Intervenciones orientadas en los medios de comunicación masiva para promover conductas saludables y reducir el riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles en adultos de minorías étnicas
Appendices
Appendix 1. Search strategies
Epub Ahead of Print, In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present
Search date: 2016‐08‐23
1 exp communications media/ (266069)
2 consumer health information/ (2624)
3 exp Internet/ (61516)
4 exp marketing/ (32277)
5 (radio or television or "tv" or campaign* or advert* or boards or newspaper* or maga?in* or brochure* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or cinema* or (mass adj (communication or media)) or internet or social media or blog* or facebook or twitter or instagram or podcast* or broadcast* or audiovisual or film* or movie* or ((cell or cellular or mobile) adj (telephone* or phone*))).ti,ab. (320644)
6 (("cd" or "cds" or dvd or dvds or video or videos) adj3 distribut*).ti,ab. (866)
7 or/1‐6 [mass media] (611426)
8 exp drinking behavior/ (64839)
9 exp "tobacco use"/ (133790)
10 exp Food Habits/ (28170)
11 Motor Activity/ (89395)
12 exp exercise/ (144411)
13 exp physical fitness/ (24479)
14 exp sports/ (149201)
15 ((alcohol* adj2 (drink* or consumption)) or (drinking adj5 (behavio?r or habit*)) or nutrition* or diet* or food* or feed* or eating or meal or meals or ((physical or motor) adj5 (activ* or exercis*)) or physical conditioning or running or jogging or swimming or walking or skiing or cycling or climbing or smok* or tobacco* or cigarette*).ti,ab. (1662747)
16 or/8‐15 [behavior] (1895646)
17 Minority Groups/ (11887)
18 Minority Health/ (579)
19 exp Population Groups/ (254763)
20 (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies).ti,ab. (217329)
21 (black or blacks or hispanic* or ((afro or african or asian or latin* or indian) adj1 american*)).ti,ab. (175176)
22 "Emigrants and Immigrants"/ (8064)
23 Refugees/ (7565)
24 cultural diversity/ (10143)
25 exp Human Migration/ (24328)
26 (refugee* or immigrant* or (asyl* adj1 seek*) or foreign* or ethnic* or minorit* or racial* or (multi adj cultural*) or multicultural* or (newly adj arrived) or ((family or families) adj2 reuni*) or resettlement or (cultural adj1 (diversit* or pluralism))).ti,ab. (259123)
27 ((cultural* or language*) and (adapt* or accomodat* or approp* or target* or tailor*)).ti,ab. (40405)
28 or/17‐27 [minorities] (779859)
29 7 and 16 and 28 [mass media, behavior, minorities] (4397)
30 clinical trial.mp. (632942)
31 clinical trial.pt. (505164)
32 random*.mp. (1085945)
33 randomised controlled trial.pt. (428912)
34 controlled clinical trial.pt. (91593)
35 multicenter study.pt. (209949)
36 pragmatic clinical trial.pt. (406)
37 (pre‐post or "pre test*" or pretest* or posttest* or "post test*" or (pre adj5 post)).ti,ab. (86623)
38 ("quasi‐experiment*" or quasiexperiment* or "quasi random*" or quasirandom* or "quasi control*" or quasicontrol* or ((quasi* or experimental) adj3 (method* or study or trial or design* or controlled))).ti,ab,hw. (125460)
39 ("time series" or "time points").ti,ab,hw. (82704)
40 (effect or impact or trial or intervention).ti. (1148249)
41 repeated measure*.ti,ab. (34209)
42 ((before adj5 after) or control group*).ti,ab. (638655)
43 (pretest‐posttest study or pretesting or pre‐post tests or quasi experimental design or quasi experimental study or quasi experimental study design or repeated measurement or repeated measurements or repeated measures or time series).kw. (483)
44 Controlled Before‐After Studies/ (182)
45 Non‐Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/ (77)
46 Interrupted Time Series Analysis/ (206)
47 or/30‐46 (3042682)
48 29 and 47 (1249)
Database: Embase 1974 to 2016 August 24
Search date: 2016‐08‐15
1 exp mass communication/ (429281)
2 consumer health information/ (2891)
3 exp multimedia/ (2863)
4 marketing/ (18599)
5 (radio or television or "tv" or campaign* or advert* or boards or newspaper* or maga?in* or brochure* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or cinema* or (mass adj (communication or media)) or internet or social media or blog* or facebook or twitter or instagram or podcast* or broadcast* or audiovisual or film* or movie* or ((cell or cellular or mobile) adj (telephone* or phone*))).ti,ab. (357025)
6 (("cd" or "cds" or dvd or dvds or video or videos) adj3 distribut*).ti,ab. (1078)
7 or/1‐6 (729956)
8 alcohol consumption/ (93490)
9 exp "tobacco use"/ (257714)
10 smoking cessation/ (45485)
11 exp feeding behavior/ (146067)
12 exp physical activity/ (294347)
13 exp exercise/ (259814)
14 fitness/ (33483)
15 exp sport/ (122407)
16 ((alcohol* adj2 (drink* or consumption)) or (drinking adj5 (behavio?r or habit*)) or nutrition* or diet* or food* or feed* or eating or meal or meals or ((physical or motor) adj5 (activ* or exercis*)) or physical conditioning or running or jogging or swimming or walking or skiing or cycling or climbing or smok* or tobacco* or cigarette*).ti,ab. (2047701)
17 or/8‐16 (2523625)
18 minority health/ (488)
19 exp "ethnic and racial groups"/ (102808)
20 exp "ethnic or racial aspects"/ (194153)
21 exp migration/ (40057)
22 refugee/ (8799)
23 exp population group/ (729630)
24 cultural anthropology/ (50115)
25 (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies).ti,ab. (243376)
26 (black or blacks or hispanic* or ((afro or african or asian or latin* or indian) adj1 american*)).ti,ab. (214006)
27 (refugee* or immigrant* or (asyl* adj1 seek*) or foreign* or ethnic* or minorit* or racial* or (multi adj cultural*) or multicultural* or (newly adj arrived) or ((family or families) adj2 reuni*) or resettlement or (cultural adj1 (diversit* or pluralism))).ti,ab. (312602)
28 ((cultural* or language*) and (adapt* or accomodat* or approp* or target* or tailor*)).ti,ab. (40343)
29 or/18‐28 (1408438)
30 7 and 17 and 29 (9946)
31 random:.tw. (1117293)
32 clinical trial:.mp. (1236961)
33 exp health care quality/ (2371751)
34 Randomized controlled trial/ (417044)
35 Quasi Experimental Study/ (3097)
36 Pretest Posttest Control Group Design/ (267)
37 Time Series Analysis/ (17373)
38 Experimental Design/ (12729)
39 Multicenter Study/ (142496)
40 (effect or impact or trial or intervention).ti. (1404932)
41 (pre‐post or "pre test*" or pretest* or posttest* or "post test*" or (pre adj5 post)).ti,ab. (134214)
42 ("quasi‐experiment*" or quasiexperiment* or "quasi random*" or quasirandom* or "quasi control*" or quasicontrol* or ((quasi* or experimental) adj3 (method* or study or trial or design* or controlled))).ti,ab,hw. (230820)
43 ("time series" or "time points").ti,ab,hw. (122771)
44 repeated measure*.ti,ab. (44685)
45 ((before adj5 after) or control group*).ti,ab. (850188)
46 (pretest‐posttest study or pretesting or pre‐post tests or quasi experimental design or quasi experimental study or quasi experimental study design or repeated measurement or repeated measurements or repeated measures or time series).kw. (3215)
47 or/31‐46 (5818497)
48 30 and 47 (3763)
49 limit 48 to embase (3055)
Database: PsycINFO 1806 to July Week 4 2016
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
1 exp mass media/ (36387)
2 exp multimedia/ (24893)
3 exp newspapers/ (2199)
4 exp telecommunications media/ (14503)
5 exp internet/ (25571)
6 exp marketing/ (18275)
7 (radio or television or "tv" or campaign* or advert* or boards or newspaper* or maga?in* or brochure* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or cinema* or (mass adj (communication or media)) or internet or social media or blog* or facebook or twitter or instagram or podcast* or broadcast* or audiovisual or film* or movie* or ((cell or cellular or mobile) adj (telephone* or phone*))).ti,ab. (119163)
8 (("cd" or "cds" or dvd or dvds or video or videos) adj3 distribut*).ti,ab. (71)
9 or/1‐8 (166518)
10 exp Alcohol Drinking Patterns/ (58564)
11 alcohol drinking attitudes/ (2773)
12 tobacco smoking/ (26156)
13 smoking cessation/ (10743)
14 eating behavior/ (9412)
15 food intake/ (13029)
16 food preferences/ (3941)
17 exp physical activity/ (30922)
18 running/ (1661)
19 swimming/ (1521)
20 walking/ (4306)
21 physical fitness/ (3644)
22 exp sports/ (20762)
23 ((alcohol* adj2 (drink* or consumption)) or (drinking adj5 (behavio?r or habit*)) or nutrition* or diet* or food* or feed* or eating or meal or meals or ((physical or motor) adj5 (activ* or exercis*)) or physical conditioning or running or jogging or swimming or walking or skiing or cycling or climbing or smok* or tobacco* or cigarette*).ti,ab. (319950)
24 or/10‐23 (388847)
25 minority groups/ (12258)
26 exp "racial and ethnic groups"/ (107691)
27 ethnic identity/ (13316)
28 immigration/ (17746)
29 exp human migration/ (9348)
30 cross cultural differences/ (46625)
31 (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies).ti,ab. (34290)
32 (black or blacks or hispanic* or ((afro or african or asian or latin* or indian) adj1 american*)).ti,ab. (100887)
33 (refugee* or immigrant* or (asyl* adj1 seek*) or foreign* or ethnic* or minorit* or racial* or (multi adj cultural*) or multicultural* or (newly adj arrived) or ((family or families) adj2 reuni*) or resettlement or (cultural adj1 (diversit* or pluralism))).ti,ab. (161507)
34 ((cultural* or language*) and (adapt* or accomodat* or approp* or target* or tailor*)).ti,ab. (41377)
35 or/25‐34 (339616)
36 9 and 24 and 35 (2227)
37 control*.tw. (567694)
38 random:.tw. (156723)
39 exp treatment/ (657106)
40 experimental design/ (10227)
41 between groups design/ (106)
42 quantitative methods/ (2821)
43 quasi experimental methods/ (142)
44 repeated measures/ (625)
45 time series/ (1658)
46 ("0400" or "0451" or "1800" or "2000").md. (2019250)
47 (pre‐post or "pre test$" or pretest$ or posttest$ or "post test$" or (pre adj5 post)).ti,ab. (43980)
48 ("quasi‐experiment$" or quasiexperiment$ or "quasi random$" or quasirandom$ or "quasi control$" or quasicontrol$ or ((quasi$ or experimental) adj3 (method$ or study or trial or design$ or controlled))).ti,ab,hw. (51501)
49 ("time series" or "time points").ti,ab,hw. (16196)
50 (effect or impact or trial or intervention).ti. (186412)
51 repeated measure*.ti,ab. (13022)
52 ((before adj5 after) or control group*).ti,ab. (108768)
53 or/37‐52 (2630095)
54 36 and 53 (1811)
Database: CINAHL
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
| # | Query | Results |
| S54 | S6 AND S24 AND S35 AND S52 Limiters ‐ Exclude MEDLINE records | 679 |
| S53 | S6 AND S24 AND S35 AND S52 | 2,842 |
| S52 | S36 OR S37 OR S38 OR S39 OR S40 OR S41 OR S42 OR S43 OR S44 OR S45 OR S46 OR S47 OR S48 OR S49 OR S50 OR S51 | 1,307,267 |
| S51 | TI ( effect* or impact* or intervention* or before N5 after or pre N5 post or ((pretest or "pre test") and (posttest or "post test")) or quasiexperiment* or quasi W0 experiment* or evaluat* or "time series" or time W0 point* or repeated W0 measur* ) OR AB ( effect* or impact* or intervention* or before N5 after or pre N5 post or ((pretest or "pre test") and (posttest or "post test")) or quasiexperiment* or quasi W0 experiment* or evaluat* or "time series" or time W0 point* or repeated W0 measur* ) | 741,896 |
| S50 | TI ( randomis* or randomiz* or randomly ) OR AB ( randomis* or randomiz* or randomly ) | 113,421 |
| S49 | (MH "Health Services Research+") | 14,172 |
| S48 | (MH "Multicenter Studies") | 13,763 |
| S47 | (MH "Quasi‐Experimental Studies+") | 8,629 |
| S46 | (MH "Pretest‐Posttest Design+") | 27,255 |
| S45 | (MH "Experimental Studies+") | 171,110 |
| S44 | (MH "Nonrandomized Trials") | 175 |
| S43 | (MH "Intervention Trials") | 6,040 |
| S42 | (MH "Clinical Trials+") | 136,322 |
| S41 | (MH "Randomized Controlled Trials") | 27,706 |
| S40 | PT research | 986,877 |
| S39 | PT clinical trial | 52,803 |
| S38 | PT randomised controlled trial | 30,672 |
| S37 | (MH "Interrupted Time Series Analysis") | 16 |
| S36 | (MH "Controlled Before‐After Studies") | 7 |
| S35 | S25 OR S26 OR S27 OR S28 OR S29 OR S30 OR S31 OR S32 OR S33 OR S34 | 139,789 |
| S34 | TI ( ((cultural* or language*) and (adapt* or accomodat* or approp* or target* or tailor*)) ) OR AB ( ((cultural* or language*) and (adapt* or accomodat* or approp* or target* or tailor*)) ) | 10,727 |
| S33 | TI ( (black or blacks or hispanic* or ((afro or african or asian or latin* or indian) N1 american*)) ) OR AB ( (black or blacks or hispanic* or ((afro or african or asian or latin* or indian) N1 american*)) ) | 23,157 |
| S32 | TI ( (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies) ) OR AB ( (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies) ) | 11,923 |
| S31 | TI ( (refugee* or immigrant* or (asyl* N1 seek*) or foreign* or ethnic* or minorit* or racial* or (multi adj cultural*) or multicultural* or (cultural N1 (diversit* or pluralism))) ) OR AB ( (refugee* or immigrant* or (asyl* N1 seek*) or foreign* or ethnic* or minorit* or racial* or (multi adj cultural*) or multicultural* or (cultural N1 (diversit* or pluralism))) ) | 52,137 |
| S30 | (MH "Cultural Diversity") | 7,341 |
| S29 | (MH "Refugees") | 3,619 |
| S28 | (MH "Emigration and Immigration") | 3,781 |
| S27 | (MH "Immigrants+") | 8,117 |
| S26 | (MH "Ethnic Groups+") | 79,372 |
| S25 | (MH "Minority Groups") | 6,947 |
| S24 | S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S17 OR S18 OR S19 OR S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23 | 327,166 |
| S23 | TI ( ((alcohol* N2 (drink* or consumption)) or (drinking N5 (behavio?r or habit*)) or nutrition* or diet* or food* or feed* or eating or meal or meals or ((physical or motor) N5 (activ* or exercis*)) or physical conditioning or running or jogging or swimming or walking or cycling or climbing or skiing or smok* or tobacco* or cigarette*) ) OR AB ( ((alcohol* N2 (drink* or consumption)) or (drinking N5 (behavio?r or habit*)) or nutrition* or diet* or food* or feed* or eating or meal or meals or ((physical or motor) N5 (activ* or exercis*)) or physical conditioning or running or jogging or swimming or walking or cycling or climbing or skiing or smok* or tobacco* or cigarette*) ) | 230,583 |
| S22 | (MH "Snow Skiing+") | 345 |
| S21 | (MH "Cycling") | 4,947 |
| S20 | (MH "Walking") | 11,426 |
| S19 | (MH "Running+") | 6,847 |
| S18 | (MH "Swimming") | 2,043 |
| S17 | (MH "Physical Activity") | 20,692 |
| S16 | (MH "Exercise+") | 57,782 |
| S15 | (MH "Motor Activity") | 4,381 |
| S14 | (MH "Eating Behavior+") | 15,850 |
| S13 | (MH "Smoking Cessation Programs") | 1,506 |
| S12 | (MH "Smoking Cessation") | 11,297 |
| S11 | (MH "Smoking") | 30,806 |
| S10 | (MH "Tobacco") | 4,366 |
| S9 | (MH "Drinking Behavior+") | 14,793 |
| S8 | (MH "Sports+") | 41,721 |
| S7 | (MH "Physical Fitness+") | 8,921 |
| S6 | S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5 | 370,846 |
| S5 | (MH "Marketing+") | 16,874 |
| S4 | (MH "Consumer Health Information") | 8,649 |
| S3 | TI ( (("cd" or "cds" or dvd or dvds or video or videos) N3 distribut*) ) OR AB ( (("cd" or "cds" or dvd or dvds or video or videos) N3 distribut*) ) | 72 |
| S2 | TI ( (radio or television or "tv" or campaign* or advert* or boards or newspaper* or magasin* or magazin* or brochure* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or cinema* or ((mass W0 (communication or media)) or internet or social media or blog* or facebook or twitter or instagram or podcast* broadcast* or audiovisual or film* or movie* or ((cell or cellular or mobile) W0 (telephone* or phone*)))) ) OR AB ( (radio or television or "tv" or campaign* or advert* or boards or newspaper* or magasin* or magazin* or brochure* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or cinema* or ((mass W0 (communication or media)) or internet or social media or blog* or facebook or twitter or instagram or podcast* broadcast* or audiovisual or film* or movie* or ((cell or cellular or mobile) W0 (telephone* or phone*)))) ) | 56,745 |
| S1 | MH "Communications Media+" | 327,780 |
Database: SveMed+
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
| 1 | 3955 | |
| 2 | 72 | |
| 3 | 859 | |
| 4 | 525 | |
| 6 | 1214 | |
| 7 | 1262 | |
| 8 | 1398 | |
| 9 | 2449 | |
| 10 | 2090 | |
| 11 | 686 | |
| 12 | 2477 | |
| 13 | 92 | |
| 14 | 4 | |
| 15 | 437 | |
| 16 | 345 | |
| 17 | 613 | |
| 18 | 139 | |
| 19 | 857 | |
| 20 | 5088 | |
| 21 | 7219 | |
| 22 | 1852 | |
| 23 | 5 |
Database: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
| #1 | MeSH descriptor: [Internet] explode all trees | 2580 |
| #2 | MeSH descriptor: [Communications Media] explode all trees | 8714 |
| #3 | MeSH descriptor: [Consumer Health Information] explode all trees | 280 |
| #4 | MeSH descriptor: [Marketing] explode all trees | 412 |
| #5 | radio or television or "tv" or campaign* or advert* or boards or newspaper* or maga?in* or brochure* or leaflet* or pamphlet* or cinema* or internet or social media or blog* or facebook or twitter or instagram or podcast* broadcast* or audiovisual or film* or movie* | 21774 |
| #6 | mass next (communicaton or media) | 549 |
| #7 | (cell or cellular or mobile) next (telephone* or phone*) | 1263 |
| #8 | (("cd" or "cds" or dvd or dvds or video or videos) near/3 distribut*) | 18 |
| #9 | #1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 | 28663 |
| #10 | MeSH descriptor: [Drinking Behavior] explode all trees | 2918 |
| #11 | MeSH descriptor: [Tobacco Use] explode all trees | 188 |
| #12 | MeSH descriptor: [Food Habits] explode all trees | 2012 |
| #13 | MeSH descriptor: [Motor Activity] this term only | 3400 |
| #14 | MeSH descriptor: [Exercise] explode all trees | 16856 |
| #15 | MeSH descriptor: [Physical Fitness] explode all trees | 2456 |
| #16 | MeSH descriptor: [Sports] explode all trees | 11809 |
| #17 | ((alcohol* near/2 (drink* or consumption)) or (drinking near/5 (behavio?r or habit*)) or nutrition* or diet* or food* or feed* or eating or meal or meals or ((physical or motor) near/5 (activ* or exercis*)) or (physical next conditioning) or running or jogging or swimming or walking or skiing or cycling or climbing or smok* or tobacco* or cigarette*) | 146514 |
| #18 | #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 | 153505 |
| #19 | MeSH descriptor: [Minority Groups] explode all trees | 6 |
| #20 | MeSH descriptor: [Population Groups] explode all trees | 6601 |
| #21 | MeSH descriptor: [Minority Health] this term only | 16 |
| #22 | MeSH descriptor: [Emigrants and Immigrants] this term only | 124 |
| #23 | MeSH descriptor: [Refugees] this term only | 80 |
| #24 | MeSH descriptor: [Cultural Diversity] this term only | 79 |
| #25 | MeSH descriptor: [Human Migration] explode all trees | 76 |
| #26 | (refugee* or immigrant* or (asyl* near/1 seek*) or foreign* or ethnic* or minorit* or racial* or (multi next cultural*) or multicultural* or (newly next arrived) or ((family or families) near/2 reuni*) or resettlement or (cultural near/1 (diversit* or pluralism))) | 13000 |
| #27 | indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies | 3574 |
| #28 | black or blacks or hispanic* or ((afro or african or asian or latin* or indian) near/1 american*) | 13802 |
| #29 | ((cultural* or language*) and (adapt* or accomodat* or approp* or target* or tailor*)) | 22085 |
| #30 | #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29 | 45204 |
| #31 | #9 and #18 and #30 in Trials | 523 |
Database: Eric via ProQuest
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
(ti((media OR internet OR blog* OR facebook OR twitter OR instagram OR "tv" OR television OR radio OR cinema* OR movie* OR film* OR campaign* OR newspaper* OR magazin* OR magasin* OR phone* OR telephone* OR brochure* OR leaflet* OR pamphlet*) AND (alcohol* OR drinking OR food* OR feed* OR eating OR activity OR exercise OR running OR walking OR jogging OR swimming OR skiing OR cycling OR climbing OR smoking OR tobacco OR cigarette*) AND (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies or black or blacks or hispanic* or afro‐american* or african‐american* or asian‐american* or latin‐american* or indian‐american* or "newly arrived" or "family reunion" or "family reunions" or resettlement or refugee* OR minorit* OR ethnic* OR immigrant* OR cultural) AND (random* OR control* OR pretest OR "pre test" OR posttest OR "post test" OR experiment* OR trial OR effect OR impact OR intervention* OR "time series" OR "repeated measures" OR "repeated measurements" OR "repeated measurement"))) OR (ab((media OR internet OR blog* OR facebook OR twitter OR instagram OR "tv" OR television OR radio OR cinema* OR movie* OR film* OR campaign* OR newspaper* OR magazin* OR magasin* OR phone* OR telephone* OR brochure* OR leaflet* OR pamphlet*) AND (alcohol* OR drinking OR food* OR feed* OR eating OR activity OR exercise OR running OR walking OR jogging OR swimming OR skiing OR cycling OR climbing OR smoking OR tobacco OR cigarette*) AND (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies or black or blacks or hispanic* or afro‐american* or african‐american* or asian‐american* or latin‐american* or indian‐american* or "newly arrived" or "family reunion" or "family reunions" or resettlement or refugee* OR minority* OR ethnic* OR immigrant* OR cultural) AND (random* OR control* OR pretest OR "pre test" OR posttest OR "post test" OR experiment* OR trial OR effect OR impact OR intervention* OR "time series" OR "repeated measures" OR "repeated measurements" OR "repeated measurement"))) 1112
Database: Web of Science
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
("media" OR "internet" OR "blog" OR "facebook" OR "twitter" OR "instagram" OR "tv" OR "television" OR "radio" OR cinema* OR movie* OR film* OR campaign* OR newspaper* OR magazin* OR magasin* OR phone* OR telephone* OR brochure* OR leaflet* OR pamphlet*) AND (alcohol* OR "drinking" OR food* OR feed* OR "eating" OR "activity" OR "exercise" OR "running" OR "walking" OR "jogging" OR "swimming" OR "skiing" OR "cycling" OR "climbing" OR "smoking" OR "tobacco" OR cigarette*) AND (indig* OR aborig* OR native* OR inuit* OR eskimo* OR kalaallit* OR amerind* OR "romany" OR "romanies" OR "gypsies" OR "gipsies" OR "black" OR "blacks" OR hispanic* OR afro‐american* OR african‐american* OR asian‐american* OR latin‐american* OR indian‐american* OR "newly arrived" OR "family reunion" OR "family reunions" OR "resettlement" OR refugee* OR minorit* OR ethnic* OR immigrant* OR cultural*) AND (random* OR "control" OR "pretest" OR "pre test" OR "posttest" OR "post test" OR experiment* OR "trial" OR "effect" OR "impact" OR "intervention" OR "time series" OR "repeated measures" OR "repeated measurements" OR "repeated measurement") 4691
Database: PubMed
Search date: 2016‐08‐25
((((media OR internet OR blog* OR facebook OR twitter OR instagram OR "tv" OR television OR radio OR cinema* OR movie* OR film* OR campaign* OR newspaper* OR magazin* OR magasin* OR phone* OR telephone* OR brochure* OR leaflet* OR pamphlet*) AND (alcohol* OR drinking OR food* OR feed* OR eating OR activity OR exercise OR running OR walking OR jogging OR swimming OR skiing OR cycling OR climbing OR smoking OR tobacco OR cigarette*) AND (indig* or aborig* or native* or inuit* or eskimo* or kalaallit* or amerind* or romany or romanies or gypsies or gipsies or black or blacks or hispanic* or afro‐american* or african‐american* or asian‐american* or latin‐american* or indian‐american* or "newly arrived" or "family reunion" or "family reunions" or resettlement or refugee* OR minorit* OR ethnic* OR immigrant* OR cultural) AND (random* OR control* OR pretest OR "pre test" OR posttest OR "post test" OR experiment* OR trial OR effect OR impact OR intervention* OR "time series" OR "repeated measures" OR "repeated measurements" OR "repeated measurement")))) AND publisher [sb] 206
Database: WHO International Clinical Trials Search Portal
Search date: 2016‐10‐19
Title= (media OR internet OR blog* OR facebook OR twitter OR instagram OR tv OR television OR radio OR cinema* OR movie* OR campaign* OR newspaper* OR magazin* OR magasin* OR phone* OR telephone* OR brochure* OR leaflet* OR pamphlet*) AND (indig* OR aborig* OR native* OR inuit* OR eskimo* OR kalaallit* OR amerind* OR romany OR romanies OR gypsies OR gipsies OR black OR blacks OR hispanic* OR afro‐american* OR african‐american* OR asian‐american* OR latin‐american* OR indian‐american* OR newly arrived OR family reunion OR family reunions OR resettlement OR refugee* OR minorit* OR ethnic* OR immigrant* OR cultural) 15
Database: ClinicalTrials.gov
Search date: 2016‐10‐19
Mass media 147
Database: OpenGrey
Search date: 2016‐10‐19
("media" OR "internet" OR "blog*" OR "facebook" OR "twitter" OR "instagram" OR "tv" OR "television" OR "radio" OR "cinema*" OR "movie*" OR "campaign*" OR "newspaper*" OR "magazin*" OR "magasin*" OR "phone*" OR "telephone*" OR "brochure*" OR "leaflet*" OR "pamphlet*") AND ("alcohol*" OR "drinking" OR "food*" OR "feed*" OR "eating" OR "activity" OR "exercise" OR "running" OR "walking" OR "jogging" OR "swimming" OR "skiing" OR "cycling" OR "climbing" OR "smoking" OR "tobacco" OR "cigarette*") AND("indig*"OR "aborig*"OR "native*"OR "inuit*"OR "eskimo*"OR "kalaallit*"OR "amerind*"OR"romany" OR "romanies" OR "gypsies" OR "gipsies" OR "black" OR "blacks" OR "hispanic*" OR "afro‐american*" OR "african‐american*" OR "asian‐american*" OR "latin‐american*" OR "indian‐american*" OR "newly arrived" OR "family reunion" OR "family reunions" OR "resettlement" OR "refugee*" OR "minorit*" OR "ethnic*" OR "immigrant*" OR "cultural") 192
Database: Grey Literature Report
Search date: 2016‐10‐19
Mass media 92
Television 45
Radio 44
Newspaper 2
Facebook 2
Twitter 5
Instagram 0
Blog 3
Cinema 0
Magazine 26
Brochure 5
Leaflet 0
Pamphlet 4
Phones 33
Telephones 53
Database: Eldis (via Eldis Google development websearch)
Search date: 2016‐10‐19
(media OR internet OR blogs OR facebook OR twitter OR instagram OR tv OR television OR radio OR cinema OR movie OR campaign OR newspaper OR magazines OR magasines OR phones OR telephones OR brochures OR leaflets OR pamphlets) AND (minorities) (limited to Eldis documents) First 100 references were screened.
Appendix 2. Unused methods due to the type of studies or data identified
This appendix describes sections from the review protocol with unused methods (Mosdøl 2015). We could not implement these because of characteristics of the included studies or the available data.
Unit of analysis issues
Unit of analysis error can occur if trials based on group allocation to treatment condition (cluster‐RCTs, NRCTs and CBA studies) have not accounted for the effect of clustering in the statistical analyses. If possible, we will use an estimate of the intra‐cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) derived from the trial and subsequently attempt to re‐analyse the data according to the inflating standard errors method (Higgins 2011). If an ICC is not available, we will attempt to find an appropriate value based on the same/similar outcome from other relevant sources of ICC values. If none of these options is possible, we will report only the point estimate.
Dealing with missing data
We will contact the study authors if the study has incomplete or missing data. If missing data cannot be obtained, we will report this in the 'Risk of bias' table. If there are data missing on the primary outcomes, we will only present the study descriptively. We will note the level of attrition. As far as possible, we will conduct our analysis of randomised trials on an intention‐to‐treat basis.
Assessment of heterogeneity
We will base a first assessment of heterogeneity on the apparent characteristics of the studies regarding the population, intervention, comparison and outcomes. Judgments about whether meta analyses are appropriate will be based on the recommendations in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins 2011). If meta‐analysis is considered meaningful, we will examine the forest plot to look for heterogeneity between studies and use the I2 statistic to quantify it. We will advise caution in the interpretation of those results where there are high levels of unexplained heterogeneity, taking into account that the direction and size of the effects may influence the I2 statistic value.
Assessment of reporting biases
If an outcome is reported in more than 10 studies and a meta analysis has been performed, we will examine the corresponding funnel plot without performing any formal tests. This will guide our assessment of potential small study effects such as publication bias.
Data synthesis
We will sort the included studies according to the intervention, measures and comparisons made. We will assess results for each comparison and collate them separately. If population, study design, intervention and outcome measures are similar enough across studies, we will conduct meta‐analyses using RevMan 2014. If outcomes within a comparison are obtained from several study designs, we will present results from non‐randomised designs separately. Where there is a sufficient number of studies reporting the same outcome with sufficiently homogeneous populations, interventions and comparisons, we will calculate a pooled risk ratio with 95%CIs for dichotomous data. For continuous outcomes, we will calculate the mean difference at follow‐up with 95% CIs, or the standardised mean difference with 95% CIs as appropriate. In the same case for ITS design, we will use the difference between the expected value at one year follow‐up based on the pre‐intervention trend and the expected value at the same point in time based on the postintervention trend. If the differences are not available, we will attempt to re‐analyse using data from graphs or tables through segmented time series regression (Ramsay 2003). We expect that there will be some heterogeneity between populations, interventions and studies, and will therefore use the random effects method in the analyses (Higgins 2011). We will present the meta‐analyses results in both text and forest plots. If meta‐analysis is not considered meaningful/appropriate, we will present descriptive data in text and tables.
Subgroup analysis and investigation of heterogeneity
If there are sufficient data, we will explore subgroup analysis on the primary research objective. We will analyse the comparison by the following criteria: which health behaviour was targeted (physical activity, dietary pattern, tobacco or alcohol), type of media used, whether only one type of mass media or two or more mass media channels were used, and intervention intensity. We will interpret all subgroup analysis carefully.
Sensitivity analysis
If there is a sufficient number of included studies, we will perform a sensitivity analysis excluding studies at high risk of bias.
Study flow diagram.
Approaches used in the included studies to target the intervention to the study population, by categories according to logic model.
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
| Comparison 1: targeted mass media intervention versus general population mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours | ||||||
| Patient or population: adult, ethnic minority: self‐described Americans of African heritage | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | N of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| General population mass media intervention | Targeted mass media intervention | |||||
| Indicators of behavioural change | ||||||
| Any outcome considered an indicator of change | No study provided data for this outcome. | |||||
| Self‐reported behavioural change | ||||||
| Proportion smoking reduction, 3 months follow‐up | 94% | 95% | — | 255 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | No effect measures reported by authors. Not significantly different between groups |
| Quit‐attempts, 3 months follow‐up | — | — | Adjusted OR 1.97 (1.09 to 3.55) in favour of general population mass media intervention | 255 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | 24‐hour and 7‐day point prevalence abstinence not significantly different between groups |
| Knowledge and attitudes to change | ||||||
| Contemplation ladder to quit smoking (1‐10), 3 months follow‐up | Mean score: 8.2 (SD 2.4) | Mean score: 7.3 (SD 2.6) | — | 255 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | Difference between group reported at P = 0.01 |
| Adverse effects | ||||||
| Any outcome considered an adverse effect | No study provided data for this outcome. | |||||
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI) | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| aIn the GRADE assessments for the domain 'directness', we considered the studies directly relevant to the inclusion criteria. Thus, we have not downgraded on this domain. However, the population of interest will be dissimilar in different contexts, relating to characteristics of the ethnic minority group, the country and setting overall. The transferability of results must be considered for each context specifically. | ||||||
| Comparison 2: targeted mass media intervention for promoting healthy behaviours versus no intervention | ||||||
| Patient or population: adult, ethnic minority group: self‐described Americans of African heritage | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | N of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| No intervention | Targeted mass media intervention | |||||
| Indicators of behavioural change | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2), 12 months from baseline | 34.4 (SD 8.5)b | Mean difference in change 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.6) | — | 154 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | Corresponding risk at 3 months: mean difference in change −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.02) |
| Self‐reported behavioural change | ||||||
| Changes in dietary composition, 12 months from baseline | Food habits questionnaire, score on fat behaviours (no scoring scale provided by study authors): 1.0 (SD 0.4) | Mean difference in change −0.2 (−0.3 to ‐0.1) | — | 154 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | Corresponding risk at 3 months: mean difference in change −0.1 (−0.2 to −0.02) |
| Leisure time physical activity, 12 months from baseline | Physical activity score (no scoring scale provided by study authors): 60.0 (SD 47.0)e | Mean difference in change 12.0 (1.0 to 23.0) | — | 154 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | Corresponding risk at 3 months: mean difference in change 10.0 (−1.7 to 21.8) |
| Knowledge and attitudes to change | ||||||
| Any measure of knowledge and attitude | No study provided data for this outcome. | |||||
| Adverse effects | ||||||
| Any outcome considered an adverse effect | No study provided data for this outcome. | |||||
| Use of health promotion services (secondary outcome) | ||||||
| Calls to smoking quit lines, during campaign | 18 calls per estimated 10,000 African American smokers in the intervention group versus 0.2 calls in the control communitiesf. | Estimated target population 641,800 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ | — | ||
| Calls to smoking quit lines, during and after campaign | Change from pre‐campaign, calls per month (95% CI) from new pregnant smokers: 8 (1 to 14) first month of campaign, 8 (1 to 14) last month of campaign, 6 (−1 to 12) first month after campaign, 3 (−4 to 10) 4 months after campaign | Population in target city ˜300,000 (1 ITS) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | — | ||
| Proportion of calls from target population during campaign | Proportion of calls from African Americans during trial: 82% in intervention and 26% in control communities | Estimated target population 641,800 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | — | ||
| Proportion of calls from target population during and after campaign | Proportion African Americans among pregnant callers: 41% before campaign, 86% during the campaign, 28% after campaign | Population in target city ˜300,000 (1 ITS) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | — | ||
| Costs of the project (secondary outcome) | ||||||
| Programme costs | USD 106,821 for radio advertisements and USD 6744 for television advertisements. No overall costs reported | Estimated target population 641,800 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | — | ||
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| aIn the GRADE assessments for the domain 'directness', we considered the studies directly relevant to the inclusion criteria. Thus, we have not downgraded on this domain. However, the population of interest will be dissimilar in different contexts, relating to characteristics of the ethnic minority group, the country and setting overall. The transferability of results must be considered for each context specifically. | ||||||
| Comparison 3: targeted mass media intervention versus targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content | ||||||
| Patient or population: adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect | N of participants | Quality of the evidence | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Media intervention with personalised content (comparison) | Targeted mass media intervention | |||||
| Indicators of behavioural change | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2), 12 months from baseline | 34.9 (SD 7.7)b | Mean difference in change 0.4 (−0.1 to 0.8) | — | 286 | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ | Two RCTs (643 participants) reported BMI at 3 months. None found significant differences in weight change between study groups |
| Self‐reported behavioural change | ||||||
| Intake meeting target from dietary guidelines, 3 months from baseline | Vegetables: adjusted OR 5.53d (1.96 to 15.58) Fruit: adjusted OR 1.77d (0.99 to 3.15) | 718 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | — | ||
| Changes in dietary composition, 12 months from baseline | Food habits questionnaire, score on fat behaviours (no scoring scale provided by study authors): 1.0 (SD 0.4)f | Mean difference in change −0.1 (−0.2 to −0.02) | — | 286 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | Two RCTs (643 participants) reported changes in dietary composition at 3 months. None found significant differences/mean difference in change for energy or dietary fibre intake (study 1) or food habits questionnaire (fat behaviours) (study 2) |
| Weekly physical activity meeting target from guidelines, 3 months from baseline | Adjusted OR 1.27d (0.89 to 1.80) | 718 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | — | ||
| Leisure time physical activity, 12 months from baseline | Physical activity score (no scoring scale provided by study authors): 68.0 (47.6)f | Mean difference in change 12.9 (3.5 to 22.3) | — | 286 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | Corresponding risk at 3 months: mean difference in change −2.2 (−12.9 to 8.5) |
| Knowledge and attitudes to change | ||||||
| Knowledge of nutrition and physical activity guidelines | Daily vegetable intake: adjusted OR 12.6d (6.50 to 24.5) Daily fruit intake: adjusted OR 16.2d (5.61 to 46.5) Weekly physical activity: adjusted OR 2.70d (0.31 to 23.2) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | — | |||
| Adverse effects | ||||||
| Any outcome considered an adverse effect | No study provided data for this outcome. | |||||
| Costs of the project (secondary outcome) | ||||||
| Costs per person in each treatment arm | USD 9.00 for targeted newsletters, USD 45.00 individually tailored newsletters, and USD 135 for individually tailored newsletters followed by home visits | 357 | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ | — | ||
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; RCT: randomised controlled trial;RR: risk ratio. | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence | ||||||
| aIn the GRADE assessments for the domain 'directness', we considered the studies directly relevant to the inclusion criteria. Thus, we have not downgraded on this domain. However, the population of interest will be dissimilar in different contexts, relating to characteristics of the ethnic minority group, the country and setting overall. The transferability of results must be considered for each context specifically. | ||||||
| Outcome | Estimated effect (95% CI)a July 2009 (start of campaign) | Estimated effect October 2009 (last month of campaign) | Estimated effect November 2009 (first month after campaign) | Estimated effect March 2010 (4 months after campaign) |
| Total number of calls | 42 (−115 to 198) | 153 (−8 to 314) | 146 (−13 to 304) | 32 (−148 to 212) |
| Calls from pregnant women | 14 (4 to 25) | 15 (4 to 27) | 8 (−3 to 19) | 7 (−5 to 20) |
| Calls from unique pregnant women | 8 (1 to 14) | 8 (1 to 14) | 6 (−1 to 12) | 3 (−4 to 10) |
| Calls from unique previously unknown pregnant women ('first‐timers') | 6 (1 to 11) | 6 (1 to 10) | 2 (−3 to 6) | 3 (−3 to 8) |
| aChange from pre‐campaign call rates. | ||||
