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Chinese Biomedical Literature Database search strategy.
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Figure 1

Chinese Biomedical Literature Database search strategy.

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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Figure 2

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
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Figure 3

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Comparison 1 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes.

Comparison 1 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 2 The mean duration of an episode of URTI.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 2 The mean duration of an episode of URTI.

Comparison 1 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 3 The episode rate of URTIs (events per person/year).
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 3 The episode rate of URTIs (events per person/year).

Comparison 2 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs, Outcome 1 The number of participants who used antibiotics.
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Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs, Outcome 1 The number of participants who used antibiotics.

Comparison 3 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events, Outcome 1 Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events.
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Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events, Outcome 1 Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events.

Comparison 4 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes.
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Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes.

Comparison 4 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 2 The mean duration of an episode of URTI.
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Analysis 4.2

Comparison 4 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 2 The mean duration of an episode of URTI.

Comparison 4 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 3 The episode rate of URTI (events per person/year).
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Analysis 4.3

Comparison 4 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures, Outcome 3 The episode rate of URTI (events per person/year).

Comparison 5 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs, Outcome 1 The number of participants who used antibiotics.
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Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs, Outcome 1 The number of participants who used antibiotics.

Comparison 6 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events, Outcome 1 Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events.
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Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events, Outcome 1 Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events.

Comparison 1. ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes Show forest plot

6

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes: at least 1 event

6

1836

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.58 [0.36, 0.92]

1.2 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes: at least 3 events

3

650

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.53 [0.36, 0.80]

2 The mean duration of an episode of URTI Show forest plot

2

620

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.29 [‐3.71, 3.13]

2.1 Marathon runners

1

141

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.60 [‐0.34, 3.54]

2.2 General healthy population

1

479

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.90 [‐2.04, ‐1.76]

3 The episode rate of URTIs (events per person/year) Show forest plot

4

1454

Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.88 [0.81, 0.96]

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Comparison 1. ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures
Comparison 2. ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 The number of participants who used antibiotics Show forest plot

3

1104

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.45, 0.98]

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Comparison 2. ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs
Comparison 3. ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events Show forest plot

2

956

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.92 [0.37, 2.28]

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Comparison 3. ITT analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events
Comparison 4. PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes Show forest plot

6

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes: at least 1 event

6

1669

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.32, 0.90]

1.2 Number of participants who experienced URTI episodes: at least 3 events

3

582

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.56 [0.37, 0.84]

2 The mean duration of an episode of URTI Show forest plot

2

573

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.31 [‐3.73, 3.10]

2.1 Marathon runners

1

119

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

1.60 [‐0.50, 3.70]

2.2 General healthy population

1

454

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.90 [‐2.05, ‐1.75]

3 The episode rate of URTI (events per person/year) Show forest plot

4

Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)

0.89 [0.83, 0.94]

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Comparison 4. PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: primary outcome measures
Comparison 5. PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 The number of participants who used antibiotics Show forest plot

3

1046

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.46, 0.98]

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Comparison 5. PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: prescribe antibiotics for acute URTIs
Comparison 6. PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events Show forest plot

2

839

Odds Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.85 [0.34, 2.11]

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Comparison 6. PP analysis: Probiotics versus placebo: adverse events