Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.10

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.11

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.12

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.13

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.14

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.15

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.16

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.17

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.18

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.19

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.20

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 21 HOME score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.21

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 21 HOME score.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.22

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 23 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.23

Comparison 1 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention), Outcome 23 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.8

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.9

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.10

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.11

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.12

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.13

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.14

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.15

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.16

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.17

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.18

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.19

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.20

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 21 HOME score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.21

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 21 HOME score.

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.22

Comparison 2 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.9

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.10

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.11

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.12

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.13

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.14

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.15

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.16

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.17

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.18

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.19

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.20

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 21 HOME score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.21

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 21 HOME score.

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.22

Comparison 3 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.7

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.8

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.9

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.10

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean).

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.11

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.12

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.13

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 13 Behavioural problems.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.14

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.15

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 15 Infant not in care of biological mother.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.16

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.17

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.18

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 18 Involvement with child protective services.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.19

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.20

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 21 HOME score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.21

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 21 HOME score.

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.22

Comparison 4 Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor), Outcome 22 No use of postpartum contraception.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 1 Continued illicit drug use.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 2 Continued alcohol use.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 4 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care).

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 5 Cognitive development at latest time measured (Bayley MDI).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 5 Cognitive development at latest time measured (Bayley MDI).

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 6 Psychomotor development at latest time measured (Bayley PDI).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 6 Psychomotor development at latest time measured (Bayley PDI).

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 7 Behavioural problems.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.7

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 7 Behavioural problems.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 8 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.8

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 8 Child Behaviour Checklist total score.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 9 Infant not in care of biological mother.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.9

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 9 Infant not in care of biological mother.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 10 Involvement with child protective services.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.10

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 10 Involvement with child protective services.

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 11 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.11

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 11 Child abuse potential inventory (z score).

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 12 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.12

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 12 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score).

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 13 HOME score.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.13

Comparison 5 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention), Outcome 13 HOME score.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 1 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 1 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 2 Failure to remain in drug treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 2 Failure to remain in drug treatment.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 3 Failed to maintain feeding regime.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 3 Failed to maintain feeding regime.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 4 Incomplete vaccination schedule.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 4 Incomplete vaccination schedule.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 5 Infant not in care of biological mother.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 5 Infant not in care of biological mother.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 6 Child abuse or neglect.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.6

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 6 Child abuse or neglect.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 7 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.7

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 7 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care.

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 8 No use of postpartum contraception.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.8

Comparison 6 Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology), Outcome 8 No use of postpartum contraception.

Comparison 1. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.92 [‐0.56, 8.41]

11.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.80 [‐11.36, 7.76]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.22 [‐0.01, 6.44]

12.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.70 [‐17.75, 19.15]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 Intervention after delivery only

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.2 Intervention after delivery only

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention during pregnancy only

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.2 Intervention after delivery only

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.3 Intervention both during pregnancy and after delivery

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

23 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

1

108

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.42 [‐0.82, 9.65]

23.4 Infants of mothers with no ongoing drug use (intervention after birth only)

1

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

13.0 [3.39, 22.61]

23.5 Infants of mothers with ongoing drug use (intervention after birth only)

1

72

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [‐5.44, 7.04]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by timing of intervention)
Comparison 2. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Intervention > 6 months

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Intervention > 6 months

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.22 [0.10, 0.48]

3.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

108

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.63, 1.12]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Intervention > 6 months

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Intervention > 6 months

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.02, 1.47]

15.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.61, 1.77]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention <= 6 months

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.2 Intervention > 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention <= 6 months

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.2 Intervention > 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by duration of intervention)
Comparison 3. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.79, 1.85]

1.2 Intervention < weekly

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.61, 1.05]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.75, 1.35]

2.2 Intervention < weekly

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [0.74, 2.13]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention at least weekly

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Intervention < weekly

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 Intervention < weekly

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention at least weekly

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention at least weekly

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Intervention < weekly

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Intervention < weekly

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 Intervention < weekly

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.2 Intervention < weekly

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.2 Intervention < weekly

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention at least weekly

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.2 Intervention < weekly

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention at least weekly

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.2 Intervention < weekly

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 3. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by frequency of intervention)
Comparison 4. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

1.1 Intervention by nurse

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.61, 1.05]

1.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.79, 1.85]

1.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

2.1 Intervention by nurse

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.26 [0.74, 2.13]

2.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

131

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.75, 1.35]

2.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

2

211

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.10, 1.94]

3.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.22 [0.10, 0.48]

3.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

108

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.63, 1.12]

3.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 4 weeks Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

4.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Failure to remain in drug treatment at 90 days Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

5.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Not breastfeeding at 6 months Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.1 Intervention by nurse

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

6.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.1 Intervention by nurse

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

7.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

8.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Significant cognitive delay (Bayley MDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.36 [0.41, 4.45]

9.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Significant psychomotor delay (Bayley PDI >= 2sd below population mean) Show forest plot

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

48

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.26 [1.00, 10.59]

10.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Cognitive development (Bayley MDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.89 [‐1.17, 6.95]

11.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.80 [‐11.36, 7.76]

11.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.92 [‐0.56, 8.41]

11.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Psychomotor development (Bayley PDI) at latest time measured Show forest plot

3

199

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.14 [‐0.03, 6.32]

12.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.70 [‐17.75, 19.15]

12.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

2

156

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.22 [‐0.01, 6.44]

12.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.1 Intervention by nurse

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

13.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.1 Intervention by nurse

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

14.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.1 Intervention by nurse

2

253

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.83 [0.50, 1.39]

15.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Child abuse or neglect: non‐accidental injury Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.1 Intervention by nurse

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

16.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.1 Intervention by nurse

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

17.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.3 ntervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

17.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.1 Intervention by nurse

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

18.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

18.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.90 [‐1.61, ‐0.19]

19.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

20.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

20.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.1 Intervention by nurse

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

21.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

21.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.1 Intervention by nurse

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

22.2 Intervention by trained social worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.3 Intervention by trained counsellor

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.4 Intervention by trained lay worker

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

22.5 Intervention by multidisciplinary team

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 4. Home visits versus no home visits during pregnancy or after delivery (subgroups by home visitor)
Comparison 5. Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Continued illicit drug use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.75, 1.20]

2 Continued alcohol use Show forest plot

2

248

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.08 [0.83, 1.41]

3 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

1

108

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.63, 1.12]

4 Failure to keep scheduled appointments (infant primary care) Show forest plot

1

43

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.42, 1.66]

5 Cognitive development at latest time measured (Bayley MDI) Show forest plot

2

151

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.13 [‐1.46, 7.72]

6 Psychomotor development at latest time measured (Bayley PDI) Show forest plot

2

151

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

4.14 [0.79, 7.50]

7 Behavioural problems Show forest plot

1

100

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.21, 1.01]

8 Child Behaviour Checklist total score Show forest plot

1

100

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.10 [‐7.26, 1.06]

9 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

1

117

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.61, 1.77]

10 Involvement with child protective services Show forest plot

1

171

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.38 [0.20, 0.74]

11 Child abuse potential inventory (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.73 [‐1.35, ‐0.11]

12 Child domain of parenting stress index at 18 months (z score) Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.5 [‐0.78, ‐0.22]

13 HOME score Show forest plot

1

43

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.70 [‐0.06, 7.46]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 5. Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies with a developmental intervention)
Comparison 6. Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Failure to enrol in drug treatment program Show forest plot

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.22 [0.10, 0.48]

2 Failure to remain in drug treatment Show forest plot

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 At 4 weeks

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.35, 0.84]

2.2 At 90 days

1

103

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.69, 1.25]

3 Failed to maintain feeding regime Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

3.1 Not breastfeeding at 6 months

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.0 [0.81, 1.23]

4 Incomplete vaccination schedule Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

4.1 Incomplete 6 month infant vaccination schedule

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.07 [0.58, 1.96]

5 Infant not in care of biological mother Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.02, 1.47]

6 Child abuse or neglect Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

6.1 Non‐accidental injury

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.02, 8.77]

7 Non‐accidental injury and non‐voluntary foster care Show forest plot

1

136

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.16 [0.02, 1.23]

8 No use of postpartum contraception Show forest plot

1

124

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [0.20, 0.82]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 6. Home visits for pregnant substance or alcohol using women (studies of good methodology)