Scolaris Content Display Scolaris Content Display

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 1

'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 2

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

Comparison 1 Adverse effects, Outcome 1 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1

Comparison 1 Adverse effects, Outcome 1 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone.

Comparison 1 Adverse effects, Outcome 2 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2

Comparison 1 Adverse effects, Outcome 2 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 1 Ciprofloxacin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.1

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 1 Ciprofloxacin versus placebo.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 2 Rifampin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.2

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 2 Rifampin versus placebo.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 3 Minocycline versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.3

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 3 Minocycline versus placebo.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 4 Penicillin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.4

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 4 Penicillin versus placebo.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 5 Other antibiotics versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.5

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 5 Other antibiotics versus placebo.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 6 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.6

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 6 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin.

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 7 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 2.7

Comparison 2 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week), Outcome 7 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 1 Ciprofloxacin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.1

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 1 Ciprofloxacin versus placebo.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 2 Rifampin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.2

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 2 Rifampin versus placebo.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 3 Minocycline versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.3

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 3 Minocycline versus placebo.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 4 Penicillin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.4

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 4 Penicillin versus placebo.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 5 Other antibiotics versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.5

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 5 Other antibiotics versus placebo.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 6 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.6

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 6 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 7 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.7

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 7 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone.

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 8 Rifampin versus minocycline.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 3.8

Comparison 3 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks), Outcome 8 Rifampin versus minocycline.

Comparison 4 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: between two to three weeks), Outcome 1 Rifampin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 4.1

Comparison 4 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: between two to three weeks), Outcome 1 Rifampin versus placebo.

Comparison 5 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up between three to four weeks), Outcome 1 Rifampin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.1

Comparison 5 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up between three to four weeks), Outcome 1 Rifampin versus placebo.

Comparison 5 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up between three to four weeks), Outcome 2 Penicillin versus placebo.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 5.2

Comparison 5 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up between three to four weeks), Outcome 2 Penicillin versus placebo.

Comparison 6 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: five weeks), Outcome 1 Rifampin versus minocycline.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 6.1

Comparison 6 Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: five weeks), Outcome 1 Rifampin versus minocycline.

Comparison 7 Exclusion after randomisation, Outcome 1 Drop‐outs.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 7.1

Comparison 7 Exclusion after randomisation, Outcome 1 Drop‐outs.

Table 1. Carrier rates

Study ID

Comparison

Study population

% carriers (N)

Blakebrough 1980

Rifampin versus sulphadimidine

Household contacts

17 (479)

Borgono 1981

Rifampin versus placebo

Children

12 (2132)

Cuevas 1995

Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone

Household contacts

11 (1875)

Deal 1969b

Rifampin versus placebo

Students

14.4 (270)

Deal 1969a

Cephalexin versus placebo

Students

9.4 (352)

Devine 1970b

Rifampin versus placebo

Military recruits

64 (103)

Devine 1971a

Minocycline versus placebo

Military recruits

72 (121)

Devine 1970a

Coumermycin A1 versus placebo

Military recruits

55 (129)

Dworzack 1988

Ciprofloxacin versus placebo

Volunteers

6.7 (620)

Girgis 1998

Azithromycin versus placebo

Students

24 (500)

Guttler 1971

Rifampin versus minocycline

Military recruits

21 (587)

Kaiser 1974

Rifampin versus placebo

Household contacts

35 (54)

Kaya 1997

Ciprofloxacin versus rifampin

Hospital staff

18 (300)

Munford 1974

Rifampin versus minocycline versus minocycline/rifampin versus sulphadiazine

Household contacts

25 (1187)

Pugsley 1984

Sch 29,482 versus placebo

Volunteers

25 (555)

Pugsley 1987

Ciprofloxacin versus placebo

Students

7 (461)

Renkonen 1987

Ciprofloxacin versus placebo

Military recruits

38.6 (552)

Schwartz 1988

Rifampin versus ceftriaxone

Household contacts

33 (347)

Simmons 2000

Rifampin versus ceftriaxone

Household contacts

21 (864)

Figures and Tables -
Table 1. Carrier rates
Comparison 1. Adverse effects

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone Show forest plot

1

856

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.39 [1.10, 1.75]

2 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin Show forest plot

2

1598

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.75 [0.36, 1.56]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 1. Adverse effects
Comparison 2. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Ciprofloxacin versus placebo Show forest plot

3

197

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.04 [0.01, 0.12]

2 Rifampin versus placebo Show forest plot

6

725

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.17 [0.13, 0.24]

3 Minocycline versus placebo Show forest plot

3

464

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.28 [0.21, 0.37]

4 Penicillin versus placebo Show forest plot

2

386

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.47 [0.24, 0.94]

5 Other antibiotics versus placebo Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin Show forest plot

2

218

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.34 [0.11, 1.02]

7 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone Show forest plot

2

286

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

3.71 [0.73, 18.86]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 2. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: up to one week)
Comparison 3. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Ciprofloxacin versus placebo Show forest plot

1

42

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.03 [0.00, 0.42]

2 Rifampin versus placebo Show forest plot

5

495

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.20 [0.14, 0.29]

3 Minocycline versus placebo Show forest plot

2

382

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.37 [0.10, 1.31]

4 Penicillin versus placebo Show forest plot

2

386

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.63 [0.51, 0.79]

5 Other antibiotics versus placebo Show forest plot

3

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

Totals not selected

6 Rifampin versus ciprofloxacin Show forest plot

2

218

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.31 [0.09, 1.11]

7 Rifampin versus ceftriaxone Show forest plot

1

91

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

5.93 [1.22, 28.68]

8 Rifampin versus minocycline Show forest plot

2

419

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.57, 1.77]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 3. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: one to two weeks)
Comparison 4. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: between two to three weeks)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Rifampin versus placebo Show forest plot

3

326

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.25 [0.16, 0.37]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 4. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: between two to three weeks)
Comparison 5. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up between three to four weeks)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Rifampin versus placebo Show forest plot

2

311

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.24 [0.16, 0.38]

2 Penicillin versus placebo Show forest plot

2

386

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.53, 1.68]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 5. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up between three to four weeks)
Comparison 6. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: five weeks)

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Rifampin versus minocycline Show forest plot

1

89

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.97 [0.48, 1.97]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 6. Failure to eradicate (follow‐up: five weeks)
Comparison 7. Exclusion after randomisation

Outcome or subgroup title

No. of studies

No. of participants

Statistical method

Effect size

1 Drop‐outs Show forest plot

13

1260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.89, 1.15]

1.1 Drop‐outs at around one week of follow‐up

13

1260

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)

1.01 [0.89, 1.15]

Figures and Tables -
Comparison 7. Exclusion after randomisation