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Analgésicos tópicos para el dolor agudo y crónico en pacientes adultos: un resumen de revisiones Cochrane

Appendices

Appendix 1. Search strategy for Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (the Cochrane Library)

  1. MESH descriptor Anti‐Inflammatory Agents, Non‐Steroidal OR (non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory):ti,ab,kw

  2. MESH descriptor Capsaicin OR capsaicin:ti,ab,kw

  3. MESH descriptor Lidocaine OR lidocaine:ti,ab,kw

  4. Rubefacient:ti,ab,kw

  5. OR 1/4

  6. MESH descriptor Administration, Topical OR topical:ti,ab,kw

  7. 5 AND 6

Appendix 2. GRADE: criteria for assigning grade of evidence

The GRADE system uses the following criteria for assigning a quality level to a body of evidence (Chapter 12, Schünemann 2011).

  • High: randomised trials; or double‐upgraded observational studies.

  • Moderate: downgraded randomised trials; or upgraded observational studies.

  • Low: double‐downgraded randomised trials; or observational studies.

  • Very low: triple‐downgraded randomised trials; or downgraded observational studies; or case series/case reports.

Factors that may decrease the quality level of a body of evidence are:

  • limitations in the design and implementation of available studies suggesting high likelihood of bias;

  • indirectness of evidence (indirect population, intervention, control, outcomes);

  • unexplained heterogeneity or inconsistency of results (including problems with subgroup analyses);

  • imprecision of results (wide confidence intervals);

  • high probability of publication bias.

Factors that may increase the quality level of a body of evidence are:

  • large magnitude of effect;

  • all plausible confounding would reduce a demonstrated effect or suggest a spurious effect when results show no effect;

  • dose‐response gradient.