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Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 2 Mean EPDS score at final assessment within first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 2 Mean EPDS score at final assessment within first year.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 3 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 3 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 4 Maternal self‐esteem.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 4 Maternal self‐esteem.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 5 Maternal loneliness.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 5 Maternal loneliness.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 6 Maternal anxiety.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 6 Maternal anxiety.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 7 Childcare stress.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.7

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 7 Childcare stress.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 8 Maternal social adjustment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.8

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 8 Maternal social adjustment.

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 9 Relationship quality with partner.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.9

Comparison 1 All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials, Outcome 9 Relationship quality with partner.

Comparison 2 Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.

Comparison 2 Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 2 Evidence of depression at final assessment ‐ sensitivity analysis.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 2 Evidence of depression at final assessment ‐ sensitivity analysis.

Comparison 2 Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 3 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 3 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment.

Comparison 3 Psychological interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Psychological interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.

Comparison 3 Psychological interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 2 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Psychological interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type, Outcome 2 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment.

Comparison 4 Psychosocial interventions versus psychological interventions, Outcome 1 Non‐directive counselling versus cognitive behavioural therapy at last assessment in first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Psychosocial interventions versus psychological interventions, Outcome 1 Non‐directive counselling versus cognitive behavioural therapy at last assessment in first year.

Comparison 5 All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention mode, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention mode, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.

Comparison 6 All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in selection criteria, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in selection criteria, Outcome 1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year.

Comparison 1. All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Any measure of depressive symptomatology

9

956

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.70 [0.60, 0.81]

1.2 EPDS>12

2

81

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.44 [0.24, 0.80]

2 Mean EPDS score at final assessment within first year Show forest plot

3

238

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.46 [‐1.87, 0.95]

3 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment Show forest plot

8

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

3.1 Any measure of depressive symptomatology

8

555

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.68 [0.58, 0.79]

4 Maternal self‐esteem Show forest plot

1

41

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.43 [‐1.04, 3.90]

5 Maternal loneliness Show forest plot

1

41

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐3.54 [‐7.00, ‐0.08]

6 Maternal anxiety Show forest plot

1

35

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.77 [0.48, 1.24]

7 Childcare stress Show forest plot

1

41

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.53 [‐3.48, 0.42]

8 Maternal social adjustment Show forest plot

1

99

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.42 [‐0.58, ‐0.26]

9 Relationship quality with partner Show forest plot

1

99

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

12.5 [2.93, 22.07]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. All interventions versus usual care ‐ all trials
Comparison 2. Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year Show forest plot

5

506

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.61 [0.39, 0.94]

1.1 Peer support

1

42

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.30 [0.10, 0.92]

1.2 Non‐directive counselling

4

464

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.43, 1.04]

2 Evidence of depression at final assessment ‐ sensitivity analysis Show forest plot

2

328

Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.57 [0.36, 0.88]

3 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment Show forest plot

4

231

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.49 [0.28, 0.85]

3.1 Peer support

1

42

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.24 [0.06, 1.00]

3.2 Non‐directive counselling

3

189

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.55 [0.32, 0.94]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Psychosocial interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type
Comparison 3. Psychological interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year Show forest plot

6

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Cognitive‐behavioural therapy

5

482

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.72 [0.57, 0.90]

1.2 Interpersonal psychotherapy

1

120

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.66, 0.98]

1.3 Psychodynamic therapy

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.33, 1.37]

1.4 Cognitive‐behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy

6

602

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.63, 0.88]

2 Evidence of depression at assessment immediately post‐treatment Show forest plot

5

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

2.1 Cognitive‐behavioural therapy

4

209

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.79 [0.62, 1.01]

2.2 Interpersonal psychotherapy

1

120

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.66, 0.98]

2.3 Psychodynamic therapy

1

95

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.48 [0.29, 0.80]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 3. Psychological interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention type
Comparison 4. Psychosocial interventions versus psychological interventions

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Non‐directive counselling versus cognitive behavioural therapy at last assessment in first year Show forest plot

2

358

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.13 [0.84, 1.52]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 4. Psychosocial interventions versus psychological interventions
Comparison 5. All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention mode

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Individually‐based interventions

8

917

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.71 [0.61, 0.82]

1.2 Group‐based interventions

1

39

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.55 [0.28, 1.10]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 5. All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in intervention mode
Comparison 6. All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in selection criteria

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Evidence of depression at final assessment within first year Show forest plot

9

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

1.1 Clinical diagnosis of depression

4

246

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.67 [0.46, 0.97]

1.2 Self‐reported depressive symptomatology

5

710

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.72 [0.58, 0.88]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 6. All interventions versus usual care ‐ variations in selection criteria