Appendix 1. Search strategy for MEDLINE via OVID

1. exp Orthodontics/   
2. orthodontic$.mp.
3. ((tooth or teeth or dental$ or oral$) and (bracket$ or brace$ or wire$ or headgear$ or "head gear$" or facemask$ or "face mask$" or head‐gear$ or face‐mask$ or chincap$ or facebow$ or "chin cap$" or chin‐cap$ or face‐bow$ or "face bow$")).mp.
4. ((tooth or teeth or dental or oral) and ((function$ adj5 applianc$) or (fix$ adj5 applianc$) or (remov$ adj5 applianc$) or (function$ adj5 device$) or (fix$ adj5 device$) or (remov$ adj5 applianc$))).mp.
5. "activator appliance$".mp.
6. (((intraoral or "intra oral" or intra‐oral or extraoral or "extra oral" or extra‐oral) adj5 (applianc$ or devic$)) and (tooth or teeth or dental)).mp.
7. or/1‐6
8. Lasers/
9. laser$.mp.
10. Vibration/
11. ((vibrat$ adj5 stimulat$) or (mechanic$ adj5 vibrat$) or acceledent).mp.
12. Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/
13. TENS.mp.
14. (electrostimulat$ or electro‐stimulat$ or "electro stimulat$").mp.
15. (electroanalgesia or "percutaneous electric nerve stimulat$" or "percutaneous electrical nerve stimulat$").mp.
16. Telemedicine/
17. (telemedicine or teledentistry or phone or telephone or call$ or communicat$).mp.
18. ((bite$ adj5 wafer$) or (therapy adj5 wafer$) or "Elastobite wafer$" or (flex$ adj5 wafer$) or (masticatory adj5 wafer$) or Thera‐bite$).mp.
19. Chewing gum/
20. gum$.mp.
21. Ice/
22. ice$.mp
23. Cryotherapy/
24. (cryotherap$ or “cold therap$”).mp
25. Acupuncture/
26. acupuncture.mp
27. or/8‐26
28. 7 and 27
29. Pain/
30. (pain$ or analgesi$ or discomfort$ or ache$ or tender$ or sore$ or odontalg$).mp.
31. 29 or 30
32. 28 and 31