Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 1

Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 2

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 2 Incidence of fever.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 2 Incidence of fever.

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 3 Maternal self‐confidence.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk), Outcome 3 Maternal self‐confidence.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 1 Breastfeeding duration.

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 2 Maximum temperature (ºC).
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Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 2 Maximum temperature (ºC).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 3 Minimum temperature (ºC).
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Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 3 Minimum temperature (ºC).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 4 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 4 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 5 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 5 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).
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Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 7 Weight loss (%).
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Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 7 Weight loss (%).

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 8 Maximum serum bilirubin levels umol/L.
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Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water), Outcome 8 Maximum serum bilirubin levels umol/L.

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 1 Fever (% of days).
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 1 Fever (% of days).

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 2 Cough (% of days).
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Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 2 Cough (% of days).

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 3 Congestion (% of days).
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Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 3 Congestion (% of days).

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 4 Nasal discharge (% of days).
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Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 4 Nasal discharge (% of days).

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 5 Hoarseness (% of days).
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Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 5 Hoarseness (% of days).

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).
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Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 6 Weight change (g).

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 7 Weight change (z score).
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Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods), Outcome 7 Weight change (z score).

Table 1. Martin‐Calama 1997. Primary outcome: breastfeeding duration

% of mothers who continued either exclusive or partial breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding on day 1‐3 group (non‐glucose water) (n = 87)

Glucose water on day 1‐3 (n = 83)

At 4 weeks

93%

77%

At 8 weeks

81%

64%

At 12 weeks

75%

51%

At 16 weeks

67%

43%

At 20 weeks

57%

40%

These figures were estimated from a graph (Figure 2) on page 212 of the Martin‐Calama 1997 paper.

Figures and Tables -
Table 1. Martin‐Calama 1997. Primary outcome: breastfeeding duration
Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Breastfeeding duration Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 week

1

39

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.37, 0.92]

1.2 Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months

1

38

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.26, 0.76]

1.3 Any breastfeeding at 3 months

1

37

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.76 [0.56, 1.03]

2 Incidence of fever Show forest plot

1

38

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.5 [0.28, 7.99]

3 Maternal self‐confidence Show forest plot

1

39

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐0.34, 0.54]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (artificial milk)
Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Breastfeeding duration Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 At 4 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.21 [1.06, 1.38]

1.2 At 8 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [1.04, 1.53]

1.3 At 12 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.48 [1.16, 1.89]

1.4 At 16 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.54 [1.15, 2.05]

1.5 At 20 weeks

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.45 [1.05, 1.99]

2 Maximum temperature (ºC) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 At 72 hours

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [0.01, 0.19]

3 Minimum temperature (ºC) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 At 72 hours

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.10 [0.02, 0.18]

4 Episodes of hypoglycaemia (glycaemia < 2.2 mmol/l) Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.39 [0.48, 11.96]

4.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

14.32 [0.83, 246.80]

4.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.64 [0.11, 3.71]

4.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.86 [0.30, 26.97]

5 Mean capillary blood glucose levels of infants (mmol/l) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

5.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.56, ‐0.02]

5.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.47 [‐0.70, ‐0.24]

5.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.34 [‐0.60, ‐0.08]

5.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.24 [‐0.51, 0.03]

6 Weight change (g) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

6.1 At 6 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

7.0 [0.76, 13.24]

6.2 At 12 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

11.5 [1.71, 21.29]

6.3 At 24 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

13.40 [0.43, 26.37]

6.4 At 48 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

32.5 [12.91, 52.09]

6.5 At 72 hours of life

1

170

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.0 [‐26.83, 20.83]

7 Weight loss (%) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Day 3

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.03 [‐0.18, 2.24]

7.2 Day 5

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐1.18, 1.58]

8 Maximum serum bilirubin levels umol/L Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

8.1 Day 6

1

47

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐18.84 [‐39.03, 1.35]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (water)
Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Fever (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Cough (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Congestion (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Nasal discharge (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Hoarseness (% of days) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 At 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Weight change (g) Show forest plot

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.48 [‐49.48, 128.43]

6.1 At 4 to 6 months

2

260

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

39.48 [‐49.48, 128.43]

7 Weight change (z score) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 4 to 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 3. Exclusive breastfed infants versus non‐exclusive breastfed infants (foods)