1 Functional communication Show forest plot

8

346

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.08, 0.52]

1.1 WAB (Spontaneous Speech)

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.14 [‐0.40, 0.69]

1.2 ANELT‐A

1

18

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.88 [‐0.10, 1.87]

1.3 ANELT

1

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.22, 0.52]

1.4 Functional Communication Profile

2

103

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.25 [‐0.16, 0.66]

1.5 Chinese Functional Communication Examination

2

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.18, 1.37]

2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

8

361

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.06 [‐0.15, 0.27]

2.1 PICA subtest

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.40, 0.69]

2.2 Token Test

3

136

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.27, 0.43]

2.3 Aphasia Battery of Chinese

2

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.49, 0.65]

2.4 Norsk Grunntest for Afasi

1

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.01 [‐0.38, 0.36]

3 Receptive language: reading comprehension Show forest plot

6

214

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.29 [0.00, 0.58]

3.1 Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia

2

103

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.11 [‐0.30, 0.52]

3.2 PICA reading subtest

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.42, 0.67]

3.3 Aphasia Battery of Chinese

2

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.28, 1.48]

4 Receptive language: other Show forest plot

4

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 PICA Gestural subtest

4

158

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.04 [1.55, 14.52]

5 Receptive language: gesture comprehension (unnamed) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Gesture (unnamed)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Gesture (unnamed) 2‐month follow‐up

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Expressive language: naming Show forest plot

4

187

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.20, 0.38]

6.1 Boston Naming Test

1

18

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.00 [‐0.93, 0.93]

6.2 WAB Naming subtest

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.27 [‐0.27, 0.82]

6.3 Norsk Grunntest for Afasi

1

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.35, 0.39]

7 Expressive language: general Show forest plot

6

214

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.14, 1.39]

7.1 PICA Verbal subtest

4

158

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐0.07, 0.59]

7.2 Aphasia Battery of Chinese (verbal presentation)

2

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.99 [1.03, 2.95]

8 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

6

214

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.45 [0.16, 0.74]

8.1 PICA Writing subtest

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [‐0.21, 0.89]

8.2 PICA Graphic

2

103

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.25 [‐0.16, 0.66]

8.3 Aphasia Battery of Chinese (Writing)

2

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.02 [0.41, 1.63]

9 Expressive language: written copying Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

9.1 PICA Copying subtest

2

55

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

3.88 [‐5.75, 13.50]

10 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

3

169

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.06 [‐0.24, 0.37]

10.1 WAB Repetition subtest

2

55

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.28 [‐0.27, 0.82]

10.2 Norsk Grunntest for Afasi

1

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.40, 0.33]

11 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (+ PICA) Show forest plot

11

593

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.55 [‐0.14, 1.25]

11.1 Aphasia Quotient (CRRCAE)

2

84

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.02 [‐0.43, 0.47]

11.2 Porch Index of Communicative Ability

4

165

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐0.07, 0.58]

11.3 BDAE (Chinese)

1

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.52 [‐0.15, 1.18]

11.4 Aphasia Battery of Chinese (ABC)

2

56

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.34, 0.80]

11.5 Norsk Grunntest for Afasi (Coefficient)

1

114

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.03 [‐0.34, 0.40]

11.6 Chinese Aphasia Measurement

1

138

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

3.84 [3.25, 4.43]

12 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (3‐month follow‐up) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

12.1 Aphasia Quotient (CRRCAE) 3‐month follow‐up

2

84

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

20.74 [‐12.01, 53.48]

13 Psychosocial: MAACL Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

13.1 Anxiety Scale (MAACL)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.2 Depression Scale (MAACL)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13.3 Hostility Scale (MAACL)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14 Number of dropouts (any reason) Show forest plot

11

837

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.82 [0.60, 1.12]

15 Compliance with Allocated Intervention Show forest plot

2

164

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.34, 3.15]

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

2

232

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [‐0.22, 0.29]

1.1 Functional Communication Profile

1

96

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.50, 0.30]

1.2 TOMs

1

136

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐0.20, 0.47]

2 Functional communication ‐ follow‐up measures Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 FCP (3‐month follow‐up)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 FCP (6‐month follow‐up)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 PCB (Sentence Comprehension)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 PCB (Picture Comprehension)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 Token Test

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Receptive language: other Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 PICA Gestural subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Expressive language: single words Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Object Naming Test (ONT)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Word fluency

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Expressive language: sentences Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Caplan & Hanna Test: total

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 Caplan & Hanna Test: treated

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.3 Caplan & Hanna Test: untreated

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Expressive language: picture description Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

7.1 Picture description

2

23

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.26 [‐0.62, 1.15]

7.2 Picture description with structure modelling: treated items

1

5

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.45 [‐1.44, 2.33]

7.3 Picture description with structure modelling: untreated items

1

5

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.41 [‐1.46, 2.28]

8 Expressive language: overall spoken Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 PICA verbal subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9.1 PICA graphic subtests

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 PICA

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Psychosocial Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

11.1 COAST

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11.2 Carer COAST

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

5

413

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.34, 0.85]

13 Compliance with Allocated Intervention Show forest plot

5

409

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.18 [0.09, 0.37]

14 Economic outcomes Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

14.1 Cost Data

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

14.2 Utility Data

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

3

43

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.41 [‐1.02, 0.21]

1.1 CETI

1

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.86 [‐2.06, 0.35]

1.2 Functional expression

2

31

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.25 [‐0.96, 0.46]

2 Functional communication: catalogue ordering Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Telephone order (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Telephone order (+ concurrent task) (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Written order (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Written order (+ concurrent task) (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Receptive language: word comprehension Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Word comprehension (BDAE subtest)

2

33

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.70, 0.67]

3.2 Identify body part (BDAE subtest)

1

21

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐1.08, 0.64]

3.3 Peabody PVT

1

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐1.01, 1.26]

4 Receptive language: other auditory comprehension Show forest plot

5

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

4.1 Sentence comprehension

1

21

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.51 [‐1.39, 0.36]

4.2 AAT comprehension subtest

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.47 [‐0.51, 1.45]

4.3 Token Test

5

74

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.00 [‐0.46, 0.46]

5 Receptive language: auditory comprehension (treated items) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 Word comprehension (phonology)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 Word comprehension (lexicon)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.3 Sentence comprehension (morphosyntax)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Receptive language: reading comprehension Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 Reading comprehension

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Receptive language: other comprehension Show forest plot

3

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.97, 0.39]

7.1 PICA gestural subtest

3

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.97, 0.39]

8 Expressive language: naming Show forest plot

7

98

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.31, 0.50]

8.1 Object Naming Test (ONT)

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.25 [‐0.92, 0.41]

8.2 AmAT naming test

2

31

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.41, 1.01]

8.3 Thorndike‐Lorge Word List

1

14

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.83, 1.28]

8.4 AAT naming subtest

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [‐0.64, 1.31]

9 Expressive language: naming (change from baseline) Show forest plot

2

29

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.61 [‐0.15, 1.36]

9.1 Oral naming: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [‐0.71, 1.59]

9.2 Naming subtest (AAT) (change from baseline)

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.73 [‐0.26, 1.72]

10 Expressive language: naming (follow‐up) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 Naming (3‐week follow‐up)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Expressive language: spoken sentence Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

11.1 Sentence construction (AmAT)

2

31

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.15 [‐3.26, 2.95]

11.2 Sentence construction (AmAT) 3‐week follow‐up

1

10

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.60 [‐3.27, 2.07]

12 Expressive language: treated items Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

12.1 Naming (treated)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.2 Sentence construction (treated)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.3 Naming (treated: 3‐week follow‐up)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

12.4 Sentence construction (treated: 3‐week follow‐up)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

13 Expressive language: connected discourse Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

13.1 Picture description

2

24

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐1.04, 0.64]

13.2 PICA verbal subtest

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.31 [‐0.99, 0.37]

14 Expressive language: fluency Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

14.1 Word fluency

2

24

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐8.19 [‐13.90, ‐2.47]

15 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

15.1 AAT repetition subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

15.2 AAT repetition subtest (change from baseline)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

16 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

5

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

16.1 PICA graphic subtest

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐1.35, 0.03]

16.2 Written naming: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.25 [‐1.39, 0.88]

16.3 Written subtest (AAT) (change from baseline)

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.20 [0.14, 2.25]

17 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

4

53

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.24 [‐0.80, 0.32]

17.1 PICA overall

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.47 [‐1.15, 0.22]

17.2 AAT overall

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.74, 1.20]

18 Severity of impairment: change from baseline Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

18.1 AAT overall (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

19 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

20 Compliance with Allocated Intervention Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Functional Communication Profile

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Discourse Analysis

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Functional communication (follow‐up) Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Functional Communication Profile (6‐month follow‐up)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Discourse Analysis (6‐month follow‐up)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 AAT comprehension subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Token Test

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Receptive language: auditory comprehension (change from baseline) Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 AAT Comprehension subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 Token Test

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Expressive language: spoken Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 AAT naming subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 AAT repetition subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Expressive language: spoken (change from baseline scores) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 AAT naming subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6.2 AAT repetition subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Expressive language: written (change from baseline scores) Show forest plot

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.9 [1.81, 15.99]

7.1 AAT written subtest

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

8.9 [1.81, 15.99]

8 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

4

162

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.35 [0.04, 0.66]

8.1 Aphasia Quotient (WAB)

3

145

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.36 [0.03, 0.70]

8.2 AAT overall

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.74, 1.20]

9 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (change from baseline) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

9.1 AAT profile (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (follow‐up) Show forest plot

2

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

10.1 Aphasia Quotient (WAB) 3‐month follow‐up

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

10.2 Aphasia Quotient (WAB) 6‐month follow‐up

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

11 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

3

186

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.01 [1.07, 3.79]

12 Compliance with Allocated Intervention Show forest plot

2

166

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.13 [0.84, 31.18]

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Pragmatic Protocol ‐ 1 month

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Pragmatic Protocol ‐ 6 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.3 Pragmatic Protocol ‐ 12 months

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Token Test

2

51

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.25 [‐0.30, 0.81]

2.2 AAT comprehension subtest

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.47 [‐0.51, 1.45]

3 Receptive language: other Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 PICA gestural subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Expressive language: spoken Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 AAT naming subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4.2 PICA verbal subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 AAT repetition subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 PICA graphic

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

3

105

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.17 [‐0.22, 0.56]

7.1 Aphasia Quotient CRRCAE

1

54

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.24, 0.84]

7.2 PICA overall

1

34

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.06 [‐0.73, 0.61]

7.3 AAT overall

1

17

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.74, 1.20]

8 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score (3‐month follow‐up) Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

8.1 Aphasia Quotient CRRCAE (3‐month follow‐up)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

9 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 CADL

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Functional Communication Profile

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Token Test

2

88

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.06 [‐0.36, 0.47]

2.2 AAT subtest

1

20

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.37 [‐1.25, 0.52]

3 Receptive language: reading comprehension Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 AAT subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Receptive language: other Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 PICA gestural subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Expressive language: spoken Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

5.1 AAT naming subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5.2 PICA verbal subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

6 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6.1 AAT Repetition subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

2

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

7.1 AAT written language subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.2 PICA graphic subtests

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

8 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

3

126

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.12 [‐0.47, 0.23]

8.1 PICA

2

106

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.06 [‐0.44, 0.32]

8.2 AAT

1

20

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.45 [‐1.34, 0.44]

9 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

3

206

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.49, 1.85]

10 Compliance with allocated intervention Show forest plot

2

125

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.98 [0.52, 7.46]

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Discourse (words per minute)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Discourse (content information units per minute)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Receptive language: reading comprehension Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 WAB (Reading comprehension)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 WAB (Writing)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 WAB AQ

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 ANELT‐A

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Receptive language: auditory Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Semantic Association Test: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Auditory lexical decision: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Receptive language: reading Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Synonym judgement: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Non‐words: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 ANELT‐A

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Receptive language: other comprehension Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Token Test

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Semantic Association Test (Verbal)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Semantic Association (PALPA)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Auditory Lexical Decision (PALPA)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Expressive language: fluency Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Word fluency (letters)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Word fluency (semantic)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Non‐word repetition (PALPA)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

5 Number of dropouts for any reason Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Compliance with Allocated Intervention Show forest plot

1

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 WAB Auditory Comprehension

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Receptive language: reading Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Computer‐Based Verb Test (treated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Computer‐Based Verb Test (untreated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Real World Verb Test (treated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Real World Verb Test (untreated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.5 Computer‐Based Preposition Test (treated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.6 Computer‐Based Preposition Test (untreated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.7 Real World Preposition Test (treated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.8 Real World Preposition Test (untreated items)

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.9 Morphology

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Expressive language Show forest plot

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 WAB Naming subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 WAB Fluency subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.3 WAB Repetition subtest

1

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 WAB AQ

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Functional communication Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 CADL (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 CETI

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Functional communication: catalogue ordering Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 Telephone order (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Telephone order (+ concurrent task) (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.3 Written order (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.4 Written order (+ concurrent task) (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Expressive language: spoken Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 Oral naming: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Expressive language: written Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 Written naming: PALPA (change from baseline)

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

1.1 Token Test

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 AAT comprehension subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Expressive language: spoken Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

2.1 AAT naming subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Expressive language: repetition Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

3.1 AAT repetition subtest

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

4 Severity of impairment: Aphasia Battery Score Show forest plot

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

4.1 AAT overall

1

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Receptive language: auditory comprehension Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Word comprehension (BDAE subtest)

1

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐1.01, 1.26]

1.2 Peabody PVT

1

12

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.13 [‐1.01, 1.26]

1.3 Token Test

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.43, 0.89]

2 Receptive language: other Show forest plot

3

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 PICA gestural subtest

3

36

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐0.97, 0.39]

3 Expressive language: spoken Show forest plot

3

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Naming

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.25 [‐0.92, 0.41]

3.2 Word fluency

2

24

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.05 [‐1.93, ‐0.17]

3.3 Picture description

2

24

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐1.04, 0.64]

3.4 PICA verbal subtest

3

36

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.31 [‐0.99, 0.37]

4 Expressive language: written Show forest plot