Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Abstract
Background
There is conflicting evidence regarding the clinical efficacy of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) initiated before endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Objectives
To systematically review evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of PPI treatment initiated before endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Search methods
We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases and major conference proceedings to September 2005, using the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases model. Searches were re‐run in February 2006 and October 2008.
Selection criteria
We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs), of hospitalised participants with unselected upper gastrointestinal bleeding, undergoing active treatment with a proton pump inhibitor PPI (oral or intravenous) and control treatment with either placebo, histamine‐2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or no treatment prior to endoscopy. Outcomes were assessed at 30 days and included mortality, rebleeding and surgery. Also assessed were stigmata of recent haemorrhage (SRH; active bleeding, non bleeding visible vessel or adherent clot) at index endoscopy, length of hospital stay, blood transfusion requirements and requirement for endoscopic therapy at index endoscopy.
Data collection and analysis
At least two review authors assessed eligibility criteria and extracted data regarding outcomes and factors affecting methodological quality.
Main results
Six RCTs comprising 2223 participants were included. There was no statistical heterogeneity among trials for dichotomous outcomes. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality, rebleeding or surgery between PPI and control treatment. Unweighted pooled mortality rates were 6.1% and 5.5% respectively (odds ratio (OR)1.12; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.73). Unweighted pooled rebleeding rates were 13.9% and 16.6% respectively (OR 0.81; 95%CI 0.61 to 1.09). Pooled rates for surgery were 9.9% and 10.2% respectively (OR 0.96 95% CI 0.68 to 1.35). PPI treatment compared to control significantly reduced the proportion of participants with SRH at index endoscopy; unweighted pooled rates were 37.2% and 46.5% respectively (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.84). However, this result was not robust to sensitivity analysis. PPI treatment compared to control significantly reduced endoscopic therapy at index endoscopy; unweighted pooled rates were 8.6% and 11.7% respectively (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.93). For continuous outcomes (length of hospital stay and blood transfusion requirements), quantitative analysis could not be performed.
Authors' conclusions
PPI treatment initiated before endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding might reduce the proportion of participants with SRH at index endoscopy and significantly reduces requirement for endoscopic therapy during index endoscopy. However, there is no evidence that PPI treatment affects clinically important outcomes, namely mortality, rebleeding or need for surgery.
PICOs
Plain language summary
Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Bleeding from lesions in the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum is a common medical emergency. Research has suggested that reducing the amount of acid in the stomach may help to control the bleeding, but it is unknown if early initiation of such treatment (that is, before endoscopic diagnosis) is beneficial for patients.
This review compared the effect of one type of anti‐acid drug (proton pump inhibitor) with either no treatment (placebo) or with another type of anti‐acid drug (an Histamine‐2 receptor antagonist) initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis. Taking proton pump inhibitors 24 to 48 hours before endoscopy significantly reduced the proportion of patients with findings of recent serious bleeding on endoscopic examination and the need for treatment during endoscopy such as injecting medicines or cauterising blood vessels to stop bleeding. However, overall there was no effect of taking a proton pump inhibitor on further bleeding, need for surgery or risk of death.
