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Study flow diagram.

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Figure 1

Study flow diagram.

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'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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Figure 2

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

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'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Figure 3

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, outcome: 1.1 At least moderate/good pain relief.

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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, outcome: 1.1 At least moderate/good pain relief.

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Forest plot of comparison: 1 Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, outcome: 1.2 Proportion of patients who dropped out due to side effects.

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Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: 1 Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, outcome: 1.2 Proportion of patients who dropped out due to side effects.

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Comparison 1: Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, Outcome 1: At least moderate/good pain relief

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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1: Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, Outcome 1: At least moderate/good pain relief

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Comparison 1: Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, Outcome 2: Proportion of patients who dropped out due to side effects

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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1: Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone, Outcome 2: Proportion of patients who dropped out due to side effects

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Table 1. Methodology of included analgesic combination trials

Trial comparisons

Trial ID

Placebo‐controlled

Combination versus only 1 component

Combination versus both components

Combination versus other

Agrawal 2009

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Amr 2010

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Caraceni 2004

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Eichenberger 2008

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Freeman 2007

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Gilron 2005b

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Gilron 2009

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Gomez‐Perez 1985

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Gomez‐Perez 1996

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Graff‐Radford 2000

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Hanna 2008

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Khoromi 2007

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Lynch 2003

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Lynch 2005

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McCleane 2000

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McCleane 2003

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Mercadante 2002

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Tonet 2008

••

Zin 2010

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•• Comparison of amitriptyline + carbamazepine + ketamine versus amitriptyline + carbamazepine + placebo.

'‐' No difference between combination and single‐agent component.

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Table 1. Methodology of included analgesic combination trials
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Comparison 1. Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1.1 At least moderate/good pain relief Show forest plot

2

423

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.30 [1.04, 1.61]

1.2 Proportion of patients who dropped out due to side effects Show forest plot

2

433

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

2.76 [1.47, 5.21]
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Comparison 1. Anticonvulsants and opioids versus anticonvulsants alone
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