No data of genetically or non‐genetically randomised controlled trials were available to show a superiority either of conventional therapy or of alloSCT for the treatment of advanced primary CTCL. This may be due to the rarity especially of advanced stage CTCL and the lack of development of consistent treatment protocols. Therefore, no validated conclusions or recommendations for clinical practice can be provided at this point.

We were unable to extract any data from genetically randomised controlled trials. However, several case series, retrospective comparisons and randomised trials for conventional therapies are available. Although this information lacks reliability, we have summarised these publications in order to demonstrate the available information until today. It should be kept in mind that all conclusions made need to be interpreted cautiously.

Since there is currently no internationally accepted standard of care for advanced forms of CTCL and no definitive treatment available which produces durable responses in these stages of disease in most patients, several case reports, case series and retrospective analyses have been done to explore if alloSCT in advanced stage CTCL can be a potential curative treatment. Retrospective analyses showed that alloSCT can lead to long‐term remissions in patients with advanced stage CTCL (Dearden 2007; Duarte 2008; Duarte 2010; Duvic 2010; Introcaso 2008; Molina 2005). Over two‐thirds of the reported patients remained alive and with no evidence of disease after a median follow‐up of more than three years (Duarte 2008). Wu et al. reported overall survival rates of 85% at one year and 80% at five years. Event‐free survival was 65% at one year and 60% at five years (Wu 2009).

This appears superior to the expected median disease‐free survival and even overall survival for patients with advanced stage CTCL in case series. Previously reported life expectancies based on overall survival at five years are 40% to 65% in stage IIB, 45% to 57% for erythrodermic stage III disease, 15% to 40% for patients with stage IVA and 0% to 15% with IVB disease (Whittaker 2003). Patients with Sézary syndrome have an even worse prognosis with an overall median survival of 32 months from diagnosis (Whittaker 2003).

With regard to the duration of response or median event‐free survival, published data on the outcome of alloSCT also show a superiority if compared to the published data on various conventional therapies in advanced CTCL. Standard conventional therapy for CTCL is stage dependent and includes a variety of topical and systemic treatments recommended by consensus guidelines (Stadler 2008; Whittaker 2003; Whittaker 2007). Patients with advanced stage MF or SS are usually treated with interferon alpha, oral bexarotene and extracorporeal photopheresis, before therapy is escalated to novel biologic agents like antibodies or cytotoxic chemotherapy (Hoff 2010). Conventional therapies in advanced stage disease can achieve high overall response rates, but most of them are short lived. This leads to many different consecutive therapies during the course of disease. Often the initial beneficial effects are lost during disease progression and patients require a more aggressive therapy in the next cycle of treatment.

Oral bexarotene, which is one of the standard therapies in early and advanced CTCL, shows an overall response rate of 45% and a median duration of response of 299 days (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Knobler 2004; Lansigan 2010; Whittaker 2003). There seems to be a dose‐dependent response rate (Hoff 2010), with 300 mg/day being the most effective dose which is tolerated well (Whittaker 2003). According to Whittaker et al., bexarotene has shown significant clinical efficacy in patients with relapsed or refractory CTCL; responses are even seen in patients with large cell transformation and with erythrodermic SS, who were refractory to other systemic therapies (Whittaker 2007). Therefore, retinoids like oral bexarotene are an important treatment option for patients with resistant and late stage disease but in most cases they do not produce durable remissions (Whittaker 2007).

Interferon alpha, another standard drug in early CTCL and generally used as first line therapy for stage IIB, III and SS (Hoff 2010), shows overall response rates ranging between 40% and 80% (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Hoff 2010; Lansigan 2010; Whittaker 2003; Whittaker 2007), with complete remissions in about 17% of the cases (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Hoff 2010; Knobler 2004; Whittaker 2003). Median duration of response is short (4 to 28 months) (Apisarnthanarax 2002), but it is also stated that several responses were durable (Lansigan 2010) and that the length of a complete response was not correlated to the stage of disease (Knobler 2004). Larger doses of interferon alpha increased the response rate (Whittaker 2003), but a poor efficacy has been shown in stage III and IV disease, in long‐lasting disease and in heavily pretreated patients (Apisarnthanarax 2002).

Histone deacetylase inhibitors, like vorinostat or romidepsin, are approved for relapsed or treatment‐refractory MF in the United States. The overall response rates in stages IIB to IV are 25% to 30% (Whittaker 2007), with an overall response rate of 24% in highly refractory patients for vorinostat and a response rate of 42% in stages IB to IV for romidepsin (Gardner 2009). Lansigan et al. reported a response rate of 30% for vorinostat as well as for romidepsin, with a response duration of 9.8 months for vorinostat and 8 to 14 months in refractory, heavily pretreated patients for romidepsin (Lansigan 2010).

In the United States, denileukin diftitox has been recently approved for treatment of patients with relapsed MF if tumours express a special subunit of the interleukin‐2 receptor (CD25). At least 20% of lymphocytes in skin biopsies have to express CD25 to justify the use of denileukin diftitox (Lansigan 2010). Overall response rates in stages IB to IV were 30% with complete remission in 10% of the cases. Median duration of response was only 6.9 months from time of first dose (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Gardner 2009; Knobler 2004; Lansigan 2010; Whittaker 2003; Whittaker 2007). Patients experienced an improved quality of life (Knobler 2004) and there are also single reports of durable responses which lasted between five and nine years (Gardner 2009).

Another treatment, psoralen+UV‐A (PUVA), shows an overall response rate of 95% in all stages but seems to be mainly effective in stage I disease. However, patients with more extensive disease, erythroderma or tumours do not have good response rates or relapse quickly (Knobler 2004). In stage IIB no significant response has been seen (Whittaker 2003; Whittaker 2007). One study showed a complete response rate of 46% in stage III with a maximum duration response of 5.7 years. Regarding disease‐specific survival at 5 and 10 years there was no difference between patients who relapsed when compared to those who did not (Whittaker 2007). Although some patients with late stage disease responded to PUVA, most of the responses were non‐durable at the end of the study periods (Apisarnthanarax 2002). As the response to PUVA in late stage disease is usually poor, it is only recommended as palliative therapy (Apisarnthanarax 2002).

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is generally used as a first line systemic therapy for erythrodermic disease (stage III) and Sézary syndrome. Compared to historical control groups, patients treated with ECP show a prolonged survival (median survival of 30 months, as compared to 60 months), and durable responses are not uncommon (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Hoff 2010). Overall response rates in stages III to IV differ between 50% and 88% with a complete response rate of 14% to 25% (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Knobler 2004; Whittaker 2003). Other studies show an overall response rate in stage III of 73% in relapsed MF or SS with a median survival of 5.2 years in erythrodermic patients and 3.3 years in SS patients (Whittaker 2003). To achieve a good response it seems important to have a CD4:CD8 ratio < 10 (Knobler 2004) and the best responders are those patients with a short duration of disease, an absence of lymphadenopathy or visceral disease, low Sézary cell counts (10% to 20%) and a lack of prior immunosuppressive chemotherapy (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Lansigan 2010).

Monoclonal antibodies have been developed since the 1980s to specifically target malignant cells and spare normal tissue in order to minimise adverse side effects. One monoclonal antibody that has shown efficacy in the treatment of MF or SS is alemtuzumab, which targets the CD52‐antigen on malignant and normal T‐cells. Alemtuzumab has shown high overall responses rates in MF and SS patients, with an overall response rate of 50% and a complete response rate of 25% (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Whittaker 2007). However, because the duration of response is short and severe side effects like opportunistic infections, viral reactivation (cytomegalovirus), prolonged lymphopenia and cardiac toxicity exist, the use of alemtuzumab has a limited role in the treatment of CTCL (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Hoff 2010). Low‐dose subcutaneous alemtuzumab seems to be well tolerated and effective in palliative treatment for MF or SS patients, with a low risk for opportunistic infections (Gardner 2009). Zanolimumab, a monoclonal antibody which targets the CD4 receptor on T‐lymphocytes, has also shown high response rates with an overall response rate of 56% in refractory CTCL patients and a median duration of response of 81 weeks (Gardner 2009; Lansigan 2010). Adverse side effects are comparably limited, with low‐grade infections and eczematous dermatitis being the most frequently reported (Gardner 2009; Lansigan 2010).

Total skin electron beam therapy (TSEB) is used for CTCL patients with infiltrative plaques, tumours or erythrodermic disease. The rate of complete remission after TSEB is dependent on the stage of disease and the treatment seems to be mainly effective in stage III disease (erythrodermic CTCL). So far, there are no consistent data on remission rates, disease‐free survival or overall survival after TSEB therapy. Complete response rates of 60%, a five‐year disease‐free survival of 26% and a median overall survival of 3.4 years have been reported (Whittaker 2003; Whittaker 2007). It has been shown that higher rates of complete responses and disease‐free progression can be achieved with a more intense regimen (Whittaker 2003; Whittaker 2007). Other studies report a complete remission rate of 24% in stage IIB, 26% in stage III and 8% in stage IV with a five‐year relapse‐free survival of 2% in stage IIB, 10% in stage III and 0% in stage IV (Knobler 2004). Gardner et al. observed complete response rates of 50% in advanced refractory CTCL, with an overall one‐year survival of 48% and most of the patients relapsing within one year after completing treatment (Gardner 2009). Although data are not consistent, it is undisputed that TSEB comprises one of the most effective skin‐directed therapies in tumour stage and erythrodermic patients, even though responses may be short lived in most cases. Especially in combination therapy TSEB can achieve good results: TSEB plus adjuvant ECP has shown an improvement of overall survival in stages T3/T4. TSEB combined with ECP even improved disease‐free survival, cause‐specific survival and progression‐free survival in stage T4 (Apisarnthanarax 2002). TSEB with prior chemotherapy showed longer disease‐free survival in stages IIB‐IV but overall survival was not affected significantly (Knobler 2004). Other studies combining TSEB and chemotherapy showed a higher response rate when compared to topical sequential therapy (PUVA, TSEB or oral methotrexate), but disease‐free survival and overall survival were not affected in late stage disease (Apisarnthanarax 2002).

Although responses to systemic chemotherapies are usually short lived, single‐agent and multi‐agent chemotherapies are frequently used in patients with late stage disease and achieve high overall response rates. Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine antimetabolite, has demonstrated impressive clinical activity with a response rate of 70% and a median duration of response of eight months in chemotherapy‐naive patients with advanced and refractory CTCL (Lansigan 2010; Whittaker 2007). Another study also showed a response rate of 70% with complete responses in 11% of the cases and a 15‐month median duration of response with a dose of 1200 mg/m² (Whittaker 2007). Data published by Apisarnthanarax et al. shows similar response rates and also reports on observed tumour reduction and flattening in five of six patients with stage IIB. One patient with stage IVB even achieved complete visceral response of hepatic lesions (Apisarnthanarax 2002). These observations indicate that gemcitabine may be an effective therapy for the treatment of MF, especially in the tumour stages of disease (Apisarnthanarax 2002). Doxorubicin, used as a pegylated liposomal form, shows overall response rates between 80% and 88% with complete responses of 42% up to 60% and a median disease‐free survival of 12 to 13.3 months (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Lansigan 2010; Whittaker 2007). Methotrexate (MTX), in late stage disease mostly used orally, achieves overall response rates of 58% with complete response of 41% in stage III disease, median survival is 8.4 years (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Whittaker 2003). Low to medium doses of 25 mg to 75 mg weekly are sufficient to achieve sustainable remissions and seem to be well tolerated with only minimal side effects (Hoff 2010). Combined chemotherapy (e.g. CHOP) achieves an overall response of 80% with a complete response of 27%, but a median duration of response of only eight months and a median survival of 13.5 months in heavily pretreated patients (Lansigan 2010; Whittaker 2007). Other trials showed overall response rates of 81% in late stage disease with a complete response of 38% and a median duration of response ranging from 5 to 41 months (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Whittaker 2003). Owing to significant treatment‐related toxicity, such as myelosuppression and high risk of infection, and the often low durations of response with multi‐agent chemotherapy, it should be used only in patients who are refractory to other treatments or who present with extensive adenopathy and visceral involvement and require immediate palliation (Whittaker 2007). Despite a high number of chemotherapeutic agents, no single‐ or multi‐agent regimen seems to be significantly superior to other cytotoxic substances and no specific regimen has been found to increase survival (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Horwitz 2008; Knobler 2004). All authors recommend that various combined therapies should be considered before moving on to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy, since even single‐agent chemotherapy can lead to problematic short‐ and long‐term haematologic toxicity (Hoff 2010).

Since no conventional therapy is capable of repeatedly delivering durable remissions until now, autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation have been investigated for their use in advanced CTCL. Autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) achieved promising complete responses of 83% but median progression‐free survival ranged from less than 100 days to about seven months (Apisarnthanarax 2002; Duarte 2008). Overall survival rates after autoSCT were 68% at one year and 23% at five years, event‐free survival rates were 20% at one year and 0% at five years (Wu 2009).

Due to the poor results of autoSCT, alloSCT remained to be examined as treatment for advanced CTCL. Although only a small number of patients have been treated with alloSCT until now, the results are consistent and promising. All cases of alloSCT in advanced stage CTCL, myeloablative and non‐myeloablative, published to date, show a decreased relapse rate and increased overall‐ and event‐free survival when compared to published data about conventional therapies as described above. The latest report by Duarte et al., being the first large retrospective multicentre analysis of alloSCT for MF and SS, showed an incidence of relapse of 38% at one year and 47% at three years after transplantation. Progression‐free survival was 42% at one year and 34% at three years. The current progression‐free survival at the last published follow‐up was 52% in patients who received non‐myeloablative alloSCT and 29% in patients who received myeloablative alloSCT. Estimated overall survival rate was 66% at one year and 53% at three years (Duarte 2010).

The use of allogeneic stem cells offers the advantage of a tumour cell free graft and provides the basis of adoptive immunotherapy (Foss 2004). The increased overall survival may be consistent with the potential graft‐versus‐lymphoma (GVL)/tumour effect, mediated by donor T‐cells. Unfortunately, the GVL effect lacks specificity, resulting in additional targeting of normal tissue which leads to one of the major complications after alloSCT: a high incidence of severe graft‐versus‐host‐disease mediated by allo reactive T‐lymphocytes (Ringdén 2009). Separation of the GVL effect from GvHD is difficult but needs further investigation, as 30% to 50% of patients clinically develop GvHD and 30% to 50% of the patients with severe acute GvHD die as a consequence of GvHD (Hoff 2010). Chronic GvHD requires continued immunosuppression, which can cause various infections and is the most significant determinant of long‐term morbidity in patients undergoing alloSCT (Hoff 2010). In the reported 20 cases by Wu et al., 90% of the alloSCT patients experienced acute or chronic GvHD. In the final follow‐up (median of 45 months) 70% of patients presented with a GvHD and two patients died because of GvHD complications (Wu 2009). In the latest case series reported by Duvic et al., TSEB was used as preparative regimen in 15 patients for debulking the skin before transplantation with the intention of reducing the severity of cutaneous GvHD. However, there is no evidence that this had an effect on the severity of acute or chronic GvHD. Four of 15 patients receiving TSEB did not show any signs of GvHD compared to two of four patients not receiving TSEB (Duvic 2010). Whether the combination with TSEB is an effective treatment to prevent or to reduce the GvHD merits further investigation, since TSEB is a conventional therapy that by itself can achieve a median overall survival of 3.4 years (Whittaker 2007) and because of the negative impact of GvHD on morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, limited GvHD (especially mild chronic GvHD) is associated with prolonged disease‐free survival, providing evidence for a simultaneously present GVL effect (Ringdén 2009). As GvHD frequently occurs in the skin, the major manifestation site of MF or CTCL, this phenomenon may also contribute to the efficacy of alloSCT in this disease entity (Giralt 2001).

Beginning with the early 1970s and during the first decades of clinical alloSCT or bone marrow transplantation, myeloablative conditioning regimens were regularly used as standard treatments. These regimens were accompanied by a high rate of treatment‐related mortality. Therefore, alloSCT represented a treatment option only for younger patients (< 55 years of age) in good general condition. In parallel with the increasing optimisation of supportive therapies during the last 20 years, specifically with anti‐infectious medications, treatment‐related mortality of the myeloablative conditionings could be lowered significantly but still represents a clinical problem (Aoudjhane 2005; Karanes 2008). Pioneered by the transplantation group of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle, USA, RIC regimens were developed in order to decrease treatment‐related toxicity and mortality during the early phase of alloSCT (Feinstein 2001). The underlying principle of the RIC regimens is to provide sufficient immunosuppression to facilitate engraftment without the high toxicity of conventional myeloablative regimens. This approach successfully opened the way to alloSCT also for older (> 55 years and even > 65 years of age) or multi‐morbid patients (Ljungman 2010; Rocha 2009; Storb 2009). Today, RIC regimens mostly consist of fludarabine in combination with alkylating agents or low dose total body irradiation (2 Gray) in combination with immunosuppression by cyclosporine A plus mycophenolate mofetil or short course methotrexate.

In contrast to the classic myeloablative regimens, there is a generally increased risk of relapses after RIC regimens because of the lowered cytotoxic efficacy and the not fully established donor‐derived immunosystem during the early post‐transplant period (Aoudjhane 2005). Kolb and colleagues have successfully introduced donor lymphocyte infusions in patients suffering from relapsed chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) after alloSCT as an effective method to enhance the graft‐versus‐leukaemia effect (Kolb 1998). This approach was extended to other malignancies and a number of RIC‐based treatment protocols nowadays include the prophylactic use of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) beginning at a certain point of time after alloSCT. Donor lymphocyte infusions usually contain a mixture of all circulating white blood cells including the lymphocytic part which consists mostly of CD3+ T‐cells. The administration of prophylactic or therapeutic DLI has become an important component of the treatment after alloSCT (Roddie 2011). The anti‐leukaemic activity of DLI is dependent on the immunogenicity of the underlying disease. The most susceptible disease towards DLI is CML followed by acute myelogenous leukaemia and lymphatic malignancies (Kolb 2008). Therefore, the results following administration of DLI are heterogeneous. It has been shown as a proof of principle that relapsed CTCL or SS patients after alloSCT are susceptible to DLI; therefore, justifying the use in these patients (Duarte 2010).

The first reports about CTCL or SS patients who were transplanted with cells from an allogeneic donor were published during the mid 1990s. These selected patients received myeloablative conditioning regimens and were, therefore, young (< 55 years of age) and clinically in good general condition (Koeppel 1994; Molina 1999). As the median age of onset of CTCL or SS is between 60 and 65 years, those cases did not reflect the typical clinical situation. For these patients, RIC‐based transplant regimens seem to represent a promising treatment approach, especially when combined with post‐transplant therapies with DLI.

The oldest patient reported until now is a 66‐year old patient included in the retrospective analysis of allogeneic haematopoetic cell transplantation for patients with advanced stage MF and SS, undertaken by the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, published by Duarte et al. (Duarte 2010). Unfortunately, sex, stage of disease, treatment regimen (myeloablative or non‐myeloablative) and outcome are not mentioned individually,.Therefore, it is not possible to assess how a patient at this age and with advanced CTCL responds to alloSCT. It is also not mentioned how many patients were older than 60 years, only a median age of 46.5 years with a range from 22 to 66 years is stated (Duarte 2010). Before this study was published, the oldest patient who received non‐myeloablative alloSCT reported in the literature was a 63‐year old female who died one year after transplantation as a result of early sepsis and in progressive disease. In the same study was a 60‐year old male in complete remission with no signs of GvHD 20 months after transplantation, and a 61‐year old male in stable disease with acute and chronic GvHD 19 months after transplantation (Duvic 2010). Prior to these reports, only one patient aged 60 was described receiving non‐myeloablative alloSCT and being alive with no evidence of disease 24 months after transplantation (Soligo 2003). Although advanced CTCL is a disease of the older population, until now there are only four cases of patients aged 60 or older among the total of about 40 reported cases (Duarte 2008; Duvic 2010; Wu 2009). In addition to that, an unknown number of patients aged 60 years or older is included in the latest retrospective analysis by Duarte et al. including 55 previously unreported cases (Duarte 2010). Authors of case reports, case series and retrospective analyses agree that alloSCT appears to be useful in younger patients with advanced CTCL. With respect to the average age of disease, non‐myeloablative alloSCT in particular needs to be investigated intensively in older patients and also patients with comorbidity to evaluate if this treatment is an option for the majority of CTCL patients. Against the background of growing experience with alloSCT, the aging population and the better management of side‐effects, it is expected that more and more elderly patients will be treated. An ongoing study about non‐myeloablative alloSCT in CTCL at Stanford University includes patients up to the age of 75 years. Another clinical trial about peripheral alloSCT with non‐myeloablative conditioning at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Maryland includes patients up to the age of 70 years. Although these studies also are non‐randomised, uncontrolled, single‐armed clinical trials it is likely that more data about patients between 60 and 75 years of age will be available in the future.

Until now, the optimal conditioning regimen and the best timing of alloSCT in the course of disease remains unknown. All twenty‐one patients who underwent alloSCT reviewed by Duarte et al. were pretreated, with a reported median of seven prior treatments (Duarte 2008). The allogeneic group reviewed by Wu et al. received a median number of 6.5 therapies prior to SCT (Wu 2009). Patients in the latest reports by Duvic et al. and Duarte et al. had a median number of four prior therapies (Duarte 2010; Duvic 2010). As these reviews and reports include all case reports and case series conducted to the date of their publication, it seems that mainly patients were included who had a long history of disease or an aggressive course that resulted in high numbers of prior treatment. Contrary to this is the suggestion by Duarte et al. that alloSCT can show improved results if the procedure is performed early during the course of the disease and before patients get heavily pretreated, particularly for patients receiving non‐myeloablative alloSCT (Duarte 2008). In this publication it remains unclear what exactly early and heavy pretreatment means, as only three of 21 patients reported in the review had less than four prior therapies and it is not mentioned which specific kind of therapy they received before inclusion into the studies. In the report published in 2010, Duarte et al. at least clarified the term 'early' as "patients with advanced stage MF/SS in first or second complete response, partial response or relapse/progression having received three or fewer prior lines of systemic therapy" (Duarte 2010). Patients in this defined early phase of disease showed decreased non‐relapse mortality and relapse/progression but increased progression‐free survival, overall survival and current progression‐free survival at last follow‐up (Duarte 2010). These results support the assumption expressed two years before. Likewise, Ringdén et al. imply that an early transplant (earlier stage of disease with less tumour burden) can increase effectiveness of GVL activity and decrease the risk of cancer recurrence after alloSCT (Ringdén 2009). These assumptions demonstrate the importance of controlled trials for alloSCT, especially with non‐myeloablative conditioning, to clarify whether this treatment can induce long‐term complete remissions in the early phase of advanced disease. This could reduce the use of systemic therapies which often show significant treatment‐related toxicity (especially multi‐agent cytotoxic chemotherapy) and induce only short‐lived responses in the majority of cases. On the other hand, the recommendation of early alloSCT does not change the fact that alloSCT should be considered in patients with refractory disease or short‐lived responses with standard therapies (Wu 2009), uninfluenced by the number of prior therapies or the state of disease. Until now, alloSCT seems to be a treatment which is able to induce long‐lasting complete and durable remissions, at least in some patients.

The latest publication by Duvic et al. is the largest single centre study conducted so far which uses non‐myeloablative alloSCT. It includes 19 patients with a median age of 50 years and a median of four prior therapies (Duvic 2010). This selection appears to be superior to earlier studies which had a median age of 42 years and an average of 6.5 prior therapies (Wu 2009), considering the suggestion that results of RIC alloSCT improve when used after less heavy pretreatment. Although the median age implies that some older patients were included, even here only patients younger than 65 years of age were eligible for inclusion. Ten out of 19 patients were in complete clinical remission immediately before transplantation, seven patients were in partial response and none had progressive disease at the time of transplantation (Duvic 2010). Therefore, it is not clear whether the therapeutical success of complete remission is based on prior therapies and whether these patients would have achieved the same results without alloSCT. Duvic et al. reported 58% complete clinical and molecular remissions with a median follow‐up of 1.7 years (Duvic 2010). This validates the results of other reports with 65% event‐free survival at one year (Wu 2009) or 42% progression‐free survival at one year (Duarte 2010) after alloSCT.