walgreens) N3 clinic?) ) OR AB ( ((walmart or walgreens) N3 clinic?) )

2

S30

TI ( ((drug store? or pharmacy or ((community or neighbo?rhood) N2 pharmacies)) N4 (clinic? or care center? or care centre or care centres or healthcare centre? or healthcare center?)) ) OR AB ( ((drug store? or pharmacy or ((community or neighbo?rhood) N2 pharmacies)) N4 (clinic? or care center? or care centre or care centres or healthcare centre? or healthcare center?)) )

57

S31

S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5 OR S6 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23 OR S24 OR S25 OR S26 OR S27 OR S28 OR S29 OR S30

4707

S32

S31 Limiters ‐ Exclude MEDLINE records

2125

S33

PT randomized controlled trial

30,405

S34

PT clinical trial

52,721

S35

PT research

987,546

S36

(MH "Randomized Controlled Trials")

25,829

S37

(MH "Clinical Trials")

84,167

S38

(MH "Intervention Trials")

5972

S39

(MH "Nonrandomized Trials")

168

S40

(MH "Experimental Studies")

14,765

S41

(MH "Pretest‐Posttest Design+")

26,667

S42

(MH "Quasi‐Experimental Studies+")

8408

S43

(MH "Multicenter Studies")

11,128

S44

(MH "Health Services Research")

7348

S45

TI ( randomis* or randomiz* or randomly) OR AB ( randomis* or randomiz* or randomly)

110,347

S46

TI (trial or effect* or impact* or intervention* or before N5 after or pre N5 post or ((pretest or "pre test") and (posttest or "post test")) or quasiexperiment* or quasi W0 experiment* or pseudo experiment* or pseudoexperiment* or evaluat* or "time series" or time W0 point* or repeated W0 measur*) OR AB (trial or effect* or impact* or intervention* or before N5 after or pre N5 post or ((pretest or "pre test") and (posttest or "post test")) or quasiexperiment* or quasi W0 experiment* or pseudo experiment* or pseudoexperiment* or evaluat* or "time series" or time W0 point* or repeated W0 measur*)

757,832

S47

S33 OR S34 OR S35 OR S36 OR S37 OR S38 OR S39 OR S40 OR S41 OR S42 OR S43 OR S44 OR S45 OR S46

1,292,403

S48

S32 AND S47

584

PubMed

Search terms

Results

(walk‐in[Title] OR "urgent care"[Title] OR minor injury[Title] OR minor injuries[Title]) AND (appointment*[Title] OR clinic[Title] OR clinics[Title] OR center[Title] OR centers[Title] OR centre[Title] OR centres[Title] OR care[Title] OR unit[Title] OR units[Title] OR service[Title] OR services[Title] OR facility[Title] OR facilities[Title] OR healthcare[Title] OR "primary care"[Title] OR "nurse led"[Title] OR "physician* assistant*"[Title] OR visit[Title] OR visits[Title])

619

PubMed Central

Search terms

Results

(walk‐in[Title] OR "urgent care"[Title] OR minor injury[Title] OR minor injuries[Title]) AND (appointment*[Title] OR clinic[Title] OR clinics[Title] OR center[Title] OR centers[Title] OR centre[Title] OR centres[Title] OR care[Title] OR unit[Title] OR units[Title] OR service[Title] OR services[Title] OR facility[Title] OR facilities[Title] OR healthcare[Title] OR "primary care"[Title] OR "nurse led"[Title] OR "physician* assistant*"[Title] OR visit[Title] OR visits[Title])

132

ClinicalTrials.gov

Search terms

Results

walk in OR "urgent care" OR "minor injury" OR "minor injuries" [intervention field]

44

WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)

Search terms

Results

urgent care OR minor injury OR minor injuries OR walk in*

109

Appendix 2. Screening algorithm for titles and abstracts

  • Did the study compare walk‐in clinics versus either traditional physician offices or emergency rooms, or both?

  • Did the study meet design criteria for a randomized trial, a non‐randomized trials, or a controlled before‐after study?

  • Did the study address either a primary outcome or a secondary outcome?

    • Primary outcomes: mortality, morbidity, or quality of care.

    • Secondary outcomes: participant satisfaction, participant preference for return to walk‐in clinics versus traditional source of care, cost‐effectiveness, and ease of access.

If the answer to all 3 questions was 'yes' or was ambiguous, we extracted the entire text of the paper.

Appendix 3. Data collection form

Review title or ID

Study ID(surname of first author and year first full report of study was published e.g. Smith 2001)

Report IDs of other reports of this study(e.g. duplicate publications, follow‐up studies)

Notes:

1. General information

1. Date form completed (dd/mm/yyyy)

2. Name/ID of person extracting data

3. Report title

(title of paper/ abstract/ report that data are extracted from)

4. Report ID

(if there are multiple reports of this study)

5. Reference details

6. Report author contact details

7. Publication type

(e.g. full report, abstract, letter)

8. Study funding source

(including role of funders)

Possible conflicts of interest

(for study authors)

9. Notes:

2. Eligibility

Study characteristics

Review inclusion criteria

(Insert inclusion criteria for each characteristic as defined in the Protocol)

Yes/No/Unclear

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

10a. Type of study

Randomized trial

Non‐randomized trial

Controlled before‐after study

  • Contemporaneous data collection

  • At least 2 intervention and 2 control clusters

Other design (specify):

10b. Definition of walk‐in clinics:

Does the paper define walk‐in clinics as:

  • a standalone clinic?

  • without advance appointments or registration?

  • as providing basic medical care without expectation of follow‐up?

  • as not a traditional primary care practice or emergency room?

11. Participants

12. Types of intervention

13. Types of outcome measures

14. Decision:

15. Reason for exclusion

16. Notes:

DO NOT PROCEED IF STUDY EXCLUDED FROM REVIEW

3. Population and setting

Description

Include comparative information for each group (i.e. intervention and controls) if available

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

17. Population description

(from which study participants are drawn)

18. Setting

(including location and social context)

19. Inclusion criteria

20. Exclusion criteria

21. Method/s of recruitment of participants

22. Notes:

4. Methods

Descriptions as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

23. Aim of study

24. Design

(e.g. parallel, cross‐over, non‐RCT)

25. Unit of allocation

(by individuals, cluster/ groups or body parts)

26. Start date

27. End date

28. Duration of participation

(from recruitment to last follow‐up)

29. Notes:

5. Risk of bias assessment

See Chapter 8 of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Additional domains may be required for non‐randomized studies.

Domain

Risk of bias

Low/ High/Unclear

Support for judgement

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

30. Random sequence generation

(selection bias)

31. Allocation concealment

(selection bias)

32. Blinding of participants and personnel

(performance bias)

Outcome group: All/

(if required)

Outcome group:

33. Blinding of outcome assessment

(detection bias)

Outcome group: All/

(if required)

Outcome group:

34. Incomplete outcome data

(attrition bias)

35. Selective outcome reporting?

(reporting bias)

36. Other bias

37. Notes:

6. Participants

Provide overall data and, if available, comparative data for each intervention or comparison group.

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

38. Total no. randomized

(or total pop. at start of study for NRCTs)

39. Clusters

(if applicable, no., type, no. people per cluster)

40. Baseline imbalances

41. Withdrawals and exclusions

(if not provided below by outcome)

42. Age

43. Sex

44. Race/Ethnicity

45. Severity of illness

46. Comorbidities

47. Other treatment received

(additional to study intervention)

48. Other relevant sociodemographics

49. Subgroups measured

50. Subgroups reported

51. Notes:

NRCT: non‐ranomized trial.

7. Intervention groups

Copy and paste table for each intervention and comparison group

Intervention group 1

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

52. Group name

53. No. randomized to group

(specify whether no. people or clusters)

54. Description

(include sufficient detail for replication, e.g. content, dose, components; if it is a natural experiment, describe the preintervention)

55. Duration of treatment period

56. Timing

(e.g. frequency, duration of each episode)

57. Delivery

(e.g. mechanism, medium, intensity, fidelity)

58. Providers

(e.g. no., profession, training, ethnicity etc. if relevant)

59. Cointerventions

60. Economic variables

(i.e. intervention cost, changes in other costs as result of intervention)

61. Resource requirements to replicate intervention

(e.g. staff numbers, cold chain, equipment)

62. Notes:

8. Outcomes

Copy and paste table for each outcome.

Outcome 1

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

63. Outcome name

64. Time points measured

(specify whether from start or end of intervention)

65. Time points reported

66. Outcome definition

(with diagnostic criteria if relevant and note whether the outcome is desirable or undesirable if this is not obvious)

67. Person measuring/ reporting

68. Unit of measurement

(if relevant)

69. Scales: upper and lower limits

(indicate whether high or low score is good)

70. Is outcome/tool validated?

Yes/No/Unclear

71. Imputation of missing data

(e.g. assumptions made for intention‐to‐treat analysis)

72. Assumed risk estimate

(e.g. baseline or population risk noted in Background)

73. Notes:

9. Results

Copy and paste the appropriate table for each outcome, including additional tables for each time point and subgroup as required.

For randomized or non‐randomized trial ‐ dichotomous outcome

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

74. Comparison

75. Outcome

76. Subgroup

77. Time point

(specify whether from start or end of intervention)

78. Results

Note whether:

postintervention OR

change from baseline

and whether

adjusted OR

unadjusted

Intervention

Comparison

No. events

No. participants

No. events

No. participants

79. Baseline data

Intervention

Comparison

No. events

No. participants

No. events

No. participants

80. No. missing participants and reasons

81. No. participants moved from other group and reasons

82. Any other results reported

83. Unit of analysis

(e.g. by individuals, health professional, practice, hospital, community)

84. Statistical methods used and appropriateness of these methods

(e.g. adjustment for correlation)

85. Reanalysis required?

(if yes, specify why, e.g. correlation adjustment)

Yes/No/Unclear

86. Reanalysis possible?

Yes/No/Unclear

87. Reanalyzed results

88. Notes:

For randomized or non‐randomized trial ‐ continuous outcome

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

89. Comparison

90. Outcome

91. Subgroup

92. Time point

(specify whether from start or end of intervention)

93. Postintervention or change from baseline?

94. Results

Note whether:

postintervention OR

change from baseline

And whether

Adjusted OR

Unadjusted

Intervention

Comparison

Mean

SD (or other variance)

No. participants

Mean

SD (or other variance)

No. participants

95. Baseline data

Intervention

Comparison

Mean

SD (or other variance)

No. participants

Mean

SD (or other variance)

No. participants

96. No. missing participants and reasons

97. No. participants moved from other group and reasons

98. Any other results reported

99. Unit of analysis

(e.g. by individuals, health professional, practice, hospital, community)

100. Statistical methods used and appropriateness of these methods

(e.g. adjustment for correlation)

101. Reanalysis required?

(if yes, specify why)

Yes/No/Unclear

102. Reanalysis possible?

Yes/No/Unclear

103. Reanalyzed results

104. Notes:

SD: standard deviation.

For randomized or non‐randomized trial ‐ other outcome

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

105. Comparison

106. Outcome

107. Subgroup

108. Time point

(specify whether from start or end of intervention)

109. Type of outcome

110. Results

Intervention result

SD (or other variance)

Control result

SD (or other variance)

Overall results

SE (or other variance)

111. No. participant

Intervention

Control

112. No. missing participants and reasons

113. No. participants moved from other group and reasons

114. Any other results reported

115. Unit of analysis

(e.g. by individuals, health professional, practice, hospital, community)

116. Statistical methods used and appropriateness of these methods

117. Reanalysis required?

(if yes, specify why)

118. Reanalysis possible?

119. Reanalyzed results

120. Notes:

For controlled before‐after study

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

121. Comparison

122. Outcome

123. Subgroup

124. Time point

(specify whether from start or end of intervention)

125. Postintervention or change from baseline?

126. Results

Intervention result

SD (or other variance)

Control result

SD (or other variance)

Overall results

SE (or other variance)

127. No. participants

Intervention

Control

128. No. missing participants and reasons

129. No. participants moved from other group and reasons

130. Any other results reported

131. Unit of analysis

(individuals, cluster/ groups or body parts)

132. Statistical methods used and appropriateness of these methods

133. Reanalysis required?

(specify)

Yes/No/Unclear

134. Reanalysis possible?

Yes/No/Unclear

135. Reanalyzed results

136. Notes:

10. Applicability

137. Have important populations been excluded from the study?

(consider disadvantaged populations, and possible differences in the intervention effect)

Yes/No/Unclear

138. Is the intervention likely to be aimed at disadvantaged groups?

(e.g. lower socioeconomic groups)

Yes/No/Unclear

139. Does the study directly address the review question?

(any issues of partial or indirect applicability)

Yes/No/Unclear

140. Notes:

11. Other information

Description as stated in report/paper

Location in text

(pg & ¶/fig/table)

141. Key conclusions of study authors

142. References to other relevant studies

143. Correspondence required for further study information

(what and from whom)

144. Further study information requested

(from whom, what, and when)

145. Correspondence received

(from whom, what, and when)

146. Notes:

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Figures and Tables -
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