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Forest plot of comparison: Anxiety
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Figure 1

Forest plot of comparison: Anxiety

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Forest plot of comparison: Depression.
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Figure 2

Forest plot of comparison: Depression.

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Forest plot of comparison: Burden.
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Figure 3

Forest plot of comparison: Burden.

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Forest plot of comparison: Coping and self‐efficacy.
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Figure 4

Forest plot of comparison: Coping and self‐efficacy.

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Forest plot of comparison: Stress or distress.
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Figure 5

Forest plot of comparison: Stress or distress.

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Forest plot of comparison: RMBPC‐reaction.
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Figure 6

Forest plot of comparison: RMBPC‐reaction.

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Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 1 Anxiety.
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Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 1 Anxiety.

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Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 2 Depression.
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Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 2 Depression.

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Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 3 Burden.
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Analysis 1.3

Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 3 Burden.

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Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 4 Coping/self efficacy.
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Analysis 1.4

Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 4 Coping/self efficacy.

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Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 5 stress/distress.
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Analysis 1.5

Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 5 stress/distress.

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Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 6 RMBPC‐reaction.
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Analysis 1.6

Comparison 1 Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions, Outcome 6 RMBPC‐reaction.

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Table 1. Assessment of study quality

Study

Sequence generation

Randomisation

Baseline comparability

Performance bias: blinding participant and/or provider

Detection bias: Blinding outcome assessors

Reporting attrition rate

Use of intention to treat analysis

1. Akkerman 2004

C

A

A

B

A

A

B

2. Beauchamp 2005

C

A

A

B

C

A

B

3. Chang 1999

C

A

 A

B

C

A

B

4. Coon 2003

C

A

A

B

A

A

B

5. Farran 2007

 B

A

A 

B 

A 

 B

 B

6.Gallagher‐Thompson 2007

C

A

A

B

C

A

B

7. Hebert 2003

A

Minimization technique

A

A

B

A

A

A

8. Hepburn 2005

A

Block design randomisation technique

A

 A

B

C

A

B

9. Marriott 2000

A

Random number tables

A

A

B

A

A

B

10. Marquez‐Gonzalez 2007

A

A

A

B

B

A

A

11. Zarit 1987

C

A

C

B

C

A

B
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Table 1. Assessment of study quality
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Comparison 1. Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Anxiety Show forest plot

4

515

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.21 [‐0.39, ‐0.04]

2 Depression Show forest plot

6

595

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.66 [‐1.27, ‐0.05]

3 Burden Show forest plot

3

490

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.14 [‐0.32, 0.03]

4 Coping/self efficacy Show forest plot

4

613

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.64 [‐0.17, 1.45]

5 stress/distress Show forest plot

4

585

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.24 [‐0.40, ‐0.07]

6 RMBPC‐reaction Show forest plot

3

265

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐0.21 [‐0.45, 0.03]
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Comparison 1. Outcomes of cognitive reframing interventions
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