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Study flow diagram.
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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Contour enhanced funnel plot for possession of a functioning smoke alarm
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 2

Contour enhanced funnel plot for possession of a functioning smoke alarm

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Contour enhanced funnel plot for medically attended or self reported injuries adjusted for baseline injury rates (including all injuries from Phelen 2010)
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 3

Contour enhanced funnel plot for medically attended or self reported injuries adjusted for baseline injury rates (including all injuries from Phelen 2010)

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Contour enhanced funnel plot for medically attended or self reported injuries adjusted for baseline injury rates (including only preventable injuries from Phelen 2010)
Figuras y tablas -
Figure 4

Contour enhanced funnel plot for medically attended or self reported injuries adjusted for baseline injury rates (including only preventable injuries from Phelen 2010)

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Comparison 1 Medically attended or self reported injury rates, Outcome 1 Comparing medically attended or self‐reported injury rates ‐ unadjusted for baseline rates.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Medically attended or self reported injury rates, Outcome 1 Comparing medically attended or self‐reported injury rates ‐ unadjusted for baseline rates.

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Comparison 1 Medically attended or self reported injury rates, Outcome 2 Comparing medically attended or self‐reported injury rates ‐ adjusted for baseline rates.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Medically attended or self reported injury rates, Outcome 2 Comparing medically attended or self‐reported injury rates ‐ adjusted for baseline rates.

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Comparison 2 Thermal injury rates, Outcome 1 Comparing thermal injury rates.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Thermal injury rates, Outcome 1 Comparing thermal injury rates.

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Comparison 3 Poisoning injury rates, Outcome 1 Comparing poisoning rates.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Poisoning injury rates, Outcome 1 Comparing poisoning rates.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 1 Safe hot tap water temperature.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 1 Safe hot tap water temperature.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 2 Possession of a functional smoke alarm.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 2 Possession of a functional smoke alarm.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 3 Use of fire guards.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 3 Use of fire guards.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 4 Keeping hot drinks or food out of reach of children.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.4

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 4 Keeping hot drinks or food out of reach of children.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 5 Storage of matches or lighters out of reach of children.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.5

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 5 Storage of matches or lighters out of reach of children.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 6 Possession of a fire extinguisher.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.6

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 6 Possession of a fire extinguisher.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 7 Has a fire escape plan.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.7

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 7 Has a fire escape plan.

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Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 8 Smoke alarm batteries checked or changed.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 4.8

Comparison 4 Thermal injuries, Outcome 8 Smoke alarm batteries checked or changed.

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Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 1 Storage of medicines out of reach.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 1 Storage of medicines out of reach.

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Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 2 Storage of cleaning products out of reach.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 2 Storage of cleaning products out of reach.

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Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 3 Possession of syrup of ipecac.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.3

Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 3 Possession of syrup of ipecac.

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Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 4 Having a poison control centre sticker available.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.4

Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 4 Having a poison control centre sticker available.

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Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 5 Storage of poisons out of reach.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.5

Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 5 Storage of poisons out of reach.

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Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 6 Storage of plants out of reach.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 5.6

Comparison 5 Poisoning outcomes, Outcome 6 Storage of plants out of reach.

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Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 1 Having a fitted stair gate.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 1 Having a fitted stair gate.

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Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 2 Possession and use of a baby walker.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.2

Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 2 Possession and use of a baby walker.

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Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 3 Possession of window locks, screens or mechanisms to limit opening on at least some windows.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.3

Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 3 Possession of window locks, screens or mechanisms to limit opening on at least some windows.

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Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 4 Possession of non‐slip bath mats or decals.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.4

Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 4 Possession of non‐slip bath mats or decals.

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Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 5 Does not leave child unattended on a high surface.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 6.5

Comparison 6 Falls outcomes, Outcome 5 Does not leave child unattended on a high surface.

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Comparison 7 Electrical injuries, Outcome 1 Use of socket covers.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Electrical injuries, Outcome 1 Use of socket covers.

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Comparison 8 Lacerations and bruising, Outcome 1 Storage of sharp objects out of reach.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 8.1

Comparison 8 Lacerations and bruising, Outcome 1 Storage of sharp objects out of reach.

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Comparison 9 Suffocation, Outcome 1 Keeping small objects out of reach.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 9.1

Comparison 9 Suffocation, Outcome 1 Keeping small objects out of reach.

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Comparison 10 Drowning, Outcome 1 Never leaving child alone in the bath.
Figuras y tablas -
Analysis 10.1

Comparison 10 Drowning, Outcome 1 Never leaving child alone in the bath.

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Table 1. Demographic and social characteristics of studies included in meta‐analyses (%)

1st Author

Mean/median age, years

Male

Non‐owner occupier

Single parents

BME group

Unemployment

Yorkston 2007

‐

51

‐

‐

9

‐

Zhao 2006

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Phelan 2010

0 (prenatal mothers)

46

‐

18

30

17

Bulzachelli 2009

2.5

53

‐

70

96

53

Sangvai 2007

‐

‐

‐

‐

48

‐

Swart 2008

‐

‐

‐

52

‐

67

Kendrick 2010

‐

‐

100

70

8

65

Nansel 2008

1.2

52

71

32

66

‐

Kendrick 2007

8.7

52

‐

‐

‐

‐

Hwang 2006

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Gittelman 2007

‐

‐

‐

‐

84

‐

Gielen 2007

‐

50

‐

69

93

48

Carman 2006

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Babul 2007

1

52

39

11

‐

‐

Dershewitz 1977

‐

‐

‐

0

‐

81

Baudier 1988

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Campbell 2001

13

51

‐

‐

‐

‐

Kendrick 2005

0.75

‐

20

5

4

‐

McDonald 2005

0.81

48

83

54

93

‐

Watson 2005

2.15

51

46

28

15

70

Posner 2004

2.26

57

55

‐

84

34

Kelly 2003

‐

‐

‐

13

93

‐

Sznajder 2003

1.36 (youngest child)

‐

‐

13

‐

34

DiGuiseppi 2002 (smoke alarm ownership data only)

‐

‐

100

13

18

‐

Gielen 2002

0.25

‐

‐

87

94

77

Hendrickson 2005

2

62

‐

27

88

74

Nansel 2002

0.95

48

73

19

95

‐

King 2001

2

59

‐

‐

‐

‐

Johnston 2000

4.5

53

‐

56

30

57

Clamp 1998

2.59

‐

21

10

1

12

Waller 1993

2

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Woolf 1992

1.92

‐

‐

11

10

‐

Katcher 1989

8.5

‐

‐

‐

3

‐

Barone 1988

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Williams 1998

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Matthews 1988

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Davis 1987

9

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Kelly 1987

0.5

‐

89

81

95

‐

Woolf 1987

‐

‐

‐

42

56

56 (maternal)

Thomas 1984

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Kendrick 1999

0.67

52

33

12

7

11

Fergusson 1982

2

‐

‐

9

7

‐

Miller 1982

‐

‐

13

‐

‐

‐

Tan 2004

0.75

‐

79

‐

‐

‐

Georgieff 2004

1.5

‐

‐

25

2

‐

Mock 2003

6

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Lindquist 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Ytterstad 1995, 1998

2

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Petridou 1997

9.5

‐

‐

4

‐

‐

Bentzen 1997

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Svanstrom 1995

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

‐

Schwarz 1993

‐

‐

‐

‐

96

‐

Guyer 1989, 1991

‐

‐

48

‐

8

‐

Jenkins 1996

‐

63

‐

28

48

22 (paternal)
Figuras y tablas -
Table 1. Demographic and social characteristics of studies included in meta‐analyses (%)
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 2. Odds ratios for thermal injury prevention practices (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Functional Smoke Alarm

Fire Guards

Keeping matches out of reach

Safe Hot Water

Keeping hot drinks and food out of reach

Fire extinguishers

Fire Escape Plans

Checking/changing smoke alarm batteries

GENDER

 

 

 

 

Boys

2.00 (0.55, 12.82)

N/A

N/A

1.07 (0.63, 1.79)

0.88 (0.36, 2.38)

1.14 (0.50, 2.57)*

N/A

2.12 (0.84, 5.68)

Girls

1.88 (0.52, 12.22)

N/A

N/A

1.66 (0.97, 2.79)

1.02 (0.43, 2.84)

0.64 (0.22, 1.91)

N/A

1.11 (0.38, 3.34)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.06 (0.63, 1.74)

N/A

N/A

0.65 (0.38, 1.07)

0.86 (0.48, 1.54)

1.77 (0.27, 11.25)

N/A

1.92 (0.37, 10.18)

ETHNIC GROUP

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Black and minority ethnic groups

3.21 (0.94, 15.14)

1.50 (0.41, 6.28)

1.28 (0.01, 184.7)

1.14 (0.51, 2.72)

1.38 (0.36, 7.51)

N/A

N/A

1.29 (0.80, 2.07)

White

2.74 (0.89, 12.86)

1.45 (0.43, 5.43)

1.04 (0.01, 329.10)

1.23 (0.54, 2.82)

0.91 (0.19, 4.17)

N/A

N/A

0.39 (0.08, 1.40)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.16 (0.54, 2.50)

1.02 (0.57, 1.86)

1.04 (0.02, 28.40)

0.94 (0.49, 1.83)

1.58 (0.57, 5.02)

N/A

N/A

3.33 (0.82, 18.15)

FAMILY TYPE

 

 

 

 

 

 

Single parent family

1.63 (0.66, 4.64)

1.38 (0.83, 2.45)

N/A

1.45 (0.45, 6.18)

0.95 (0.16, 5.16)

2.18 (0.27, 23.74)*

N/A

1.10 (0.39, 2.99)

Two parent family

1.99 (0.81, 5.42)

1.20 (0.81, 1.87)

N/A

1.64 (0.59, 7.91)

1.06 (0.31, 4.64)

0.86 (0.54, 1.36)

N/A

1.11 (0.63, 1.98)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.83 (0.51, 1.33)

1.16 (0.76, 1.76)

N/A

0.85 (0.42, 1.72)

0.87 (0.22, 3.16)

2.52 (0.24, 36.80)

N/A

0.99 (0.26, 3.43)

HOUSING TENURE

 

 

 

 

 

 

Non‐owner occupied

1.73 (0.67, 4.99)

1.39 (0.91, 2.32)

N/A

1.70 (0.48, 7.48)

0.94 (0.32, 2.53)

N/A

N/A

1.75 (0.85, 3.65)

Owner occupied

1.88 (0.72, 5.44)

1.13 (0.77, 1.76)

N/A

1.88 (0.54, 9.21)

0.78 (0.27, 2.09)

N/A

N/A

0.96 (0.23, 4.27)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.09 (0.64, 1.90)

1.22 (0.88, 1.71)

N/A

0.89 (0.43, 1.83)

1.20 (0.61, 2.36)

N/A

N/A

1.82 (0.32, 10.14)

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

1 or more parent not in paid employment

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.72 (1.14, 6.79)*

N/A

N/A

Both parents in paid employment

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.76 (0.24, 2.32)

N/A

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

3.56 (0.84, 15.97)

N/A

N/A

AGE

 

 

 

 

 

Odds ratio at age 0

Model does not converge

1.13 (0.70, 1.89)

Model does not converge

1.36 (0.89, 1.93)

1.37 (0.50, 4.99)

1.12 (0.74, 1.69)

1.37 (0.52, 3.69)

1.35 (0.71, 2.57)

Odds ratio at age 4

Model does not converge

1.30 (0.79, 2.31)

Model does not converge

1.22 (0.54, 3.02)

0.35 (0.04, 2.56)

0.93 (0.66, 1.29)

1.55 (0.80, 3.06)

0.61 (0.14, 2.32)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

Model does not converge

1.04 (0.91, 1.16)

Model does not converge

0.97 (0.75, 1.31)

0.72 (0.38, 1.29)

0.96 (0.82, 1.10)

1.03 (0.94, 1.13)

0.82 (0.52, 1.27)

* Fixed effect model used
Figuras y tablas -
Table 2. Odds ratios for thermal injury prevention practices (95% credible interval) by social variables
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 3. Odds ratios for poisoning prevention practices (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Storage of cleaning products out of reach

Possession of ipecac

Poison centre number

Storage of poisons out of reach

Storage of medicines out of reach

Plants*

GENDER

 

 

 

 

 

 

Boys

1.63 (0.80, 3.76)

3.21 (1.25, 8.63)*

2.53 (0.05, 157.3)

2.26 (0.04, 201.2)

1.72 (0.76, 4.56)

N/A

Girls

1.83 (0.89, 4.32)

2.58 (1.02, 6.92)

3.48 (0.07, 234.50)

2.41 (0.04, 227.30)

1.41 (0.64, 3.81)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.89 (0.62, 1.27)

1.23 (0.27, 5.83)

0.72 (0.26, 2.00)

0.93 (0.49, 1.75)

1.22 (0.72, 2.00)

N/A

ETHNIC GROUP

 

 

 

 

 

 

Black and minority ethnic groups

1.79 (1.05, 3.04)

3.53 (1.10, 12.68)

5.37 (1.42, 21.17)

2.05 (0.38, 17.43)

3.64 (0.98, 14.44)

N/A

White

1.88 (1.16, 3.59)

1.98 (0.28, 12.99)

2.25 (0.50, 9.16)

3.02 (0.42, 20.55)

2.54 (0.62, 10.93)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.94 (0.54, 1.54)

1.79 (0.21, 17.04)

2.40 (0.88, 7.12)

0.73 (0.21, 2.43)

1.43 (0.65, 3.23)

N/A

FAMILY TYPE

 

 

 

 

 

 

Single parent family

1.74 (1.10, 3.08)

2.67 (0.90, 8.07)

3.64 (0.88, 15.65)

1.59 (0.19, 16.07)

2.60 (0.99, 7.06)

Model does not converge

Two parent family

1.60 (1.09, 2.66)

2.37 (1.00, 6.86)

3.64 (1.04, 12.35)

2.23 (0.22, 18.89)

2.48 (0.99, 6.29)

Model does not converge

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.10 (0.73, 1.63)

1.11 (0.30, 3.75)

0.99 (0.38, 2.77)

0.75 (0.37, 1.57)

1.05 (0.59, 1.88)

Model does not converge

HOUSING TENURE

Non‐owner occupied

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Owner occupied

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 or more parent not in paid employment

2.00 (1.15, 3.86)

0.38 (0.07, 2.00)*

5.95 (0.21, 172.10)

2.17 (0.31, 21.97)

2.86 (0.97, 9.21)

N/A

Both parents in paid employment

1.71 (1.02, 3.31)

59.96 (4.37, 1001.00)

6.15 (0.23, 202.90)

2.35 (0.30, 20.73)

2.27 (0.80, 7.56)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.17 (0.80, 1.73)

0.01 (0.00, 0.43)

0.94 (0.27, 3.33)

0.97 (0.47, 1.95)

1.25 (0.72, 2.14)

N/A

AGE

 

 

 

 

 

 

Odds ratio at age 0

1.34 (0.95, 1.96)

1.54 (0.57, 4.57)

1.99 (0.24, 12.63)

3.05 (0.38, 30.10)

1.03 (0.56, 2.10)

0.80 (0.18, 3.80)

Odds ratio at age 4

1.18 (0.84, 1.78)

1.20 (0.38, 5.04)

3.59 (0.44, 35.44)

0.77 (0.09, 7.22)

1.89 (1.02, 3.84)

0.22 (0.01, 2.00)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.97 (0.85, 1.10)

0.94 (0.71, 1.26)

1.17 (0.76, 1.84)

0.71 (0.54, 0.93)

1.16 (0.95, 1.43)

0.73 (0.25, 1.53)

* Fixed effect model used
Figuras y tablas -
Table 3. Odds ratios for poisoning prevention practices (95% credible interval) by social variables
Ir a la tabla de la revisión
Table 4. Odds ratios for falls prevention practices (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Fitted stair gate

No baby walker

Non‐slip bath mat

Window locks

Not leaving child unattended on high surfaces

GENDER

 

 

 

 

Boys

1.64 (0.85, 3.31)

0.67 (0.32, 1.37)

N/A

1.45 (0.80, 2.92)

N/A

Girls

1.92 (0.99, 3.85)

1.04 (0.49, 2.18)

N/A

0.85 (0.46, 1.70)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.86 (0.62, 1.18)

0.64 (0.26, 1.59)

N/A

1.72 (1.16, 2.57)

N/A

ETHNIC GROUP

 

 

 

 

 

Black and minority ethnic groups

1.98 (1.17, 3.34)

0.77 (0.29, 2.49)

N/A

1.58 (0.58, 5.11)

N/A

White

1.65 (1.01, 2.76)

1.03 (0.30, 2.59)

N/A

1.36 (0.57, 3.43)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.19 (0.77, 1.85)

0.79 (0.33, 2.02)

N/A

1.13 (0.62, 2.05)

N/A

FAMILY TYPE

 

 

 

 

 

Single parent family

2.03 (1.16, 3.62)

0.89 (0.32, 2.46)

0.60 (0.16, 1.99)*

0.98 (0.37, 3.19)

N/A

Two parent family

1.82 (1.12, 3.02)

0.92 (0.41, 1.87)

1.00 (0.69, 1.44)

1.51 (0.63, 4.76)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.11 (0.75, 1.65)

0.99 (0.44, 2.24)

0.60 (0.15, 2.14)

0.65 (0.40, 1.05)

N/A

HOUSING TENURE

 

 

 

 

Non‐owner occupied

1.98 (1.48, 2.66)

1.22 (0.48, 2.93)

N/A 

1.13 (0.03, 54.7)*

0.44 (0.04, 3.65)*

Owner occupied

1.22 (0.96, 1.61)

1.36 (0.53, 3.34)

N/A

1.48 (0.04, 75.5)

2.51 (0.58, 13.06)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.62 (1.18, 2.24)

0.90 (0.54, 1.47)

N/A

0.76 (0.50, 1.17)

0.18 (0.003, 5.76)

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

 

 

 

 

1 or more parent not in paid employment

2.08 (0.77, 5.86)

0.39 (0.14, 1.04)*

2.07 (0.91, 4.78)*

1.40 (0.58, 4.23)

N/A

Both parents in paid employment

1.82 (0.67, 5.01)

0.87 (0.49, 1.51)

0.91 (0.59, 1.42)

1.40 (0.63, 4.49)

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.15 (0.77, 1.71)

0.45 (0.14, 1.40)

2.28 (0.88, 5.86)

0.98 (0.62, 1.55)

N/A

AGE

 

 

 

Odds ratio at age 0

1.40 (1.02, 2.06)

N/A due to age of walker use

1.16 (0.80, 1.71)*

1.00 (0.30, 4.87)

N/A due to age for leaving child on high surfaces

Odds ratio at age 4

1.26 (0.81, 2.02)

N/A due to age of walker use

1.08 (0.78, 1.50)

1.27 (0.35, 5.84)

N/A due to age for leaving child on high surfaces

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.97 (0.84, 1.13)

N/A due to age of walker use

0.98 (0.90, 1.06)

1.06 (0.90, 1.23)

N/A due to age for leaving child on high surfaces

* Fixed effect model used
Figuras y tablas -
Table 4. Odds ratios for falls prevention practices (95% credible interval) by social variables
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Table 5. Odds ratios for use of socket covers (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Socket covers

GENDER

 

Boys

0.50 (0.00, 53.26)

Girls

1.17 (0.00, 129.70)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

2.36 (0.68, 8.27)

ETHNIC GROUP

 

Black and minority ethnic groups

1.96 (0.09, 29.00)

White

1.25 (0.05, 18.05)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.59 (0.56, 4.49)

FAMILY TYPE

 

Single parent family

2.15 (0.45, 11.07)

Two parent family

2.58 (0.63, 11.85)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.82 (0.33, 2.11)

HOUSING TENURE

 

Non‐owner occupied

0.68 (0.00, 111.70)

Owner occupied

0.25 (0.00, 38.68)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

2.76 (0.76, 11.09)

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

 

1 or more parent not in paid employment

Model does not converge

Both parents in paid employment

Model does not converge

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

Model does not converge

AGE

 

Odds ratio at age 0

0.86 (0.01, 32.12)

Odds ratio at age 4

0.38 (0.00, 14.98)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.76 (0.51, 1.11)
Figuras y tablas -
Table 5. Odds ratios for use of socket covers (95% credible interval) by social variables
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Table 6. Odds ratios for storage of sharp objects out of reach (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Sharp objects

GENDER

 

Boys

0.56 (0.04, 7.78)

Girls

0.49 (0.03, 6.79)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.15 (0.78, 1.66)

ETHNIC GROUP

 

Black and minority ethnic groups

0.77 (0.16, 3.54)

White

0.85 (0.18, 3.72)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.92 (0.53, 1.58)

FAMILY TYPE*

 

Single parent family

0.95 (0.22, 4.11)

Two parent family

0.85 (0.21, 3.58)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.12 (0.72, 1.76)

HOUSING TENURE

 

Non‐owner occupied

1.58 (0.55, 4.54)

Owner occupied

1.18 (0.40, 3.27)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.36 (0.92, 2.02)

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

 

1 or more parent not in paid employment

0.91 (0.11, 6.46)

Both parents in paid employment

0.70 (0.09, 4.91)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.29 (0.87, 1.93)

AGE

 

Odds ratio at age 0

1.89 (0.50, 7.22)

Odds ratio at age 4

1.58 (0.41, 6.24)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.96 (0.83, 1.09)

* See text for odds ratios from modelling within and between study variance separately
Figuras y tablas -
Table 6. Odds ratios for storage of sharp objects out of reach (95% credible interval) by social variables
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Table 7. Odds ratios for storage of small objects out of reach (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Storage of small objects out of reach

GENDER

 

Boys

0.35 (0.20, 0.62)

Girls

0.14 (0.06, 0.27)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

2.54 (0.86, 7.91)

ETHNIC GROUP

Black and minority ethnic groups

N/A

White

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

N/A

FAMILY TYPE

 

Single parent family

0.72 (0.19, 2.86)

Two parent family

0.38 (0.28, 0.52)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.90 (0.44, 8.31)

HOUSING TENURE

Non‐owner occupied

N/A

Owner occupied

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

N/A 

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

 

1 or more parent not in paid employment

1.90 (0.79, 4.89)

Both parents in paid employment

0.63 (0.38, 1.04)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

3.02 (1.06, 9.04)

AGE

 

Odds ratio at age 0

0.03 (0.01, 0.08)

Odds ratio at age 4

43.43 (10.06, 179.00)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

6.37 (3.43, 11.73)
Figuras y tablas -
Table 7. Odds ratios for storage of small objects out of reach (95% credible interval) by social variables
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Table 8. Odds ratios for never leaving a child alone in the bath (95% credible interval) by social variables

Social variables

Bath Alone

GENDER

 

Boys

1.17 (0.51, 3.12)

Girls

1.73 (0.75, 4.97)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.67 (0.29, 1.53)

ETHNIC GROUP

 

Black and minority ethnic groups

0.89 (0.23, 5.04)

White

1.0 (0.25, 5.46)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.89 (0.33, 2.45)

FAMILY TYPE

 

Single parent family

0.53 (0.14, 1.93)*

Two parent family

1.13 (0.71, 1.83)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

0.47 (0.11, 1.82)

HOUSING TENURE

 

Non‐owner occupied

1.80 (0.76, 4.34)

Owner occupied

1.05 (0.45, 2.86)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.68 (0.68, 4.09)

PARENTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

 

1 or more parent not in paid employment

N/A

Both parents in paid employment

N/A

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

N/A

AGE

 

Odds ratio at age 0

0.62 (0.17, 2.14)

Odds ratio at age 4

3.02 (0.66, 18.18)

Interaction term (ratio of odds ratios)

1.50 (0.96, 2.43)

* Fixed effect model used
Figuras y tablas -
Table 8. Odds ratios for never leaving a child alone in the bath (95% credible interval) by social variables
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Comparison 1. Medically attended or self reported injury rates

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Comparing medically attended or self‐reported injury rates ‐ unadjusted for baseline rates Show forest plot

15

24406

IRR (Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.83, 1.05]

2 Comparing medically attended or self‐reported injury rates ‐ adjusted for baseline rates Show forest plot

15

24406

IRR (Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.78, 1.01]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 1. Medically attended or self reported injury rates
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Comparison 2. Thermal injury rates

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Comparing thermal injury rates Show forest plot

4

22682

IRR (Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.51, 1.42]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 2. Thermal injury rates
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Comparison 3. Poisoning injury rates

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Comparing poisoning rates Show forest plot

4

17997

IRR (Random, 95% CI)

0.93 [0.65, 1.32]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 3. Poisoning injury rates
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Comparison 4. Thermal injuries

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Safe hot tap water temperature Show forest plot

16

3727

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.41 [1.07, 1.86]

2 Possession of a functional smoke alarm Show forest plot

17

5107

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.81 [1.30, 2.52]

3 Use of fire guards Show forest plot

4

2945

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.40 [1.00, 1.95]

4 Keeping hot drinks or food out of reach of children Show forest plot

6

1660

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.61, 1.48]

5 Storage of matches or lighters out of reach of children Show forest plot

6

2169

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.63, 1.68]

6 Possession of a fire extinguisher Show forest plot

5

1803

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.90 [0.53, 1.51]

7 Has a fire escape plan Show forest plot

4

Odds Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

2.01 [1.45, 2.77]

8 Smoke alarm batteries checked or changed Show forest plot

4

633

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.15 [0.63, 2.08]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 4. Thermal injuries
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Comparison 5. Poisoning outcomes

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Storage of medicines out of reach Show forest plot

13

4338

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.53 [1.27, 1.84]

2 Storage of cleaning products out of reach Show forest plot

15

4847

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.55 [1.22, 1.96]

3 Possession of syrup of ipecac Show forest plot

10

2183

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.34 [1.50, 7.44]

4 Having a poison control centre sticker available Show forest plot

9

1839

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.30 [1.70, 6.39]

5 Storage of poisons out of reach Show forest plot

5

1252

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.07 [0.92, 4.66]

6 Storage of plants out of reach Show forest plot

3

608

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.18 [0.40, 3.48]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 5. Poisoning outcomes
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Comparison 6. Falls outcomes

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Having a fitted stair gate Show forest plot

12

4987

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.61 [1.19, 2.17]

2 Possession and use of a baby walker Show forest plot

9

3273

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.57 [1.18, 2.09]

3 Possession of window locks, screens or mechanisms to limit opening on at least some windows Show forest plot

6

3724

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.17 [0.87, 1.57]

4 Possession of non‐slip bath mats or decals Show forest plot

4

690

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.10 [0.68, 1.79]

5 Does not leave child unattended on a high surface Show forest plot

3

661

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.84 [0.58, 1.20]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 6. Falls outcomes
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Comparison 7. Electrical injuries

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Use of socket covers Show forest plot

9

1917

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.69 [1.46, 4.96]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 7. Electrical injuries
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Comparison 8. Lacerations and bruising

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Storage of sharp objects out of reach Show forest plot

7

2983

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.54 [0.90, 2.64]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 8. Lacerations and bruising
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Comparison 9. Suffocation

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Keeping small objects out of reach Show forest plot

6

2114

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.36, 1.77]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 9. Suffocation
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Comparison 10. Drowning

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Never leaving child alone in the bath Show forest plot

5

1685

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.21 [0.85, 1.72]
Figuras y tablas -
Comparison 10. Drowning
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