1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by score Show forest plot

14

1031

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.59 [‐0.83, ‐0.35]

1.1 Westley score

9

452

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.76 [‐0.99, ‐0.54]

1.2 Non‐Westley score

5

579

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.31 [‐0.67, 0.04]

2 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 12 hours) by score Show forest plot

8

532

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.65 [‐1.03, ‐0.27]

2.1 Westley score

4

193

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.17 [‐1.83, ‐0.52]

2.2 Non‐Westley score

4

339

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.22 [‐0.44, ‐0.01]

3 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 24 hours) by score Show forest plot

8

388

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.55 [‐1.10, ‐0.00]

3.1 Westley score

3

109

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.77 [‐1.72, 0.17]

3.2 Non‐Westley score

5

279

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.43 [‐1.14, 0.27]

4 Westley score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

9

452

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.22 [‐1.62, ‐0.82]

4.1 Inpatient

5

216

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.32 [‐2.04, ‐0.59]

4.2 Outpatient

4

236

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.14 [‐1.63, ‐0.65]

5 Westley score (change baseline ‐ 12 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

4

194

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.85 [‐2.42, ‐1.27]

5.1 Inpatient

4

194

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.85 [‐2.42, ‐1.27]

6 Westley score (change baseline ‐ 24 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

3

110

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.26 [‐2.73, 0.21]

6.1 Inpatient

3

110

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.26 [‐2.73, 0.21]

7 Westley score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

9

452

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.22 [‐1.62, ‐0.82]

7.1 Budesonide

5

287

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.37 [‐2.06, ‐0.68]

7.2 Dexamethasone

3

148

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.27 [‐1.67, ‐0.87]

7.3 Fluticasone

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.10 [‐1.36, 1.56]

8 Westley score (change baseline ‐ 12 hours) by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

4

194

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.85 [‐2.42, ‐1.27]

8.1 Budesonide

2

127

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.34 [‐2.03, ‐0.65]

8.2 Dexamethasone

2

67

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.27 [‐2.86, ‐1.68]

9 Westley score (change baseline ‐ 24 hours) by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

3

110

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐1.26 [‐2.73, 0.21]

9.1 Budesonide

1

67

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.03 [‐3.30, ‐0.76]

9.2 Dexamethasone

1

26

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐2.0 [‐2.83, ‐1.17]

9.3 Fluticasone

1

17

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.30 [‐0.86, 1.46]

10 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

10

1679

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.49 [0.34, 0.71]

10.1 Inpatient

3

326

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.21 [0.07, 0.68]

10.2 Outpatient

7

1353

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.53 [0.36, 0.79]

11 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

12

1681

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.50 [0.36, 0.70]

11.1 Budesonide

4

228

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.39 [0.17, 0.92]

11.2 Dexamethasone

8

1453

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.52 [0.34, 0.79]

12 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by croup severity Show forest plot

12

1681

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.50 [0.36, 0.70]

12.1 Mild croup

3

1064

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.54 [0.30, 0.95]

12.2 Moderate croup

9

617

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.46 [0.28, 0.75]

13 Length of stay by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

9

825

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐11.73 [‐18.54, ‐4.92]

13.1 Inpatient

8

795

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐10.33 [‐17.31, ‐3.36]

13.2 Outpatient

1

30

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐21.0 [‐35.55, ‐6.45]

14 Improvement (at 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

6

421

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.42 [1.14, 1.77]

14.1 Inpatient

4

224

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.35 [0.95, 1.93]

14.2 Outpatient

2

197

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.55 [1.18, 2.03]

15 Improvement (at 12 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

6

340

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.32 [1.08, 1.61]

15.1 Inpatient

6

340

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.32 [1.08, 1.61]

16 Improvement (at 24 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

4

205

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.24 [1.06, 1.45]

16.1 Inpatient

4

205

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.24 [1.06, 1.45]

17 Additional treatments Show forest plot

17

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

Subtotals only

17.1 Intubation/tracheostomy

11

1089

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.00 [‐0.01, 0.01]

17.2 Use of antibiotics

2

124

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.00 [‐0.10, 0.10]

17.3 Use of supplemental glucocorticoids

5

221

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.04 [‐0.15, 0.07]

17.4 Use of epinephrine

5

464

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.10 [‐0.20, ‐0.01]

17.5 Use of mist tent

2

84

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.20 [‐0.87, 0.47]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.18 [‐0.17, 0.52]

1.1 Inpatient

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.18 [‐0.17, 0.52]

2 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 12 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.27, 0.42]

2.1 Inpatient

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.27, 0.42]

3 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 24 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.20, 0.49]

3.1 Inpatient

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.20, 0.49]

4 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.18 [‐0.17, 0.52]

4.1 Budesonide

1

66

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.23 [‐0.25, 0.72]

4.2 Dexamethasone

2

63

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.12 [‐0.51, 0.75]

5 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 12 hours) by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.08 [‐0.27, 0.42]

5.1 Budesonide

1

66

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.50, 0.47]

5.2 Dexamethasone

2

63

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.17 [‐0.32, 0.67]

6 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 24 hours) by glucocorticoid Show forest plot

3

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.15 [‐0.20, 0.49]

6.1 Budesonide

1

66

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.20 [‐0.28, 0.69]

6.2 Dexamethasone

2

63

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.09 [‐0.41, 0.58]

7 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

7.1 Inpatients

1

66

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

2

181

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.39 [‐1.07, 0.28]

1.1 Inpatient

1

47

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.79 [‐1.38, ‐0.19]

1.2 Outpatient

1

134

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.09 [‐0.43, 0.25]

2 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 12 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

34

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.92 [‐1.63, ‐0.20]

2.1 Inpatient

1

34

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.92 [‐1.63, ‐0.20]

2.2 Outpatient

0

0

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

2

183

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.02, 0.05]

3.1 Inpatients

0

0

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

3.2 Outpatients

2

183

Risk Difference (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.01 [‐0.02, 0.05]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.15]

1.1 Inpatients

0

0

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Outpatients

1

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.19 [‐0.54, 0.15]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

129

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.1 Inpatients

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Outpatients

1

129

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

3

254

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.08 [‐0.64, 0.48]

1.1 Inpatient

1

71

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.47 [‐0.00, 0.94]

1.2 Outpatient

2

183

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.33 [‐0.85, 0.20]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

3

252

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.87 [0.41, 1.85]

2.1 Inpatient

1

71

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.03 [0.46, 2.29]

2.2 Outpatient

2

181

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.26 [0.03, 2.26]

1 Croup score (change baseline‐discharge) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

277

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.1 Outpatient

1

277

Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

2

372

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.58, 1.12]

2.1 Outpatient

2

372

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.80 [0.58, 1.12]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

60

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.17 [‐0.34, 0.67]

1.1 Outpatient

1

60

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.17 [‐0.34, 0.67]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.81 [0.12, 66.40]

2.1 Outpatient

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

2.81 [0.12, 66.40]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

60

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.21 [‐0.30, 0.72]

1.1 Outpatient

1

60

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

0.21 [‐0.30, 0.72]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.87 [0.18, 19.55]

2.1 Outpatient

1

60

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.87 [0.18, 19.55]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

2

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.37, 0.32]

1.1 Outpatient

2

129

Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)

‐0.02 [‐0.37, 0.32]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

2

130

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.62, 1.75]

2.1 Outpatient

2

130

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

1.04 [0.62, 1.75]

1 Croup score (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

52

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.51 [‐2.41, ‐0.61]

1.1 Inpatient

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Outpatient

1

52

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

‐1.51 [‐2.41, ‐0.61]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

52

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.67, 1.34]

2.1 Inpatient

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Outpatient

1

52

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.95 [0.67, 1.34]

1 Croup (change baseline ‐ 6 hours) by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

1

99

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [‐0.17, 0.55]

1.1 Inpatient

0

0

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

1.2 Outpatient

1

99

Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)

0.19 [‐0.17, 0.55]

2 Return visits and/or (re)admissions by inpatient/outpatient Show forest plot

2

219

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.32 [0.17, 0.60]

2.1 Inpatient

0

0

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.0 [0.0, 0.0]

2.2 Outpatient

2

219

Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)

0.32 [0.17, 0.60]