Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Study flow diagram.
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Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 3

Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Comparison 1 Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

Comparison 2 Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

Comparison 3 Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

Comparison 4 Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.
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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention, Outcome 1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme.

Comparison 5 Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.
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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.

Comparison 6 Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.
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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

  • Study design: RCTs, cluster RCTS, quasi‐randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, CBA studies, and ITS studies

  • Participants of any age, gender, ethnicity, language or health status who were smokers

  • Studies that focused on the recruitment of smokers into smoking cessation programmes, regardless of the mode of recruitment. These methods included personalised, interactive and non‐interactive recruitment strategies such as: web sites; search engine advertisements; blogs; Internet personal health records; SMS; MMS; voice calls; voice mails; television and radio campaigns; adverts published in newspapers, magazines; billboards; posters; leaflets; booklets; quit‐lines; cold‐calling requests; promotion from different health practitioners or lay smoking cessation advisers; small interactive group presentations; display booths

  • Studies that compared at least two different recruitment methods

  • Studies reporting levels of recruitment as their primary or secondary outcome

  • Studies that compared a recruitment strategy with no intervention

  • Studies that were solely concerned with the delivery of a smoking cessation programme

  • Studies in which the recruitment methods were used only to collect information from participants rather than to actively recruit them

  • Interventions used to remind smokers of their participation in the programmes or of their appointments

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Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies
Comparison 1. Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Phone vs letter

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 IC read out loud vs IC read themselves

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

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Comparison 1. Recruitment: Head to head comparison of individual interventions
Comparison 2. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot

4

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Tailored vs generic

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Additional message content (no tailoring)

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

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Comparison 2. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different content
Comparison 3. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Unrestricted vs restricted # of calls

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

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Comparison 3. Recruitment: Comparison of same modes, with different intensity
Comparison 4. Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Proportion of participants recruited into a smoking cessation programme Show forest plot

6

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Addition of a new mode to an existing phone call

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Addition of a new mode to an existing newsletter

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 Addition of financial incentive

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

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Comparison 4. Recruitment: Adding additional modes to existing intervention
Comparison 5. Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Tailored vs generic

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

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Comparison 5. Smoking Cessation: Comparison of same modes, different content
Comparison 6. Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Addition of financial incentive

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

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Comparison 6. Smoking Cessation: Adding modes to existing interventions