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Summary of risks of bias
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Figure 1

Summary of risks of bias

Comparison 1 Prevention trials, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Prevention trials, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 2 Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming all dropouts did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming all dropouts did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 3 Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 4 Prevention trials ‐ High quality, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Prevention trials ‐ High quality, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 5 Prevention trials ‐ High quality ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Prevention trials ‐ High quality ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 6 Prevention trials ‐ High Quality ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Prevention trials ‐ High Quality ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 7 Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 8 Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 9 Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 9.1

Comparison 9 Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 10 Prevention trials ‐ Non customized insoles, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 10.1

Comparison 10 Prevention trials ‐ Non customized insoles, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 11 Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 11.1

Comparison 11 Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 12 Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.
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Analysis 12.1

Comparison 12 Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls, Outcome 1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention.

Comparison 1. Prevention trials

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

3

1688

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.73 [0.43, 1.22]

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Comparison 1. Prevention trials
Comparison 2. Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming all dropouts did not have back pain

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

3

2061

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.74 [0.43, 1.27]

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Comparison 2. Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming all dropouts did not have back pain
Comparison 3. Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

3

2061

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.58, 1.23]

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Comparison 3. Prevention trials ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls
Comparison 4. Prevention trials ‐ High quality

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

300

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.46, 1.39]

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Comparison 4. Prevention trials ‐ High quality
Comparison 5. Prevention trials ‐ High quality ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.46, 1.45]

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Comparison 5. Prevention trials ‐ High quality ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain
Comparison 6. Prevention trials ‐ High Quality ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

550

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.61, 1.32]

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Comparison 6. Prevention trials ‐ High Quality ‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls
Comparison 7. Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

249

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.74 [0.34, 1.61]

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Comparison 7. Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles
Comparison 8. Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

414

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.81 [0.43, 1.52]

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Comparison 8. Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles ‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain
Comparison 9. Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

414

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.53, 1.31]

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Comparison 9. Prevention trials ‐ Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls
Comparison 10. Prevention trials ‐ Non customized insoles

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

1492

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.69 [0.33, 1.43]

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Comparison 10. Prevention trials ‐ Non customized insoles
Comparison 11. Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

1782

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.66 [0.31, 1.42]

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Comparison 11. Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming all dropout did not have back pain
Comparison 12. Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Insoles vs placebo/No intervention Show forest plot

2

1782

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.78 [0.37, 1.65]

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Comparison 12. Prevention trials ‐ Not Customized insoles‐ ITT Assuming dropouts were similar to controls