| Serious vascular events | For the total events of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome and cardiac intervention, stroke, major leg amputation, or bypass surgery or leg revascularisation, there were 126 of 498 (25%). For the total events of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction or non‐fatal stroke, there were 98 of 498 (20%). | For the total events of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome and cardiac intervention, stroke, major leg amputation, or bypass surgery or leg revascularisation, there were 98 of 486 (20%). For the total events of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction or non‐fatal stroke, there were 76 of 486 (16%). | For the total events of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome and cardiac intervention, stroke, major leg amputation, or bypass surgery or leg revascularisation (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.01). For the total events of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction or non‐fatal stroke (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.04). Pioglitazone reduced fatal or non‐fatal stroke (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.85) and total events of cardiovascular death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction or non‐fatal stroke (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.99). | 984
(1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low³ | Pioglitazone reduced fatal or non‐fatal stroke and total events of cardiovascular death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction or non‐fatal stroke. |
| Insulin sensitivity Assessed with composite insulin sensitivity index | The change in the composite index was ‐0.1 ± 0.6. The C‐reactive protein concentration increased from 0.41 to 0.45 mg/L. | The change in the composite index was 1.2 ± 0.6. The C‐reactive protein concentration declined from 0.30 to 0.20 mg/L. | The change in the composite index was significantly increased in the pioglitazone group in comparison with the placebo group (P = 0.0003). | 20
(1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low³ | |
| Ubiquitin‐proteasome activity in carotid plaques | Ubiquitin 468.7 ± 89 ng/mg; proteasome 20S 79.8 ± 25 pmol/mg; nitrotyrosine 3.5 ± 0.42 nmol/pg; superoxide anion production 6.26 ± 1.4 pmol/L | Ubiquitin 322 ± 79 ng/mg; proteasome 20S 46.8 ± 10 pmol/mg; nitrotyrosine 2.2 ± 0.21 nmol/pg; superoxide anion production 3.57 ± 1.1 pmol/L | Compared with the placebo group, symptomatic carotid plaques in the rosiglitazone group showed fewer inflammatory cells (P < 0.01) with less ubiquitin (P < 0.01), proteasome 20S (P < 0.01), nuclear factor kappa B (P < 0.01), nitrotyrosine (P < 0.01), superoxide anion production (P < 0.01), and more collagen content (P < 0.01). | 40
(1 study) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝
Low³ | |
