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Homogeneous leukoplakia of the lateral border of the tongue
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Figure 1

Homogeneous leukoplakia of the lateral border of the tongue

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Non‐homogeneous leukoplakia of the lateral border of the tongue
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Figure 2

Non‐homogeneous leukoplakia of the lateral border of the tongue

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Comparison 1 Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo, Outcome 1 Malignant transformation.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo, Outcome 1 Malignant transformation.

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Comparison 1 Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo, Outcome 2 Oral lesion not completely resolved.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo, Outcome 2 Oral lesion not completely resolved.

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Comparison 1 Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo, Outcome 3 Histological features not improved.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo, Outcome 3 Histological features not improved.

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Table 1. Patients referring adverse effects

Study

Arms

Active treatment

Placebo

Adverse effects

Epstein 1994

topical bleomycin versus placebo

10/10

0/12

erythem and erosion (100%), discomfort (60%)

Gaeta 2000

topical acitretin (with and without lactose) versus placebo

0/14

0/7

Hong 1986

systemic 13‐cis‐retinoic acid (from 1 to 2 mg/kg per day) versus placebo

19/24

4/20

cheilitis, facial erythema, dryness and peeling of skin, conjunctivitis, hypertrigliceridemia

Li 1999

systemic and topical tea versus placebo

0/32

0/32

Mulshine 2004

ketorolac oral rinse versus placebo

11/38

3/19

pain, toxicity grade 1 and 2

Piattelli 1999

topical 13‐cis‐retinoic acid versus placebo

0/5

0/5

Sankaranarayanan 1997

vitamin A (300,000 IU per week) versus placebo

13/50

1/55

headache, muscular pain, dry mouth

Sankaranarayanan 1997

beta carotene (360 mg per week) versus placebo

5/55

1/55

headache, muscular pain

Singh 2004

lycopene (8 mg or 4 mg) versus placebo

0/40

0/18

Stich 1988

vitamin A (200,000 IU per week) versus placebo

0/30

0/35
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Table 1. Patients referring adverse effects
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Table 2. Patients leaving the study

Study

Arms

Active treatment

Placebo

Epstein 1994

topical bleomycin versus placebo

0/10

1/12

double‐blind study

Gaeta 2000

topical acitretin (with and without lactose) versus placebo

0/14

0/7

double‐blind study

Hong 1986

systemic 13‐cis‐retinoic acid (from 1 to 2 mg/kg per day) versus placebo

2/24

2/20

double‐blind study

Li 1999

systemic and topical tea versus placebo

3/32

2/32

double‐blind study

Mulshine 2004

ketorolac oral rinse versus placebo

1/38

0/19

double‐blind study

Piattelli 1999

topical 13‐cis‐retinoic acid versus placebo

0/5

1/5

double‐blind study

Sankaranarayanan 1997

vitamin A (300,000 IU per week) versus placebo

8/50

12/55

double‐blind study

Sankaranarayanan 1997

beta carotene (360 mg per week) versus placebo

9/55

12/55

double‐blind study

Singh 2004

lycopene (8 mg or 4 mg) versus placebo

0/40

0/18

double‐blind study

Stich 1988

vitamin A (200,000 IU per week) versus placebo

9/30

2/35

blindness not stated
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Table 2. Patients leaving the study
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Comparison 1. Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Malignant transformation Show forest plot

2

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Topical bleomycin

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Systemic vitamin A

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 Systemic beta carotene

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Oral lesion not completely resolved Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Topical bleomycin

1

22

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.55 [0.29, 1.04]

2.2 Tea (topical plus systemic)

1

64

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Vitamin A or retinoids

5

245

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.52, 0.94]

2.4 Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids

2

168

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.57, 0.87]

2.5 Ketorolac oral rinse

1

57

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.94 [0.81, 1.10]

3 Histological features not improved Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Topical bleomycin

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Retinoids

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids

1

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
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Comparison 1. Topical or systemic treatment versus placebo
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