Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Collapse all Expand all

Abstract

available in

Background

Most international guidelines currently recommend methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline, aminophylline) for severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), yet clinical trials underlying this recommendation have been small and underpowered.

Objectives

To determine the benefit of methylxanthines compared to placebo for COPD exacerbations.

Search methods

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Airways Review Group COPD Register, a compilation of systematic searches of CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CENTRAL and hand searching of 20 respiratory journals. Primary authors and content experts were contacted to identify eligible studies. Bibliographies from included studies and reviews were searched. Searches are current to March 2005.

Selection criteria

Included studies were limited to RCTs of patients presenting with acute COPD exacerbations, treated with methylxanthines (oral or intravenous) or placebo plus standard care. Two reviewers independently selected articles for inclusion and assessed methodological quality.

Data collection and analysis

Two reviewers independently extracted data. Missing data were obtained from authors or calculated from other data presented in the paper. The data were analysed using the Cochrane Review Manager 4.1. Studies were pooled to yield weighted mean differences (WMD), standardised mean difference (SMD) or odds ratios (OR) and reported using 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).

Main results

From 29 identified references, 4 RCTs met inclusion criteria (169 patients). Mean change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at 2 hours was similar in methylxanthine and placebo groups but transiently increased with methylxanthines at 3 days (WMD: 101 ml; 95% CI: 26 to 177). Data on clinical outcomes were sparse. Trends toward improvements in hospitalisation and length‐of‐stay were offset by a trend toward more relapses at one week. Changes in symptom scores were not significant. Methylxanthines caused more nausea and vomiting than placebo (OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 1.7 to 12.6) and trended toward more frequent tremor, palpitations, and arrhythmias.

Authors' conclusions

Given current evidence, methylxanthines should not be used for COPD exacerbations. Possible beneficial effects in lung function and clinical endpoints were modest and inconsistent, whereas adverse effects were significantly increased. More selective agents, tested in larger randomised trials, are necessary if methylxanthines are to have any role in the treatment of COPD exacerbations.

PICOs

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

The PICO model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome.

See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook.

Plain language summary

available in

Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Methylxanthine drugs such as aminophylline and theophylline are recommended for use in patients who have acute exacerbations (episodes) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, particularly for patients unresponsive to standard therapies. This review identified four studies that compared these drugs with placebo. Over the first 2 hours of treatment there was no evidence that patients improved in terms of lung function, although a possible late benefit was detected. The studies do not give a clear indication of whether there was benefit in terms of reduced symptoms or hospital admissions, but side effects were found to be more common with methylxanthines. We conclude that, given current evidence, methylxanthines should not be used for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.